25 October 2014, Volume 36 Issue 5
    

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  • JIN Huijun, LÜ Lanzhi, HE Ruixia, WANG Shaoling
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1049-1057. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0127
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    By comprehensive analysis and identification of principal impacting factors and by taking into account of spatial and temporal evolution of major atmospheric circulations and landscape features on the Tibetan Plateau, the formation and distributive features of permafrost are described in three dimensions. On the basis of comprehensive regionalization of plateau permafrost, by using annual precipitation and aridity as the major criteria and by taking into account of influences from annual mean air temperature, annual range of air temperature, mean annual relative humidity and topographical factors, the permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau is divided into five types: humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, arid and hyper-arid. Features of permafrost in each representative region are described. This classification of permafrost is suitable for the investigation and mapping of permafrost at regional to local scales.
  • ZHANG Xinping, GUAN Huade, ZHANG Xinzhu, WU Huawu, LI Guang, HUANG Yimin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1058-1068. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0128
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    Using the isotope Atmospheric Water Balance Model (iAWBM), the spatial distribution and the temporal variations of δ18O in atmospheric vapor and in precipitation, and the correlations between δ18O in precipitation and precipitation amount and temperature in 2012 are simulated, in order to examine the capability of iAWBM simulating the water isotope cycle, to deal with the main causes of isotope effects and to improve the understanding of isotope effects in the water cycle. The simulated results reproduce well the latitude effect, continent effect and seasonality of δ18O in global precipitation. In the water cycle, the causes of producing the spatial and temporal variations of stable isotopes in precipitation are related to the isotopic enrichment in vapor due to evaporation, the isotopic depletion in vapor due to precipitation and isotopic depleted degree in vapor due to condensation temperature. The simulated precipitation amount effect, corresponding to the distributions of the seasonality of δ18O in precipitation and precipitation amount, occurs mainly in low-mid latitude oceans and monsoon areas. The simulated temperature effect, corresponding to the distribution of the seasonality of δ18O in precipitation, occurs mainly in mid-high-latitudes continents. However, along with strong amount effect, temperature effect also occurs in some low-latitude areas.

  • CHEN An'an, CHEN Wei, WU Hongbo, ZHANG Wei, WU Yuwei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1069-1078. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0129
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    Taking the Qiyi Glacier in the Qilian Mountain as an example, a new method of single-band threshold (near-infrared band) was used for snow line extraction based on Landsat TM/ETM+ data. The rationalization of the method was tested by comparing it with the observation data. This method was then applied to estimate the firn line altitude (FLA) in the Binglinchuan Glacier during 2000-2013. Warm season air temperature and precipitation from July to August at Mang'ai Station is used to explore the response of FLA to temperature and precipitation. It is found that snow line can be derived accurately by single-band threshold. The FLA of the Binglinchuan Glacier had fluctuated from 2000 to 2013, with the maximum of 5 678 m in 2006. Temperature increasing was the main dominant factor governing the variation of FLA. Air temperature increasing 1 ℃ will result in firn line altitude rising 83 m.
  • ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Qiang, FENG Jianying, BAI Huzhi, ZHAO Jianhua, XU Xiaohua
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1079-1091. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0130
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    In this paper, reanalysis data (NCEP Ⅰ, NCEP Ⅱ and ECMWF) were comparing with radiosonde data. NCEP Ⅰ reanalysis data, together with observational meteorological data, were used to study the characteristics of water vapor transport over the Qilian Mountains for the period of 1960-2010. The reason of water vapor transport changing was analyzed. The relationships between summer precipitation and the East Asian Monsoon, the South Asian Monsoon, South China Sea Monsoon, zonal wind and subtropical anticyclone were also investigated. The results show that the precipitable water showed an obvious downward trend in the 1960s, and then has basically remained stable from the 1970s to present. As a whole, it is a decline trend. The remained water vapor has decreased and the net water balance has obviously gone down. Hereinto, the whole meridional water vapor transport, i.e., north wind transport, has appeared positive value, resulting in positive contribution to net moisture budget. The whole zonal water vapor transport, i.e., westerly transport, has appeared negative value, resulting in negative contribution to net moisture budget. Moreover, wind speed decreasing has resulted directly in water vapor transport decreasing and has further decreased net moisture budget. The change in wind speed averaged from ground surface to 300 hPa height shows that zonal wind speed decreased by 13.2% in the 1990s as compared to that in the 1960s, and meridional wind speed decreased by 10.5%. The correlation coefficients between summer precipitation and summer monsoon indices show that the correlations are poor in western part, middle part and eastern part of the Qilian Mountains, which are mainly caused by the effects of special terrain, condition of circulation, researching season and time scale.
  • ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Qiang, FENG Jianying, BAI Huzhi, ZHAO Jianhua, XU Xiaohua
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1092-1100. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0131
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    On the basis of analyzing water vapor transport, in this study, Liu's atmospheric hydrological cycle model is used to explore the characteristics of hydrological cycle in the Qilian Mountains at the same period. It is found that precipitation had increased slowly from 1960 to 2010. Precipitation contributed by water vapor input had decreased and that contributed by evaporation had increased. External hydrological cycle index had gone down. Precipitation derived from local evaporation at the beginning of the 21st century had increased 33.0 mm as compared with that in the 1960s. The index of external hydrological cycle had decreased obviously with a decreasing contribution to precipitation. On the contrary, the index of internal hydrological cycle had increased with an increasing contribution to precipitation. Retention time of water vapor had decreased significantly, indicating that the update rate of water vapor had become faster and the using efficiency of water vapor had improved. One of the main reasons of rising evaporation is air temperature rising in the Qilian Mountains. Runoff increasing is caused by precipitation increasing and increasing meltwater from glaciers and frozen soils, and the latter is more distinct than the former.
  • LIU Weigang, XIAO Cunde, LIU Jingshi, WANG Jian, WANG Hang, LIU Jingfeng, LIU Na, ZHANG Tong, LIN Xia, DENG Shiguang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1101-1110. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0132
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    Based on data of meteorology and glacier ablation observed in 1959 and 2009, spatiotemporal variation of degree-day factor (DDF) on the Rongbuk Glacier in the Mt. Qomolangma of Central Himalayas was analyzed in this paper. It is found that DDF increased with altitude; the values of DDF at 5 260 m a.s.l., 5 350 m a.s.l., 5 450 m a.s.l., 5 500 m a.s.l. and 5 750 m a.s.l. were 3.27, 8.21, 23.19, 46.41 and 42.05 mm·℃-1·d-1, respectively. DDF varied less temporally for the same observational site. There was a few difference of DDF between observational sites with different thicknesses of debris. Generally DDF was less than 10.5 mm·℃-1·d-1 on both northern and southern slopes of the Himalayas at the altitude below 5 350 m a.s.l. When altitude was higher than 5 350 m a.s.l., DDFs on northern slopes of the Himalayas were larger than those on southern ones, with higher DDF in both slopes of the Himalayas (more than 15.8 mm·℃-1·d-1 in most areas).

  • LIN Shu, LI Hongying, DANG Bing, LU Dengrong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0133
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    Based on the daily precipitation data from 19 weather stations in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province from 1981 to 2011, the change characteristics of precipitation, rain days and precipitation intensity were analyzed. It is found that autumn precipitation increases significantly in the corridor and winter precipitation has an increasing trend from the east of Jiuquan to Zhangye; rain days reduce significantly in summer, but increase in autumn; precipitation intensity increases dispersedly in autumn. The proportions of precipitation in autumn, spring and winter to annual precipitation rose by 9.4%, 3.9% and 1.8%, respectively, in the 2000s as compared with that in the 1990s. Thus it was still with a warm-wet tendency in these seasons, especially in autumn. However, the proportion of precipitation decreased by 15.3% in summer, showing a warm-dry changing tendency. The extreme weather events of the three analyzed factors had increased markedly in the 2000s; from the aspect of season, the highest frequency had been in autumn, accounting for about 80% of the total extreme factors events, followed by that in summer and winter, accounting for 60% both. Viewing from the factors, rain day frequency, nearly 70%, was the highest, precipitation frequency, 60%, was the second, and precipitation intensity frequency, 50%, was the least. Compared with those in the 1990s, the 200 hPa and 500 hPa height fields in the 2000s had obvious decadal variation, so did the relative humidity and specific humidity at 700 hPa, which were beneficial to autumn precipitation and unbeneficial to summer precipitation in the 2000s.
  • LIU Minghao, SUN Zhizhong, NIU Fujun, WU Guilong, YUN Hanbo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1122-1130. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0134
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    As the result of the complex earth-atmosphere exchange system, permafrost will be inevitably influenced by climate change characterized by temperature rising. Based on ground temperature data from eight ground monitoring sites from 2006 to 2011, variation characteristics of permafrost temperatures and permafrost tables in cold and warm permafrost regions were studied in this paper. It is found that permafrost along the railway has experienced a significant warming. During the observation, the average rising rates of permafrost temperatures at 15-m depth and at permafrost table were 0.018 ℃·a-1 and 0.015 ℃·a-1, respectively, and the rising of permafrost temperature at the above two depths in cold permafrost regions was higher than that in warm permafrost regions. Moreover, the depth of permafrost table also showed an increase with a mean rate of 4.7 cm·a-1. The increase of permafrost table in cold permafrost regions was lower than that in warm permafrost regions. Response to climate change showed a great difference between cold and warm permafrost regions. Meanwhile, influenced by local factors, increases of permafrost temperature and permafrost table also showed some differences in different regions.

  • LI Yiping, WANG Jinsong, LI Yaohui, WANG Suping, SHA Sha
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1131-1142. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0135
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    The sustainability of droughts in the 16 areas over China were studied using the monthly Index K calculated with precipitation, temperature, sunshine duration, relative humidity and wind speed data from 586 stations from 1961 to 2012. It is found that the sustainability of drought is larger in North China, Hetao Region, the east of Northwest China, the north of Southwest China, Huang-Huai Plain and the south of Xinjiang, where drought processes with duration more than 3 months are usually take place with high possibility of reoccurrence, while the sustainability of drought is smaller in South China, Northeast China and the north of Xinjiang, where the drought duration is one month mainly and the interval between two drought processes is as long as more than three months. Droughts in North China, Hetao Region, the east of Northwest China, the north and south of Southwest China and South China have high frequencies to start in winter and autumn and to end in spring mostly, with the drought durations in winter and spring evidently more than those in summer and autumn. In the vast swathes in the west of 100° E, except for north of Xinjiang, drought usually starts in autumn and ends in spring and winter, while frequent droughts in winter and autumn.
  • LIU Honglan, ZHANG Qiang, GUO Junqin, WANG Sheng, CUI Yu, WEN Xiaoyan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1143-1150. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0136
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    Using the precipitation data from 80 representative observation stations in Gansu Province from 1961 to 2012, the climatic characteristics of spring precipitation were analyzed. EOF, REOF and power spectrum methods were used to research the spatial and temporal characteristics of spring precipitation in Gansu Province. Whether there were mutations in the spring precipitation sequence was tested by Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that the spatial distribution of spring precipitation in Gansu Province was extremely uneven, the rainy area located in the southeast, and the less rain area located in the northwest. The spring precipitation was consistent in the entire region at the first space scale, two natural climate zones at the second space scale and seven natural climate zones at the third space scale. The 1960s was the decade of most abundant precipitation for nearly half a century. The 1990s was the decade of least precipitation. The annual variation of the spring precipitation was significant in the province. Precipitation in the most precipitation year was 5 times more than that in the least precipitation year. There were obvious mutations in the spring precipitation in the province from 1961 to 2012. An increasing mutation occurred in 1982 and a decreasing mutation occurred in 1992. Short period of 5 years and long period of 18-19 years were the two major cycles. In those years of less (more) spring precipitation in the province, the abnormal circulation at 500 hPa would be weak (strong) polar vortex, one-ridge and one-trough located in mid-latitude of Asia, deep (shallow) Eastern Asia trough and shallow (deep) southern branch trough.
  • ZHENG Pu, DENG Zhengdong, GUAN Hongjun, ZHANG Fei, SHI Yue
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1151-1159. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0137
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    In order to extract snow cover information high-precisely and to eliminate the impacts of the forest cover and the frozen river water on the extraction, in this paper, taking Landsat ETM+ data as resources, analyzing the threshold of NDSI to extract snow cover information in Manas River basin of Xinjiang, establishing the method of snow cover information extraction, the snow cover information in the study area was extracted and compared with the extraction results of snow cover information downloaded from international services platform at the same time. It is found that based on Landsat data to extract the snow cover information, the reasonable threshold of NDSI should be 0.37; the proposed extraction method in this paper is more accurate and reliable, which is firmly believed through overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients in the frozen river water areas and forest cover areas.
  • Mattohti Anayit, Yusufujiang Rusuli, Mamattursun Eziz, Dilixiati Simayi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1160-1166. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0138
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    In natural environment, there is not a natural environmental element which is not interaction effect with landform; any production activity of human also has a close connection with landform. In this study, landform features in the Kaidu River basin of Xinjiang are taken as a research object, to investigate the landform types of basin scale and spatial variability of different landforms. On the basis of investigation, the classification of landform types, the measure of the area of different landform types and the mutual effect between landform types, using the geomorphic typology method and geo-statistics, the spatial variability characteristics of the study basin's landform are analyzed. Using the method of GIS positioning, a digital landform map of the Yanqi Basin is drawn. It is found that (1) the Yanqi Basin landform is very complicated. Although the Kaidu River basin is an intermountain basin, which is located in the middle part of the Tianshan Mountains, the basin possesses all the terrestrial landform types; (2) the basin is a typical closed basin with various landforms cross-distributed; (3) the basin is composed of three basin geomorphological units, showing an intermountain basin landform types, characterized by annular distribution.
  • WU Weijiang, SU Xing, LIU Wei, WEI Wanhong, FENG Letao, YANG Tao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1167-1175. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0139
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    Loess-mudstone interface landslide is the loess slipping along the underlying mudstone, which is the major type of loess landslides that widely happens in Loess Plateau. The loess-mudstone interface landslide usually develops in low-lying parts with slope of 10°~ 20°. The“double heterogeneous” slope structure with loess lying on mudstone, as well as a flabby structural plane trending outside, is the geological foundation of developing loess-mudstone interface landslide. Effect of groundwater is an important trigger factor for loess-mudstone interface landslide developing. The penetrability of the upper slope in loess is well, together with well-developed vertical joints and sinkhole, but the penetrability of the lower mudstone is poor, which benefits to infiltration of precipitation and groundwater collecting in the interface, resulting in the rock and soil over wetting and soft with a saturated loess bottom for a long time. Thus the interface becomes a weak structural plane of landslide. The loess-mudstone interface landslides have the characteristics of low sliding speed, short sliding distance, unstable slip mass and repeatedly sliding. Under the control of the slope geological structure and hydrogeological condition, the geological mechanics model of the loess-mudstone interface landslide is sliding-pull crack or plastic flow-pull crack.
  • DANG Chao, CHU Nana, DING Yu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1176-1183. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0140
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    Along with the glacier retreating due to global warming, many cases of glacier lakes outburst and consequent debris flows occurred in alpine areas, which typically resulted in great harms to inhabitant and other downstream infrastructures. Base on flume tests, considering the different combination of unit discharge, reservoir capacity and sediment grain size, the formation of critical conditions and influential factors of debris flow due to glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) were studied herein. It is found that whether debris flows be formed or not depend on the capacity of GLOFs and the features of materials in the channel. Analyzing the data obtained from the flume tests reveals that the GLOFs could evolve to debris flow when the parameter K>2.66. The method presented herein could provide theoretical foundation for risk assessment of dangerous glacier lake.
  • XU Xiangtian, LAI Yuanming, ZHOU Zhiwei, XIE Shengbo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1184-1191. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0141
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    The stress path, stress level and loading and unloading model of frozen soils are very complicated in permafrost engineering project. Thus, uniaxial and triaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests of artificially frozen loess were performed in order to understand the deformation and damage properties under two stress paths. Testing results showed that the loading method has slightly effects on deformation characteristics of frozen loess under different confining pressure conditions. The compaction and harden of frozen loess result in enhancing of capability in resist deformation under cyclic loading conditions. The elastic recovery of volumetric expansion can be observed in unloading stages, which is different to volumetric deformation characteristics of unfrozen soils. The damage variable is defined by the degradation of elasticity modulus. The damage-evolvement process of frozen loess can be described with hyperbolic functions. The damage of frozen loess is inhibited by the increase of confining pressure under low confining pressure condition. Also, the damage can be promoted by the increase of confining pressure along with crush and pressure melting under high confining pressure conditions.
  • XIAO Donghui, FENG Wenjie, ZHANG Ze, MING Jiao, WANG Qiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1192-1198. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0142
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    In seasonally frozen soil regions, as the internal structures of soil changing periodically under freezing-thawing cycle, the porosity and permeability of the soil change inevitably. In this study, a series of freezing-thawing cycle experiments of original and remolded loesses were conducted, followed by infiltration experiments. The results of these experiments show that the original and remolded loess's dry densities increase frist, then decrease and finally reach a steady state with increasing freezing-thawing cycles. Because of the negative linear relationship between dry density and coefficient of permeability, the permeability coefficient decreases first and then increases after 10 freezing-thawing cycles, finally reaches a stable value of between 4×10-4 and 6×10-4 cm·s-1. Because the remolded loess has been disturbed and the particles in structure are homogeneous while the original loess is not disturbed and the particles in structure are unhomogeneous, the permeability of remolded loess is always greater than that of original loess.

  • HU Kai, LAI Yuanming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0143
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    In this paper, triaxial compression tests on saline frozen silty sand were done at temperature of -2, -4 and -6 ℃, respectively, and under confining pressure ranging from 0.3 to 16 MPa. The outcomes of the experiment reveal that stress-strain curves show strain softening characteristics under low confining pressures and high confining pressures, and present ideal plastic deformation characteristics under intermediate confining pressures. As confining pressure increasing, strength would in the first place increase and then drop off. The generalized cohesion and the generalized friction angle are achieved in a limited range of confining pressure by the experiment and their variations with temperature and confining pressure are attained. Finally, considering the change of strength with confining pressure, a nonlinear strength criterion is put forward.

  • KONG Xiangbing, ZHAO Shuping, MU Yanhu, LUO Fei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1205-1212. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0144
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    The physical properties of frozen soil in the embankment are impacted by environmental temperature. So, the deformation field and stress field of embankment will change seasonally. In this paper, the deformation field and stress field of a typical section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in cold region are simulated and analyzed. Two conditions are considered namely with train passing and without train passing. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1) After the embankment construction, instantaneous deformation will occur under the gravity of soil. The deformation will change with time. The change tendency of the time-history of deformation is nearly negatively correlated with that of the time-history of temperature; 2) The vertical displacement of embankment will gradually decrease along the direction from the surface to the inner part of the embankment, no matter there is train passing or not. The maximum vertical additional deformation takes place at the center point of the embankment top. The additional deformation values are -4.94 mm, -3.24 mm, -2.56 mm, respectively, on Oct. 15, Jan. 15 and Apr. 15. For the center points at the embankment bottom and shallow layer of ground foundation, the additional stress is largest at Oct. 15 and smallest at Apr. 15. The maximum additional stress can reach 19.48 kPa. The influence of train load on the stress distribution in the upper part of embankment is larger than that in the lower part.

  • DU Haimin, ZHANG Shujuan, MA Wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1213-1219. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0145
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    Silty sand with high ice/water content was tested under uniaxial compression on the basis of the previous method of specimen preparation and unifying the weight ratio of ice to water. It is found that uniaxial compressive strength of frozen silty sand nonlinearly increases with increasing strain rate, but the increasing rate gradually decreases with the increase of strain rate, and the relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and the strain rate can be described by a log function. In addition, the higher temperature is, the smaller the extent is, in which the strain rate governs the uniaxial compressive strength; the uniaxial compressive strength decreases with raising temperature and the decline's rate gradually decreases with raising water content. With increasing water content, the uniaxial compressive strength begins to increase nonlinearly, and finally approaches to that of strength of remolded ice, which is different from the early research and results in a doubt on the correctness of the method of specimen preparation by means of adding ice particles to guarantee high ice/water content of specimen.

  • CHEN Lin, YU Wenbing, YANG Chengsong, YI Xin, LIU Weibo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1220-1226. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0146
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    Aeolian sand is one of the most important factors that are able to change the permafrost environment in the Tibetan Plateau. Thermal conductivity is the key parameter for predicting the effects of sand sediments on ground temperature of permafrost. The variation mechanisms of thermal conductivity of aeolian sand were studied with scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray. The granulometric analysis of grain shows that the grain size is in between 75-500 μm, well-distributed, without clay and gravel. The aeolian sand always forms sand dune without any regular shape in natural state, with large porosity, high grain roundness and good sorting. The grain surface has obvious impact craters, which noticeably increase the specific surface area and porosity. There is less mutual contact area between the dry aeolian sand grains and more pores filled by air, resulting in decrease of thermal conductivity. While the thermal conductivity will increase gradually when the pores are filled with water; the corresponding conductivity will go up continuously when temperature decreases below 0 ℃ and the water in the pores will be frozen gradually. The natural water content and thermal conductivity of aeolian sand are low in warm season, but they are high in cold season. Additionally, the aeolian sand is the granular matter with even and smooth surface and few cohesive soil, and has a loose clastic structure with lager porosity, all of which result in high permeability, good drainage, and poor ability of water retention, indicating that aeolian sand is a good filling material for mitigating frost-heave of infrastructure.

  • JIA Guiyi, QUAN Yongqing, LI Zhiheng, LIANG Shouyun, JIANG Kui, LIU Deyu, YANG Yabing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1227-1236. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0147
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    Based on the data of geological survey of environmental engineering in the major towns in the Bailongjiang River basin, Gansu Province, the landform, human activities and other influence factors in the study area are considered and analyzed. Slope, lithology, earthquake, river, precipitation and other evaluation indexes are selected, and the evaluation factors' weights are determined by combination of the information content method and AHP, and finally the geo-hazards assessment in the study area is implemented by the function of superposition and reclassification of GIS technology. The results indicated that the geological disasters are mainly distributed in the town (valley) areas with relatively dense population in the Bailongjiang River basin, where geological disasters are relatively concentrated, with more danger. While geological hazards are relatively sparse in the middle and high mountain areas, where agriculture and animal husbandry develop well, with less danger.

  • CHEN Pengxiang, JIANG Yuan'an, LIU Jing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1237-1244. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0148
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    Based on the contrast between the measured monthly mean temperature anomaly and the simulated monthly mean temperature anomaly reconstructed with multiple regression analyses at Moyu Station, Muqi Station and Akdala Station, the accuracies of the multiple regression analyses are analyze through the means of the cross-validation based on MAE and RMSIE, M-K mutation tests and wavelet analyses. Similarly, based on the analyses of EOF the contrast between the measured monthly mean temperature data from 90 weather stations and the data interpolated and reconstructed from 105 weather stations in Xinjiang also show that there is high similarity in eigenvectors. Finally, it is found that the multiple regression analysis possesses higher accuracy. The reconstructed Xinjiang monthly temperature data have reliability same as the measured monthly temperature data, which could better reflect the characteristics and variation of the monthly mean temperature and provide basic data for climate change research.

  • Zhaxi Yangzong, CHEN Jun, LI Lin, YE Bangping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1245-1250. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0149
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    Drought, characterized by large harmful area and long harmful duration, is a common harmful disaster in the Tibetan Plateau. With the increasing economic development and population, water shortage is increasing seriously, which leads to the drought area expansion and drying degree aggravating. A method has been proposed, which apply the temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI) to remotely sense the drought in the Tibetan Plateau. The recent work is focus on the key technique how to use the MODIS remote sensing data to develop a drought monitoring system. First, a quick MODIS orbital data processing technique using the forward projection is explained. Then an algorithm of the TVDI is explored. Finally, an operational software of the drought monitoring system is developed and applied to the Tibetan drought monitoring, which greatly reduces the labor and improves the work efficiency. Compared with the traditional manual drought monitoring, the new drought monitoring system has not only an advantage of rapid and automatic processing, but also a very important practical significance.
  • PU Hongzheng, HAN Tianding, LI Xiangying, LU Chengyang, JIAO Keqin, WANG Jin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1251-1259. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0150
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    Based on the observation of surface mass balance from 1980 to 2010 on the Glacier No.1 at the headwaters of the Ürümqi River, Tianshan Mountains, together with hydrological and meteorological data, the relationships between net ablation and climatic factors and between net accumulation and climatic factors during 1984-2010 are studied. In addition, characteristics of mass balances in different altitude ranges and their impact on runoff of the glacier are analyzed. It is found that in the Glacier No.1 mass balance is in a continuous deficit situation. A statistical analysis shows that the correlation coefficient is -0.16 between net accumulation and precipitation; the correlation coefficient is 0.61 between net ablation and annual mean air temperature; the correlation coefficient is 0.78 between net accumulation and the summer mean air temperature; in 2010 both annual net accumulation and accumulation area reached the minimum in the record since observation; in 2010 both annual net ablation and ablation area reached the maximum in the record since observation. 2010 was the strongest ablation year (bn=-1 327 mm), when the Glacier No.1 was totally in the ablation zone (ELA>4 484 m). Most notably, mass balances in various altitude ranges of the glacier, whatever in east branch or in west branch, were significantly different from those in previous years. These suggest that 2010 was a special year of mass balance and that mass balance of the glacier seems to enter a new stage. It is also revealed that the influence of air temperature on runoff is greater than that of precipitation.

  • ZHANG Wei, SHEN Yongping, HE Jianqiao, HE Bin, WU Xuejiao, CHEN An'an, LI Hongde
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1260-1270. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0151
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    Water resources from snow cover melting are the most important component of runoff in spring in the headwaters of the Irtysh River. To explore the influence of forest on snow melting in spring, three observation sites with different geomorphological types, including grassland, glade in forest and land covered by trees, were chosen to observe the snow melt processes during the snowmelt period of 2014 in the Kayiertesi River basin at the headwaters of the Irtysh River. The results indicate that the variation of snow water equivalent (SWE) does not agree with the snow depth change: the decrease in snow depth is ongoing, but SWE begins to fast reduce only when the daily mean air temperature is above 0 ℃. The discrepancy between SWE and snow depth is caused by densification of new snow. The forests have significant function of adjusting the air temperature. The air temperature averaged from 10 to 24 March was -2.5 ℃ in the grassland, higher than that in the land covered by trees (-5.4 ℃) and in the glade of the forest (-6.1 ℃). The air temperature diurnal range is relatively smaller in the fine day and close to forest. The duration periods of snow melting in grassland, glade in forest and land covered by trees are 20 days, 43 days and 35 days, respectively, with the average rates of snow melting of 2.1 mm·d-1, 1.5 mm·d-1 and 1.2 mm·d-1, respectively. In addition, a single tree also has extremely distinct effect on the surrounding snow cover melting process. The disappearance of snow cover below a tree-crown (Scene 1) is prior to about 10 days than that of snow cover outside a certain range from the tree-crown (Scene 2); the snow melting rate of Scene 2 is two times more than of Scene 1 because of shallower snow depth in Scene 1 induced by the tree interception. The snow melting rate is dependent on air temperature and radiation. When air temperature is below 0 ℃, the snow melting rate is sensitive to radiation, but the sensitivity gradually weakens with the rise of air temperature, and almost disappears when the daily mean air temperature is always above 0 ℃. It is also found that the snow melt mainly takes place in between 14:00-19:00 every day, with the melting amount over 50 percent of the daily snowmelt amount. These results are very useful for flood forecasting and water resource management and utilization.

  • HOU Hao, HOU Shugui, PANG Hongxi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1271-1279. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0152
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    Altay Mountains are the northern periphery of the central Asian mountain system and the southern periphery of the Asian Arctic basin, which makes those mountains ideal areas for analyzing climatic records relating to both westerly jet and polar air mass. Some fresh snow, regelation ice, river water and snow pit samples from the Monh Hayrhan Glacier, Altay Mountains, were collected in June 2010. These samples of δ18O and δD were determined and their d-excess values were calculated. It is found that δ18O of all the samples from fresh snow, regelation ice and river water increase with altitude. Based on the HYSPLIT air trajectory model, the reverse tendencies to different transmission sources of moisture at different altitudes were derived. At high altitude, water vapor evaporated from the Caspian might make the biggest contribution to the snow, while at low altitude most of the water vapor might come from Arctic or West Siberia. On the other hand, the high d-excess in all samples indicate that, at least in the early summer of 2010, the re-evaporated vapor makes a great contribution to the precipitation in the study area. The mean backward trajectories show that during this time vapor sources in the study area are mainly related to the evaporation over West Siberia, one of the largest wetland in the world.

  • WANG Weihua, ZOU Songbing, XIAO Honglang, YIN Zhenliang, LU Zhixiang, LIU Shiyin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1280-1287. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0153
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    Large-scale (>10×104 km2) watershed modeling is facing many challenges at present. There are bottlenecks in the understanding and mathematical expression of the process, the scale transformation and the coupling mechanism of eco-hydrological processes. The modeling method based on ontology may spli the existing model into components according to multistage process represented by ontology. Then it is able to add component and to get custom model based on demand. Through semantic recombination and technological innovation, a new method is provided for large-scale river model integration. In this paper, the eco-hydrology in the Heihe River basin is taken as an example. After explaining the connotation of eco-hydrological ontology and analyzing the existing ontology building methods, the eco-hydrological ontology construction method is put forward based on knowledge, which is proved to be effective and feasible through constructing an ontology of desert ecosystem.

  • LI Jisheng, WANG Jing, LI Bin, LI Yalin, XU Jingdong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1288-1297. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0154
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    According to the observed groundwater table data from 1984 to 2013, groundwater quality analysis in 2013 and census for water in 2011, the groundwater resources characteristics and current situation in the Shule River irrigation area were analyzed. The results showed that exploitation and utilization of groundwater was mainly for agricultural irrigation, the groundwater table had been in steady state with a little decline in the 30 years, but groundwater table rose slightly in some places. The groundwater depth varied in between 1.30-80.00 m. Groundwater table changed with the irrigation system significantly within the year. The groundwater quality exceeded Class III. Due to using a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture, maximum ammonia nitrogen index was 0.7 times more than that of Class III, which was the dominant factor causing groundwater pollution.
  • LUO Yayong, MENG Qingtao, ZHANG Jinghui, ZHAO Xueyong, QIN Yu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1298-1305. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0155
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    To clarify the changes of species diversity and biomass in relation to soil properties of alpine meadows in different degradation stages, mild degraded meadow, moderate degraded meadow, severe degraded meadow and serious sandy meadow were chosen to measure species diversity, biomass and soil properties. The changes of vegetation and soil properties, followed by degraded process of alpine meadow, show the following trends: 1) vegetation diversity and biomass decrease gradually; 2) contents of soil moisture, soil clay, silt, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), total phosphorous (P), available N and available potassium (K) decrease consistently, while content of soil sand and total K as well as pH value increase consistently. The correlation between species diversity or biomass and soil factors such as soil moisture, soil clay, silt, soil organic carbon, total N, total N, available N, available P and available K is significant positive, while the correlation between species diversity or biomass and soil factors such as content of soil sand and total K as well as pH value is significant negative. Therefore, changes of species diversity and biomass are governed by soil texture, soil nutrients, soil water content, pH and electrical conductivity.
  • WEN Xi, ZHAO Liang, SHI Yulan, YANG Sizhong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1306-1312. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0156
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    Bioremediation is related to indigenous microbial community dynamics, structure, and function. In permafrost areas of Northeast China, the potential application of bioremediation has been considered before the construction of the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline. So far less is known about the behavious of cold-adapted degrading bacteria in the permafrost along the pipeline. Therefore, a contamination experiment with crude oil was conducted for eight weeks to investigate the response of indigenous bacteria. The 454 pyrosequencing data obtained from the experiment revealed a clear shift in the bacterial profiles in contaminated samples by comparison with the innate communities. Proteobacteria (especially alpha and beta-subdivision) and Firmicutes were enhanced after the contamination. The population is dominated by members from the genera of Alicyclobacillus, Sphingomonas, Nevskia and Bacillus. This result is probably due to the eco-toxic effect of crude oil components, particularly PAHs which is in favor of the bacteria able to degrade or tolerant to aromatic compounds. In addition, the high loading of crude oil contaminants tends to result in more abundant bacteria able to withstand crude oil.

  • WANG Jin, MA Guotai, SONG Tao, XIE Quangang, YAN Xia, ZHANG Yong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1313-1320. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0157
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    The seed germination rate of Prunus mongolica is up to 96%-98% when soil moisture content varies in between 4%-16%, without significant difference (P>0.05); when soil moisture content in between 4%-13%, germination index, vigor index, days of average emergence are significantly higher than that of 16% (P<0.01), and the most suitable soil moisture for the seed germination is from 4% to 13%; with increase of soil moisture, the height of seedling will increase, but the root shoot ratio and the sound seedling index will decrease, root length, seedling growth and dry matter accumulation will increase first and then decrease; the most suitable soil moisture content for seedling growth is 7%-16%; seedling drought resistance can be improved by lower soil moisture and be good for nurturing seedlings; with increasing of sowing depth, germination rate will decrease and the average days of emergence will increase and the rate of mergence will slow down; the most suitable sowing depth is 0 to 1 cm for ensuring full stand and 1-3 cm for sound seedling. The germinated seedling is dicotyledonous seedling of hypogeal germination.

  • Tayierjiang Tuerhun, Anwaer Maimaitiming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1321-1327. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0158
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    Based on analysis of the connotation of urban natural disaster risk, a two-level evaluation index system is established to comprehensively evaluate the risk of urban natural disasters in Kashgar Prefecture, which takes the factors causing disaster, historical disaster records, exposure-vulnerability and disaster resilience in consider. A comprehensive evaluation model with multi indexes is used to analyze the urban natural disasters in Kashgar Prefecture. The data of 1991-2011 in the prefecture are quantitatively evaluated. It is found that during 1991-2003 the risks of urban natural disasters were fluctuated. However, since 2004, due to rapid social and economic development and other reasons, the disasters has occurred more frequently than before in the prefecture, which directly increases the risks of urban natural disasters. In this paper, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward on the basis of quantitative analysis to improve the risk management of urban natural disasters.

  • GAN Siqun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(5): 1328-1336. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0159
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    Based on the data of industrial development in the Liupan Mountain Area, involving four provinces (region), from 2006 to 2011, quantitative measure and comprehensive compare with industrial structure convergence degree coefficients found that the industrial structure presented a type of “second>third>first”. The proportion of agriculture occupied the high level. Moreover, the structures of third industries still stayed in a low-level state. Therefore, there is an arduous task to transform the industrial structure to an optimal industrial structure. It was determined that industrial structure convergence degree between Shaanxi Province and Ningxia Autonomous Region stayed in a high-level, with the degree more than 0.9, which was a phenomenon of serious homogeneity. However, this phenomenon between Gansu and Qinghai Provinces was better, but still had some undulation. In allusion to particular case of different counties similar analysis had also do. Some relevant policy had suggested, such as collaborative planning, cultivating characteristic industry and developing competitive industries and so on.