黄土高原西部土壤水分时空变化模拟研究——以安家坡流域为例

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0130

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 土壤水作为陆地水循环和水量平衡的一个重要组成部分,在土壤-植被-大气连续体物质与能量转化中起着重要的作用,成为陆面过程研究中的重要参量.选择黄土高原西部的安家坡流域,采用多点长序列观测方法,对该区域土壤水分的时空变化规律进行研究.结果表明:坡向和土地利用类型是小流域土壤水分变异的重要影响因素,得出了不同立地条件下土壤水分的剖面变化与时间的动态规律.在此基础上,利用土壤湿度指数结合主要影响因素预测土壤水分的时空变化,旨在为黄土高原大中尺度的土壤水分模拟提供思路.

关键词: 土壤水分, 时空变化, 土壤湿度指数, 安家坡流域, 土壤水分, 时空变化, 土壤湿度指数, 安家坡流域

Abstract: Understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of soil water content(SWC) can provide an important baseline for assessing ecological(for restoration) and economic(for agriculture) conditions at micro-and meso-scales.To characterize the soil water content,a small catchment,Anjiapo(10 km²) in the semiarid western Loess Plateau was selected.Soil moisture has been measured at 36 sites for 16 years in the catchment.Several conclusions can be drawn from the analytical results of data: 1) wetter soil moisture conditions occur in two periods(one period from April to May,the other from the late August to October).2) SWC varies with slope position,aspect and land use type.SWC is higher in low slope position than in higher slope position,higher in north-facing slope than in south-facing slope,and higher in cropland than in shrub land and forestland.3) a hydrological active layer of soil moisture generally occurs at 0~40 cm depth from surface in grassland and forestland,0~30 cm in wasteland,0~100 cm in farmland.The soil moisture in the active layer is affected by meteorological,biological,and anthropogenic factors and exhibits larger amplitude of variations than other layers.Wetness index model was used to predict the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture patterns in this study.Comparing predicted soil moisture with the observed soil water content shows that the correlation is significant in April,August and September at the 0.01 level,while the correlation is significant in other May,June and July at the 0.05 level.According to the empirical relationship between the wetness index and observed soil water content,the wetness index can be converted into soil water content to serve for water resource assessment and ecological restoration.The objective is to build physical processes-based model that can explain the variability of soil water content and that can be applicable to larger scales and other bio-climatically similar area.

Key words: soil water content, spatial and temporal variations, wetness index, Anjiapo catchment, soil water content, spatial and temporal variations, wetness index, Anjiapo catchment

中图分类号:

S152.7

赵传燕, 冯兆东, 南忠仁. 黄土高原西部土壤水分时空变化模拟研究——以安家坡流域为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2007, 29(5): 785-794.

ZHAO Chuan-yan, FENG Zhao-dong, NAN Zhong-ren. GIS-Assisted Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Water Content in Anjiapo Catchment of the Western Loess Plateau[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2007, 29(5): 785-794.

参考文献

[1] Bosznsy M.Generalization of SCS curve number model[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1989,155:139-144.
[2] Andrew W W,Rodger G B,Timothy G R.The Tarrawarra Project:High resolution spatial measurement,modelling and analysis of soil moisture and hydrological response[J].Hydrological Processes,1999,13:633-652.
[3] Li Jikang,Shafiqul I.On the estimation of soil moisture profile and surface fluxes partitioning from sequential assimilation of surface layer soil moisture[J].Journal of Hydrology,1999,220:86-103.
[4] Fast J D,McCorele M D.The effect of heterogeneous soil moisture on a summer baroclinic circulation in the Central United States[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,1991,119(6):2140-2167.
[5] Chang J T,Wetzel R J.Effects on spatial variations of soil moisture and vegetation on the evolution of a prestorm environment:A numerical case study[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,1991,119:1368-1390.
[6] Odorico P D,Ridolfi I,Porporat A,et al.Preferential states of seasonal soil moisture:the impact of climate fluctuations[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(8):2209-2211.
[7] Baird A J,Wilby R L.Ecohydrology:Plants and Water in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments[M].London:Routledge,1998.
[8] Rodr guez-Iturbe I,Porporato A.Ecohydrology of WaterControlled Ecosystems:Soil Moisture and Plant Dynamics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004.
[9] Sharma M L,Luxmore R L,DeAngelis R,et al.Subsurface Water flow simulated for hillslopes with spatially dependent soil hydraulic characteristics[J].Water Resources Research,1987,23:1523-1530.
[10] Yates S R,Warrick A W.Estimating soil water content using cokriging[J].Soil Science Society of America,Journal,1987,51:23-30.
[11] Loague K,Gander G A.R-5 revisited,1:Spatial variability of infiltration on a small rangeland catchment[J].Water Resources Research,1990,26:957-972.
[12] Yang Qiu,Bojie Fu,Jun Wang,et al.Soil Moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology 2001,240:243-263.
[13] Grayson R B,Western A W,Chiew F H S.Preferred states in spatial soil moisture pattern:local and non-local controls[J].Water Resources Research,1997,33:2879-2908.
[14] Gmez-Plaza A,Mart nez-Mena M,Albvaladejo,et al.Factors regulating spatial distribution of soil water content in small semiarid catchments[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,253:211-226.
[15] Moore I D,Turner A K,Wilson J P,et al.GIS and land-surface-subsurface process modeling[A]//Goodchild M F,Parks B V,Steyaert L T.Environmental Modeling with GIS.New York,1993:196-229.
[16] Edoardo A,Costantini C,Fabio C,et al.,Assessing soil moisture regimes with traditional and new methods[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002,66(6):1889-1896.
[17] Baier W,Robertson GW.A new versatile soil moisture budget[J].Can J.Plant Sci.,1966,46:299-315.
[18] Belmans C,Wesseling J G,Feddes R A.Simulation of water balance of a cropped soil:SWATER[J].Journal of Hydrology,1983,63:271-286.
[19] Ma Zhuguo,Wei Helin,Fu Congbin.Relationship between regional soil moisture variation and climatic variability over east China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2000,58(3):257-287.[马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌.中国东部区域土壤湿度的变化及其与气候变率的关系[J].气象学报,2000,58(3):278-287.]
[20] Wang Guiling,Gao Liangzhi.Simulation study on soil water dynamics in winter wheat fields[J].Jiangsu J.of Agr.Sci.,1998,14(1):36-41.[王桂玲,高亮之.冬小麦田间土壤水分平衡动态模拟模型的研究[J].江苏农业学报,1998,14(1):36-41.]
[21] Wang Xiping,Yao Shuran.The versals soil moisture budget model and its tentative application in China[J]..Chinese Agricultural Meteorology,1998,19(6):27-31.[王西平,姚树然.VSMB多层次土壤水分平衡动态模型及其初步应用[J].中国农业气象,1998,19(6):27-31.]
[22] Shen Shuanghe,Zhou Ying.A study of the application of farmland soil water prediction models[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology,1992,15(4):540-548.[申双和,周英.农田土壤水分预测模型应用研究[J].南京气象学院学报,1992,15(4):540-548.]
[23] Luo Changshou,Wei Chaofu,Liruixue.Application of a time series model in predicting the dynamics of soil water content in Sichuan Basin[J].Journal of Southwest Agricultural University,2002,24(5):464-466.[罗长寿,魏朝富,李瑞雪.时序模型在四川盆地土壤水分动态预报中的应用[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(5):464-466.]
[24] Li Baoguo.Application and prospect of fractal theory in soil science[J].Progress in Soil Science,1994,22 (1):1-10.[李保国.分形理论在土壤科学中的应用及其展望[J].土壤科学进展,1994,22(1):1-10.]
[25] Dyi Huey Chang,Shafiqul I.Estimation of soil physical properties using remote sensing and artificial neural network[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,74:534-544.
[26] Beven K J,Kirkby M J.A physically based,variable contributing area model of basin hydrology[J].Hydrological Sciences Bulletin,1979,24:43-68.
[27] Barling R D,Moore I D,Grayson R B.A quasi-dynamic wetness index for charaoterizing the spatial distribution of zones of surface saturation and soil water content[J].Water Resource Research,1994,30:1029-1044.
[28] Woods R A,Sivapalan M,Robinson JS.Modeling the spatial variability of subsurface runoff using a topographic index[J].Water Resource Research,1997,33(5):1061-1073.
[29] Western A W,Grayson R B,Willgoose G R,et al.Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices[J].Water resources research,1999,35 (3):797 -810.
[30] Wilson J P,Gallant J C.Digital terrain analysis[C]//Terrain analysis:Principal and application.New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,2000:1-26.
[31] Deng Huiping,Li Xiubin.Relationship of upslope contribution area and soil water content in TOPMODEL[J].Progress in Geography,2002,21(2):103-110.[邓慧平,李秀彬.地形指数的物理意义分析.地理科学进展[J].2002,21(2):103-110.]
[32] Coronato F R,Bertiller MB.Precipitation and landscape related effects on soil moisture in semiarid range lands of Patagonia[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1996,34:1.
[33] Fu Bojie,Chen Llding.Agricultural landscape spatial pattern and temporal stability of soil moisture across a range of scales in a semiarid environment[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14:1261-1277.
[34] Hargreaves G H,Samani Z A.Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature[J].Applied Eng.Agric.,1985,1:96-99.
[35] Zhang Xxiuying.GIS-assisted the Modeling of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Soil Water Content in Anjiapo drainage[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2003.[张秀英.安家坡流域土壤水分时空分布的GIS辅助模拟研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2003.]
[36] Benven K J,Kirkby M.A physical based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology[J].Hydrological Sciences Bulletin,1979,24:43-69.
[37] O' Loughlin EM.Prediction of surface saturation zones in natural catchments by topographic analysis[J].Water Resources Research,1986,22:794-804.
[38] Moore I D,O' Loughlin EM,Burch GJ.A contour-based topographic model for hydrological and ecological applications[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1988,13:305-320.
[39] Moore I D,Hutchinson MF.Spatial extension of hydrologic process modeling[C]//Proceedings,International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium,Perth,2～4 October,Institute of Engineers of Australia,1991:803-808.