基于能量平衡对额尔齐斯河流域融雪过程的研究

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0035

冰川冻土 ›› 2016, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (2): 323-334.doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0035

基于能量平衡对额尔齐斯河流域融雪过程的研究

高黎明^{1 2 3}, 张耀南^{1 2}, 沈永平¹, 张乐乐^{1 3}

1. 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所, 甘肃兰州 730000;
2. 甘肃省资源环境科学数据工程技术研究中心, 甘肃兰州 730000;
3. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2015-12-02 修回日期:2016-01-20 出版日期:2016-04-25 发布日期:2016-07-13
通讯作者: 张耀南,E-mail:yaonan@lzb.ac.cn E-mail:yaonan@lzb.ac.cn
作者简介:高黎明(1986-),女,甘肃兰州人,2012年毕业于兰州大学,现为中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所在读博士研究生,主要从事水文模型方面的研究.E-mail:gaolm@lzb.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目（91125005/D011004；41271083；41201062）；国家基础科学人才培养基金项目（J0930003/J0109）；冻土工程国家重点实验室开放基金项目（SKLFSE201412）资助

Analysis of water and heat transfer in snow layer during snowmelt period in Irtysh River Basin based on energy balance theory

GAO Liming^{1 2 3}, ZHANG Yaonan^{1 2}, SHEN Yongping¹, ZHANG Lele^{1 3}

1. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineer Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;
2. Gansu Data Engineering and Technology Research Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, China;
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2015-12-02 Revised:2016-01-20 Online:2016-04-25 Published:2016-07-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为定量描述额尔齐斯河流域积雪的消融过程，建立了利用基于能量平衡的积雪模型，对流域内库威积雪站2014年1月4日-3月28日积雪的积累和消融过程进行了模拟.结果表明：模型能够很好的模拟出融雪期净辐射能量的变化过程，对雪水当量的模拟结果也非常好，雪水当量的观测值和模拟值之间的Nash系数达到了0.989.在积雪的积累期，雪表的净辐射、感热、潜热通量的绝对值以及地表热通量明显低于积雪的消融期.在积累期，感热和潜热通量以及土壤热通量受到雪层厚度的影响.当雪水当量小于10 mm时，感热和潜热通量的绝对值偏高，土壤热通量的波动性也偏大.在积累期积雪的物质损失全部为升华损失，升华量为2.74 mm；在消融期，积雪的融化量为66.26 mm，升华量为2.04 mm.净辐射对积雪物质损失的贡献达到了83.1%，湍流通量对积雪物质损失的贡献达到16.9%.由于在融化期土壤热通量为正值，因此土壤热通量对融雪没有贡献.

关键词: 积雪模型, 能量平衡, 水量平衡, 额尔齐斯河

Abstract: In order to quantitatively describe the melting process of snow cover in Irtysh River Basin, a single layer energy and water balance model was constructed for modeling the snow accumulation and ablation processes during January 4 and March 28, 2014 in Kuwei station of the basin. The results showed that the model can well simulate the changing process of the net radiation, and the simulation results of snow water equivalent was also very good, the Nash coefficient between the observed snow water equivalent and simulated values had reached 0.989. The net radiation, sensible heat, absolute value of latent heat flux and the surface heat flux in the snow accumulation period were significantly lower than accumulation period. In the accumulation period, the sensible heat and latent heat flux and soil heat flux is affected by the thickness of the snow, when the snow water equivalent was less than 10 mm, sensible and the absolute value latent heat fluxes is higher, and the volatility of the soil heat flux was larger. In the accumulation period, the material loss of snow cover was all sublimation loss, and the sublimation amount was 2.74 mm. During the ablation period, the amount of snow melting was 66.26 mm, and the sublimation amount was 2.04 mm. The contribution of net radiation to snow material loss reached 83.1%, the contribution of the turbulent flux was 16.9%. Because the soil heat flux was positive during the melting period, the contribution of soil heat flux on snowmelt was zero.

Key words: snow melting model, energy balance, mass balance, Irtysh River

中图分类号:

P343.6

高黎明, 张耀南, 沈永平, 张乐乐. 基于能量平衡对额尔齐斯河流域融雪过程的研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(2): 323-334.

GAO Liming, ZHANG Yaonan, SHEN Yongping, ZHANG Lele. Analysis of water and heat transfer in snow layer during snowmelt period in Irtysh River Basin based on energy balance theory[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2016, 38(2): 323-334.

参考文献

[1] Zhao Jun, Huang Yongsheng, Song Geqing, et al. Application of snowmelt runoff model in upper stream of Shule river basin[J]. Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering, 2015, 26(1):72-80.[赵军, 黄永生, 宋阁庆, 等. SRM融雪径流模型在疏勒河流域上游的应用[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2015, 26(1):72-80].
[2] Xia Ziqiang, Guo Wenxian. Research advance in river health[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2008, 17(2):252-256.[夏自强, 郭文献. 河流健康研究进展与前瞻[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2008, 17(2):252-256].
[3] Shen Yongping, Su Hongchao, Wang Guoya, et al. The responses of glaciers and snow cover to climate change in Xinjiang (I):Hydrological effect[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2013, 35(3):513-527.[沈永平, 苏宏超, 王国亚, 等. 新疆冰川、积雪对气候变化的响应(I):水文效应[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(3):513-527].
[4] ShenYongping, Su Hongchao, Wang Guoya, et al. Hydrological processes responding to climate warming in the upper reaches of Kelan River Basin with snow-dominated of the Altay Mountains region, Xinjiang, China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(6):845-854.[沈永平, 王国亚, 苏宏超, 等. 新疆阿尔泰山区克兰河上游水文过程对气候变暖的响应[J]. 冰川冻土, 2007, 29(6):845-854].
[5] Li Min, Liu Zhihui, Fang Shifeng. Study of snow water equivalent monitoring model based on MODIS data[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 14(4):74-81.[李民, 刘志辉, 房世峰. 基于MODIS数据的雪水当量监测模型研究[J]. 水土保持研究, 2007, 14(4):74-81].
[6] Liu Yu, Jiang Lingmei, Shi Jiancheng, et al. Validation and sensitivity analysis of the snow thermal model(SNTHERM)at Binggou basin, Gansu[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 15(4):792-810.[刘誉, 蒋玲梅, 施建成, 张立新, 张生雷, 潘金梅, 王培. 雪热力模型(SNTHERM)在冰沟流域的模拟和敏感性试验[J]. 遥感学报, 2011, 15(4):792-810]
[7] Hu Liequn, Huang Weijun, Yin Keqin, et al. Estimation of snow water resources and its distribution in Xinjiang[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2013, 24(3):326-332.[胡列群, 黄慰军, 殷克勤, 等. 新疆冬季雪水资源估算及分布特征[J]. 水科学进展, 2013, 24(3):326-332].
[8] Lu Heng, Wei Wenshou, Liu Mingzhe, et al. The characteristic of energy budget on snow surface beneath Picea Schrenkiana forest in the west Tianshan Mountains of China during snowmelt period[J]. Mountain Research, 2015, 33(2):173-182.[陆恒, 魏文寿, 刘明哲, 等. 融雪期天山西部森林积雪表面能量平衡特征[J]. 山地学报, 2015, 33(2):173-182].
[9] Ablimitjan Ablikim, Chen Chunyan, Yusup Abdula, et al. The temporal and spatial distribution features of snowmelt flood events in Xinjiang from 2001 to 2012[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2015, 37(1):226-232.[阿不力米提江·阿布力克木, 陈春艳, 玉素甫·阿不都拉, 等. 2001-2012年新疆融雪型洪水时空分布特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2015, 37(1):226-232].
[10] Essery R, Etchevers P. Parameter sensitivity in simulations of snowmelt[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D20).
[11] Bartelt P, Lehning M. A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning:Part I:numerical model[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2002, 35(3):123-145.
[12] Feng Xi, Wang Chuanhai, Li Shujian, et al. Multi-time scale simulations with snow melting models based on energy balance theory[J], Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences), 2013, 41(1):26-31.[冯曦, 王船海, 李书建, 等. 基于能量平衡法的融雪模型多时间尺度模拟[J]. 河海大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 41(1):26-31].
[13] He Qingshan, Liu Zhihui, Wei Zhaocai. The study on snowmelt processes based on energy and water balance theory[J], Journal of Xinjiang University(Natural Science Edition), 2012, 29(2):132-136.[贺青山, 刘志辉, 魏召才. 基于水热平衡的融雪过程研究[J], 新疆大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 29(2):132-136].
[14] Qin Yan, Liu Zhihui, Qiao Peng. The process of water and heat transfer in snow layer during snowmelt period based on energy balance theory[J]. Desert and Oasis Meteorology, 2010, 4(5):11-15.[秦艳, 刘志辉, 乔鹏. 基于能量平衡的融雪期雪层水热过程研究[J]. 沙漠与绿洲气象, 2010, 4(5):11-15].
[15] Zhang Yong, Liu Shiyin. Progress of the application of degreeday model to study glaciers and snow cover[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2006, 28(1):101-107.[张勇, 刘时银. 度日模型在冰川与积雪研究中的应用进展[J]. 冰川冻土, 2006, 28(1):101-107].
[16] Jost G, Moore R D, Smith R, et al. Distributed temperatureindex snowmelt modelling for forested catchments[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 420:87-101.
[17] Qing Wenwu, Chen Rensheng, Liu Shiyin, et al. Research and application of two kinds of temperature index model on the Koxkar Glacier[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26(4):409-416.[卿文武, 陈仁升, 刘时银, 等. 两类度日模型在天山科其喀尔巴西冰川消融估算中的应用[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011, 26(4):409-416].
[18] Li Hongyi, Wang Jian. The snowmelt runoff model applied in the upper Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(5):769-775.[李弘毅, 王建. SRM融雪径流模型在黑河流域上游的模拟研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(5):769-775].
[19] Tobin C, Schaefli B, Nicótina L, et al. Improving the degreeday method for sub-daily melt simulations with physically-based diurnal variations[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2013, 55:149-164.
[20] Jowett A E, Hanna E, Ng F, et al. A new spatially and temporally variable sigma parameter in degree-day melt modelling of the Greenland Ice Sheet 1870-2013[J]. Cryosphere Discussions, 2015, 9(5).
[21] Shrestha M, Wang L, Koike T, et al. Inverse simulation of snowmelt runoff and snow cover area using the energy balancebased distributed snowmelt model(WEB-DHM-S)for the correction of basin-scale snowfall[C]//EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 2012, 14:3444.
[22] Brown M E, Racoviteanu A E, Tarboton D G, et al. An integrated modeling system for estimating glacier and snow melt driven streamflow from remote sensing and earth system data products in the Himalayas[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2014, 519:1859-1869.
[23] Lei Yu, Long Aihua, Deng Mingjiang, et al. Analyses of climate change and its impact on water resources in the middle reaches of Irtysh river during 1926-2009[J], Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 32(4):912-919.[雷雨, 龙爱华, 邓铭江, 等. 1926-2009年额尔齐斯河流域中游地区气候变化及其对水资源的影响分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 32(4):912-919].
[24] Zhao Jing, Zhao Wei, Guo Chunhong, et al. The sustainable development of water resources and ecological environment construction in the Irtysh River Basin[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2004, 27(spl):107-110.[赵晶, 赵伟, 郭春红, 等. 额尔齐斯河流域水资源的可持续开发利用与生态环境建设[J]. 新疆农业大学学报, 2004, 27(增刊):107-110].
[25] Wang Yong. The relationship between snow and runoff in the Irtysh River Basin[J]. Xinjiang Meteorology, 1989, (7):15-19.[王勇. 额尔齐斯河流域积雪与径流的关系[J]. 新疆气象, 1989, (7):15-19].
[26] Yang Fucheng, Xia Ziqiang, Huang Feng, et al. Runoff change characteristics of Omsk station in middle peaches of Irtysh river[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2012, 30(5):9-12.[杨富程, 夏自强, 黄峰, 等. 额尔齐斯河中游鄂木斯克站径流变化特征研究[J]. 水电能源科学, 2012, 30(5):9-12].
[27] Zhuang Xiaocui, Guo Cheng, Zhao Zhengbo, et al. Snow cover variation analysis in Altay area of Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2010, 28(2):190-197.[庄晓翠, 郭城, 赵正波, 等. 新疆阿勒泰地区积雪变化分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2010, 28(2):190-197].
[28] Zhang Wei, ShenYongping, He Jianqiao, et al. Snow properties on different underlying surfaces during snow-melting period in the Altay Mountains:Observation and analysis[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2014, 36(3):491-499.[张伟, 沈永平, 贺建桥, 等. 阿尔泰山融雪期不同下垫面积雪特性观测与分析研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2014, 36(3):491-499].
[29] Zhang Wei, ShenYongping, He Jianqiao, et al. Assessment of efforts of forest on snow ablation in the headwaters of Irtysh River, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2014, 36(5):1260-1270.[张伟, 沈永平, 贺建桥, 等. 额尔齐斯河源区森林对春季融雪过程的影响评估[J]. 冰川冻土, 2014, 36(5):1260-1270].
[30] Wu Xuejiao, Wang Ninglian, ShenYongping, et al. In-situ observations and modeling of spring snowmelt processes in an Altay Mountains river basin[J]. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 2014, 8(1):084697-084697.
[31] Lapo K E, Hinkelman L M, Raleigh M S, et al. Impact of errors in the downwelling irradiances on simulations of snow water equivalent, snow surface temperature, and the snow energy balance[J]. Water Resources Research, 2015, 51(3):1649-1670.
[32] Boudhar A, Boulet G, Hanich L, et al. Energy fluxes and melt rate of a seasonal snow cover in the Moroccan High Atlas[J]. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2014.
[33] Smith C D. Correcting the wind bias in snowfall measurements made with a Geonor T-200B precipitation gauge and alter wind shield[C]//87th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX. 2007.
[34] Chen Ajiao. Improving Experiments of Snow Albedo Parameterization Scheme in Land Surface Model BCC_AVIM[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 2014[陈阿娇. 陆面模式BCC_AVIM中积雪反照率参数化方案的改进试验[D]. 北京:中国气象科学研究院, 2014].
[35] Molotch N P. Reconstructing snow water equivalent in the Rio Grande headwaters using remotely sensed snow cover data and a spatially distributed snowmelt model[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2009, 23(7):1076-1089.
[36] Essery R, Etchevers P. Parameter sensitivity in simulations of snowmelt[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D20).
[37] Essery R, Morin S, Lejeune Y, et al. A comparison of 1701 snow models using observations from an alpine site[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2013, 55:131-148.
[38] Raleigh M S, Landry C C, Hayashi M, et al. Approximating snow surface temperature from standard temperature and humidity data:New possibilities for snow model and remote sensing evaluation[J]. Water Resources Research, 2013, 49(12):8053-8069.
[39] Boons Sarah. Snow ablation energy balance in a dead forest stand[J]. Hydrological processes, 2009, 23:2600-2610.
[40] Lu Heng, Wei Wenshou, Liu Mingzhe, et al. Energy budget over seasonal snow surface at an open site and beneath forest canopy openness during the snowmelt period in western Tianshan Mountains, China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2015, 12(2):298-312.
[41] Daniel M R. On the use of bulk aerodynamic formula over melting snow[J]. Nordic Hydrology, 1983, 14(4):93-206.
[42] Wang Guoya, Mao Weiyi, He Bin, et al. Changes in snow covers during 1961-2011 and its effects on frozen ground in Altay region, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(6):1293-1300. 王国亚, 毛炜峄, 贺斌, 等. 新疆阿勒泰地区积雪变化特征及其对冻土的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(6):1293-1300.
[43] Zeng Yun, Wei Lin. Runoff and sediment simulation in purple hilly area based on SWAT Model[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2013, 15(3):401-407.[曾赟, 魏琳. 川中紫色丘陵区径流泥沙SWAT模型的模拟应用分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2013, 15(3):401-407].
[44] Maruyama T, Takimoto H, Ogura A, et al. Analysis of snowpack accumulation and the melting process of wet snow using a heat balance approach that emphasizes the role of underground heat flux[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2015, 522:369-381.

基于能量平衡对额尔齐斯河流域融雪过程的研究

Analysis of water and heat transfer in snow layer during snowmelt period in Irtysh River Basin based on energy balance theory

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 3

[1]	贺斌, 张伟, 沈永平, 罗光花, 何晓波, 康世昌. 新疆阿尔泰山额尔齐斯河源区不同降水观测方法对比分析及1980-2015年降水变化研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017, 39(6): 1192-1199.
[2]	向燕芸, 王志成, 张辉, 陈亚宁. 干旱区融雪径流模拟的研究进展与展望[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017, 39(4): 892-901.
[3]	金学杰, 周剑. 基于SEBS模型和Landsat 8数据的黑河下游蒸散发时空特性分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017, 39(3): 572-582.
[4]	周蕾, 李景保, 汤祥明, 周永强, 黎昔春. 近60a来洞庭湖水位演变特征及其影响因素[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017, 39(3): 660-671.
[5]	李甫, 周秉荣, 祁栋林, 周万福, 肖宏斌, 校瑞香. 青海玉树隆宝高寒湿地近地面能量收支状况研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2015, 37(4): 916-923.
[6]	方潇雨, 李忠勤, Bernd Wuennemann, 高抒, 陈仁升. 冰川物质平衡模式及其对比研究——以祁连山黑河流域十一冰川研究为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2015, 37(2): 336-350.
[7]	汪双杰, 陈建兵, 金龙, 董元宏, 陈冬根. 基于能量平衡的多年冻土区公路设计理论研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2014, 36(4): 782-789.
[8]	高沈瞳, 徐长春. 额尔齐斯河流域上游地区近50 a来气温和降水变化的DFA分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2014, 36(3): 706-716.
[9]	刘素华, 王维真, 小林哲夫. 基于能量平衡法的黑河中游灌溉渠道蒸发量估算[J]. 冰川冻土, 2014, 36(1): 80-87.
[10]	唐恬, 王磊*, 文小航. 黄河源鄂陵湖地区辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(6): 1462-1473.
[11]	周秉荣, 李凤霞, 肖宏斌, 周万福, 颜亮东, 李甫, 李晓东. 2009/2010年黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面能量平衡特征分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(3): 601-608.
[12]	董希成, 谢昌卫, 赵林, 姚济敏, 胡国杰, 乔永平. 兰州马衔山多年冻土区地表能量平衡特征分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(2): 320-326.
[13]	许民, 叶柏生, 赵求东. 基于GRACE重力卫星数据的黄河源区实际蒸发量估算[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(1): 138-147.
[14]	雷雨, 龙爱华, 邓铭江, 李湘权, 章毅. 1926-2009年额尔齐斯河流域中游地区气候变化及其对水资源的影响分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(4): 912-919.
[15]	马颖钊, 易朝路, 吴家章, 金耀. 1970-2009年纳木错湖泊面积扩张的遥感卫星观测证据及原因之商榷[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(1): 81-88.