25 February 1989, Volume 10 Issue 1

    

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  On the Frost Heave Distribution Along Depth

  Zhu Qiang, Fu Shining, Wu Fuxue, Wang Zhongjing, Huang Junlan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0001

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  The type of frost heave distributions along depth is of importance for determining the depth of foundation embedment and subsoil replacement in the seasonal frost area.Based on the results from the field experiments carried out in Gansu Province since 1979, four type of the frost heaves distribution along depth are summaried and their corresponding soil water conditions presented.It is found that when the partial replacement of subsoil 13 adapted the heave profile will changed.The experimental results can be explained by the theory of water migration in frozen soil.The concept of so called "major heave zone" is correct only in the closed freezing system while in the open system various types of distributions exit due to the change of water sapply conditions.The significant effect of ground water can also be verified by a simplified model of the coupled heat-moisture transfer.
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  Study of the Adherent Layer on Different Types of Ground in Permafrost Regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

  Zhu Linnan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 8-14. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0002

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  The heat-moisture exchange between atmosphere and ground is very complex. The exchange occurring the adherent layer on ground is just such a complex phenomenon. We have developed an equation which directly relates air temperature to ground temperature at the bottom of adherent layer. As a result, adherent layer should not be taken into consideration in the calculation of heat exchange, which makes easier to determine the upper heat boundary of the calculation. In this paper, we theoratically propose the approximate solutions to various basic parameters and reveal the physical meaning of the observed data obtained for a long time.
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  Effect of Ground Temperature and Seasonally Thawing Depth on Foundation Coefficient of Piles in Permafrost Area

  Chang Baoping

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 15-21. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0003

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  Based on the field loading test results of piles at the Kunlun Mt. Pile Test Site on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the distribution diagram of the foundation coefficint, K, of piles in permafrost under the action of laterally loading is pre-sented, and the effect of the average ground temperature around the pile and seasonally thawing depth on the coefficient discussed and formulated. Test results show that the coefficient, K, of a pile is inversely proportional to the square of the thawing depth, and increases linearly with the decrease of ground temperature around the pile.
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  Experimental Study of Frost Susceptibility of Sandy Gravel with Different Contents of Fine-grained Soil

  Peng, Wanwei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0004

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  The frost susceptibility test of sandy gravel with different contents of finegrained soil was conducted in an open system under higherpenetration rate.After analysing the experimental results of frost heave behavior, the author provides frost susceptibility criteria for the content of four samples including sandy-gravel,gravel, coarse sand and fine sand.The experimental formulas for the relationship between frost heave ratio and the content of less than 0.05mm particle were suggested also.
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  Analysis and Forecasting of Low Runoff in the Northwest

  Li Xiuyun, Tang Qicheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 28-35. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0005

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  Autoregressive model can be used to analyze and forcast the low runoff under natural conditions in the Northwest. The key stage in establishing the model is to decide the order and calculated the remaining errors.According to autoregressive coefficients and the physical geographic conditions of low runoff formation, the Northwest could be divided into five zones: Altai Mountain, Tianshan Mountain Pamir and Kunlun Mountain, the north slope and south slope of Qilian Mountain. The autoregressive coefficients among them are significantly different.For the zones with bigger autoregressive coefficients and small multiyear variability of low runoff, we applied grey system model to forecast the low runoff and got a satisfied results.
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  Glacier Water Resources of Qilian Mountains

  Yang Zhenniang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 36-46. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0006

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  Meltwater runoff modules of glaciers in Qilian Mountains have been estimated base on the analysis of some data from temporary observation stations and glacier inventory. Analysis indicates that a regional characteristic of glacier meltwater runoff modules is as follow: M_g=k_s[M_go+(ΔH_o.r+ΔT_o)] Where: k_s-modification coefficient of ablation area;M_go-glacier meltwater runoff module of a fundamental station (1/s.km²);ΔH_o-elevation difference of snowline between two glaciers (m);ΔT_o-temperature modification value owing to the climatic difference bet-ween the two glaciers (k); r-gradient of temperature (k/m);ΔM_o-increament of Mg with temperature change (5.01/s.km².k). When the glacier meltwater runoff modules are known the total glacier meltwater runoff in Qilian Mountains is estimated to be 11.56×10⁸m³. About 12.5% of the a-mount of stream runoff 68.12 10⁸m³)in inland rivers of Hexi region is fed by glacier meltwater runoff. It is obviously that the glacier meltwater runoff is an important water resource for the rivers in Qilian Mountains. The distribution in space and time of glacier meltwater runoff is quite uneven. The glacier-fed ratio for the Shule River system in west part of Qilian Mountains is about 31%, while for the Shiyang River system in east part of Qilian Mountains only 3.7%. The distribution of stream runoff has high concentration in summer, short water in spring and excessive water in summer. This is a distinct characteristic for glacier-fed rivers of the mountains in west China.
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  Analysis and Prediction of the Variation Trend of the Annual Runoff on the Northern Slopeof Qilian Mountain

  Lai Zuming

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 47-56. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0007

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  The variation of annual runoff is analysed in combination with the study on atmospheric circulation and climatic change. It is clear that 1) in the east section of Qilian Mountain the annual runoff is mainly affected by the monsoon circulation and thermal low pressure on the Qing-Zang Plateau, while in the west section by westerlies to a certain degree. The difference in dominant synoptic regime results in non-synchronization in the multiyear variation of the runoff in rivers between the east and west sections of the mountains; 2) the occurence of the year with low water in east section of Qilian Mountain is usually connected with the strengthening of zonal circulation and the weakening of meridional circulation at the high-mid latitudes in Eurasia; 3) the variations in high and low water of rivers in this region can be interpreted by the convectional precipitation resulted from the thermodynamic action in the mountains during the summer, in combination with circulation patterns) 4) the reduction in runoff during the 1960’s and 1970’s mainly resulted from climate changes, but there were a few rivers affected by human economic activities to a certain degree.The variation of annual runoff of the rivers in this region was modelled by means of time series analysis. From the short series obtained it is found that the period of optimal fit is 91-95 years for the rivers in the east section of Qilian Mountain.On the basis of the calculations and the possible future changes in climate and circulation it is predicted that the runoff will tend to increase in the east section of Qilian Mountain, but that in west section to decrease in the future 5-10 years,
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  The Hydrologic Characteristics of the Gongba Glacier in the Mount Gongga Area

  Cao Zhentang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 57-65. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0008

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  The Gongba Glacier is a maritime-type glacier, with a drainage area of 80.04 km² in the glaciated area of and glacier area of 41.89km². The glacier coverage is 53.7%. The firn line is 4900-5100m and the altitude of the teminal is 3900 m.At 3700 m a.s.l. in the glaciated area the mean annual temperature is 2.4℃ and the annual precipitation 1057.1mm. The annual precipitation near the firn line is estimated to be 1900mm or so.The total annual runoff in the Gongba glaciated area is composed of 15% ground water, 60% melt-water from glacier, 18% rainfall, and 7 % snow melt-water from bare hillside The Gongba Glacier produces plantiful water with a pure runoffmodulus of 110.1kL/s.km² from the glacier.The runoff from the glacier is not well-distributed throughout the year. It produces 21.1% in spring, 56.4% in summer (from June to Aug.) and 27.5% in autumn.
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  Moraine Features and Ice Ages of the Quaternary in the Taibai Mountain

  Ma Qiuhua, He Yuanqing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 66-75,95. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0009

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  Baxiantai (the highest peak of the Taibai Mountain, 3767m a.s.l.)is located in the border among Taibai, Meixian and Zhouzhi counties.During earlier and later periods of tho Late Pleistocene, two glaciations occurred at Baxiantai, that is, the Sanyehai Ice Age and the Taibai Ice Age. In the Taibai lce Age two sub-ice ages can be divided. By excavating artificial sections the authors have confirmed that there are thfee moraines in the Eryehai glacial valley located in the southern slope of Taibai Mountain.Some cirques and other glaciation vestiges are also found, corresponding with above-mentioned Ice Ages.Because of the uplift of the Taibai Mountain and fluctuations of snow-lines, all cirques of the Taibai Ice Age developed on the basis of earlier cirques The remainder of earlier cirques were preserved at the shoulder on one side of the cirque or at mountain redges between two later cirques as glacier scale deccreased. Before the end of the "Last Ice Age", some small parasitic cirques, such as the Day-ehai cirque and Eryehai cirque, has formed with the rise of snowlines.These glacial landforms are controled in trend, location, shape and so on by tec-tonism.
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  Fossil-pingo Lake Peatlands in the Sanjang Plain

  Song Haiyuan, Xia Yumei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 76-83. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0010

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  154 fossil-pingo lake peatlands were found in the first time during the investigation of the peatlands in the Sanjiang plain from 1983 to 1984. They are distributed in the area of 47°20’-48°38’ N and 133°-135°E. Their shapes and sizes are very similar to the fossil pingos. The peat layers lie on top of the clayey soils of the late Pleistocene, with an age of about 10,000 years B.P.. Therefore, it is believed that the peatlands were formed from fossil pingos existing during 21000-12000 years B.P.. Fossil pingos became fossil-pingo lakes due to their thaw settlement when the climate become worm in the early Holocene, The fossil-pingo lake peatlands resulted from the swamping of fossil-pingo lakes.
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  The Preliminary Report on the Sino-Japanese Joint Glaciological Expedition to West Kunlun Mountain, 1987

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 84-89. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0011

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  Current Trends and Prospect for Snow and Ice Research——IUGG XIX General Assembly 1987 Vancouver, Canada

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1988, 10(1): 90-93. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1988.0012

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