气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0025

冰川冻土 ›› 2016, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (1): 222-230.doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0025

气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估

姚俊强¹, 杨青¹, 毛炜峄¹, 许兴斌^2,3, 刘志辉⁴

1. 中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830002;
2. 兰州大学资源环境学院, 甘肃兰州 730000;
3. 新疆师范大学地理科学与旅游学院, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830054;
4. 新疆大学干旱生态环境研究所绿洲生态教育部重点实验室, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830002

收稿日期:2015-11-06 修回日期:2016-01-11 出版日期:2016-02-25 发布日期:2016-05-30
作者简介:姚俊强(1987-),男,甘肃通渭人,助理研究员,2015年6月毕业于新疆大学(与中科院新疆生态与地理研究所联合培养)获地理学博士学位,研究方向为干旱区气候变化与水资源.E-mail:yaojq1987@126.com;yaojq@idm.cn.
基金资助:
中央级公益性行业科研院所基本科研业务费专项基金(IDM201506);中国沙漠科学研究基金(SQJ2015012);国家自然科学基金(41375101);国家国际科技合作项目(2010DFA92720-12)资助

Evaluation of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the hydrological environment in Central Asia

YAO Junqiang¹, YANG Qing¹, MAO Weiyi¹, XU Xingbin^2,3, LIU Zhihui⁴

1. Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Ürümqi 830002, China;
2. College of Resources and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
3. College of Geography Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi 830054, China;
4. Institute of Arid Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi 830046, China

Received:2015-11-06 Revised:2016-01-11 Online:2016-02-25 Published:2016-05-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 中亚地区是我国天气的上游区,生态环境异常脆弱,必须要保证该地区生态环境和资源安全,水资源安全首当其冲.研究和评估气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响,具有重要的战略意义.近百年来中亚地区气候有暖湿化趋势,气温增温持续时间较长且增温幅度较大,近50a增暖更加明显(0.47℃·(10a)^-1),其中冬季增温最快,预估未来会延续变暖的态势;同时20世纪80年代之后降水量持续波动上升.气候变化对该地区水资源的时空分布及湖泊变迁造成了重大影响,人类活动加剧了水资源短缺,近50a来锡尔河和阿姆河入咸海径流量均呈减少的趋势,20世纪70年代之后拦水蓄水水库等水利工程的建设,加上灌溉用水的增加,导致两河入咸海水量骤减;而1987年之后两河入咸海水量回升,主要是气温回暖、降水增多,加速了常年积雪和冰川融化,使得进入河道的径流量增加.同时,湖泊水位下降,面积收缩,水质恶化.中亚水资源问题主要是跨国水资源分配和水环境恶化问题,要做好水资源评估和用水规划工作,建立覆盖全区域的水资源环境监测网络.中亚国家需要共同参与制定一套完整的、综合考虑人口、社会经济、生态环境等因素的水资源管理政治立法决策体系,构建中亚各国人水和谐、互利共存的水资源新秩序,以水资源可持续利用来支持经济与社会的可持续发展.

关键词: 水文环境, 气候变化, 人类活动, 中亚地区

Abstract: Central Asia is the upstream of synoptic of China, and has significant strategic importance in relation to the safety of the region ecological environment and resources, especially water resources safety. Research and assessment of climate change and human activities affecting the hydrological environment in Central Asia has vital significance. Over the past century, in Central Asia there was a tendency of wetting and warming, with temperature increase of long duration and large amplitude. In the last 50 years, temperature has increased with the rate of 0.47 ℃·(10a)^-1, and faster in winter. It was estimated that the warming will continue. After the 1980s, precipitation has increased wavelike. Climate change and human activities have a huge effect on the space-time distribution of water resources in the region, human activities have aggravated the water resources and changed lakes. In the last 50 years, Syr Darya and Amu Darya have reduced the runoff into the Aral Sea. Since the 1970s, water conservancy project construction has increased, coupled with the increase of irrigation water, resulting in sharply decrease of the water from the two rivers into the Aral Sea. After 1987, water from the two rivers into the Aral Sea has risen again, mainly because of precipitation increasing and temperature warming, which accelerates snow and ice melting, and then runoff increasing. At the same time, lake surface has gone down, lake area has shrunk, and water quality has deteriorated. Ice is a main water resources. In recent 50 years, glaciers in Central Asian have retreated in a speed of 0.2%~1% a year, and those in Pamir have retreated 14%~30%; glacier retreat is mainly controlled by significant increase in summer temperature. According to the regional climate changing characteristics, medium and small glaciers would retreat more. Central Asia water problems are mainly international allocation of water resources and international struggle against water environment deterioration. It is necessary to do a good job in water resources assessment, water planning and to establish water environment monitoring network for the whole region. Central Asian countries need to participate to set up a set of complete strategy framework, comprehensive considering population, social economy and ecological environment factors, such as political legislation decision-making system of water management, to build a harmonious coexistence of Central Asia new order of water resources, sustainable utilization of water resources to support economic and social sustainable development.

Key words: hydrological environment, climate change, human activities, Central Asia

中图分类号:

P337.1/.7

姚俊强, 杨青, 毛炜峄, 许兴斌, 刘志辉. 气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(1): 222-230.

YAO Junqiang, YANG Qing, MAO Weiyi, XU Xingbin, LIU Zhihui. Evaluation of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the hydrological environment in Central Asia[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2016, 38(1): 222-230.

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气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估

Evaluation of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the hydrological environment in Central Asia

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