高寒地区湖泊浮游病毒时空分布特征

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.0045

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 湖泊中浮游病毒的丰度在10⁵~10⁸ mL^-1，是浮游微生物中丰度较高的组分，在湖泊水生态系统中扮演着重要角色。病毒对宿主的侵染和裂解可以调节微生物群落的丰度、生产力、组成和种群多样性，同时还可以将宿主细胞的大量物质释放到湖泊中，改变碳循环和营养物质流通，进而影响生物地球化学循环。高寒地区湖泊水生态系统结构简单，主要以微生物为主，浮游病毒对微生物具有重要的调节作用，但目前研究较少。综述了近几年国内外对高寒地区湖泊病毒生态学的相关研究进展，主要包括病毒的时空分布以及与生物和非生物因子的关系、病毒与宿主的相互作用关系以及病毒对湖泊碳循环和微生物食物环的作用，发现高寒湖泊浮游病毒分布较广、多样性较高以及溶原性是病毒重要的生活策略，同时也得出由病毒裂解作用释放的有机碳对微生物活性和微生物食物环具有重要的作用。在此基础上，对今后我国青藏高原湖泊浮游病毒的研究提出了展望。

关键词: 浮游病毒, 高寒, 湖泊水生态, 微生物食物环, 青藏高原

Abstract: Virioplankton is the most abundant component of planktonic microorganisms in lake, ranging typically from 10⁵ to 10⁸ mL^-1, which plays an important role in aquatic ecosystem. Viruses modulate the abundance, productivity, composition and diversity of microbial communities through infection and lysis. The lytic processes of the host microbial cells infected by viruses can affect the biogeochemical cycle by releasing large amount of the cells into the lake water, altering the carbon cycle and nutrient transformation. The structures of lake ecosystem in arctic-alpine regions are simple. They are mainly dominated by microorganisms, so viruses may play an important role in microbial lives. However, there is scarce about current knowledge on viruses. In this paper, the recent advances in viral ecology of arctic and alpine lakes are reviewed, including the temporal and spatial distributions of virus abundance, the effects of biological and abiotic factors on viral abundance, the interactions between virus and hosts and the significant role of virus on carbon cycle and microbial loop in lake ecosystems. The virus is widely distributed with high diversity. Lysogeny is a survival strategy to escape unfavorable environments. Released organic carbon by viral lysis can affect microbial activity and loop. Based on the former studies, it is put forwards that how to research the virioplankton in the lakes of Tibetan Plateau.

Key words: virioplankton, arctic-alpine, lake ecosystem, microbial loop, Tibetan Plateau

中图分类号:

Q939.48

宋炫颖, 刘勇勤. 高寒地区湖泊浮游病毒时空分布特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2018, 40(2): 395-403.

SONG Xuanying, LIU Yongqin. Spatial and temporal distribution of virioplankton in arctic-alpine lakes[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2018, 40(2): 395-403.

参考文献

[1] Wommack K E, Colwell R R. Virioplankton:viruses in aquatic ecosystems[J]. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2000, 64(1):69-114.
[2] Cárcer D A D, López-Bueno A, Pearce D A, et al. Biodiversity and distribution of polar freshwater DNA viruses[J/OL]. Science Advances, 2015, 1(5)[2018-04-05]. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1400127.full.
[3] Filippini M, Buesing N, Gessner M O. Temporal dynamics of freshwater bacterio-and virioplankton along a littoral-pelagic gradient[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2008, 53(6):1114-1125.
[4] Thurber R V. Current insights into phage biodiversity and biogeography[J]. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2009, 12(5):582-587.
[5] Fortier L C, Sekulovic O. Importance of prophages to evolution and virulence of bacterial pathogens[J]. Virulence, 2013, 4(5):354-365.
[6] Zhong Xu, Ram A S P, Colombet J, et al. Variations in abundance, genome size, morphology, and functional role of the virioplankton in lakes Annecy and Bourget over a 1-year period[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2014, 67(1):66-82.
[7] Thomas R, Berdjeb L, Simengando T, et al. Viral abundance, production, decay rates and life strategies (lysogeny versus lysis) in lake Bourget (France)[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2011, 13(3):616-630.
[8] Suttle C A. Marine viruses-major players in the global ecosystem[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2007, 5(10):801-812.
[9] Weinbauer M G, Rassoulzadegan F. Are viruses driving microbial diversification and diversity?[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2004, 6(1):1-11.
[10] Sime-Ngando T, Colombet J. Virus and prophages in aquatic ecosystems[J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2009, 55(2):95-109.
[11] Hambly E, Suttle C A. The viriosphere, diversity, and genetic exchange within phage communities[J]. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2005, 8(4):444-450.
[12] Meunier A, Jacquet S. Do phages impact microbial dynamics, prokaryotic community structure and nutrient dynamics in Lake Bourget?[J]. Biology Open, 2015, 4(11):1528-1537.
[13] López-Bueno A, Tamames J, Velázquez D, et al. High diversity of the viral community from an Antarctic lake[J]. Science, 2009, 326(5954):858-861.
[14] Säwström C, Lisle J, Anesio A M, et al. Bacteriophage in polar inland waters[J]. Extremophiles, 2008, 12(2):167-175.
[15] Liu Yongqin, Priscu J C, Yao Tandong, et al. A comparison of pelagic, littoral, and riverine bacterial assemblages in lake Bangongco, Tibetan Plateau[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2014, 89(2):211-221.
[16] Sommaruga R. The role of solar UV radiation in the ecology of alpine lakes[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B:Biology, 2001, 62(1/2):35-42.
[17] Laybourn-Parry J, Hofer J S, Sommaruga R. Viruses in the plankton of freshwater and saline Antarctic lakes[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2001, 46(9):1279-1287.
[18] Madan N J, Marshall W A, Laybourn-Parry J. Virus and microbial loop dynamics over an annual cycle in three contrasting Antarctic lakes[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2005, 50(8):1291-1300.
[19] Säwström C, Anesio M A, Granéli W, et al. Seasonal viral loop dynamics in two large ultraoligotrophic Antarctic freshwater lakes[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2007, 53(1):1-11.
[20] Säwström C, Pearce I, Davidson A T, et al. Influence of environmental conditions, bacterial activity and viability on the viral component in 10 Antarctic lakes[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2008, 63(1):12-22.
[21] Filippova S N, Surgucheva N A, Sorokin V V, et al. Bacteriophages in Arctic and Antarctic low-temperature systems[J]. Microbiology, 2016, 85(3):359-366.
[22] Zhang Rui, Wei Wei, Cai Lanlan. The fate and biogeochemical cycling of viral elements[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014, 12(12):850-851.
[23] Yau S, Colwell R R. Virophage control of Antarctic algal host-virus dynamics[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(15):6163-6168.
[24] Laybourn-Parry J, Marshall W A, Madan N J. Viral dynamics and patterns of lysogeny in saline Antarctic lakes[J]. Polar Biology, 2006, 30(3):351-358.
[25] Colombet J, Charpin M, Robin A, et al. Seasonal depth-related gradients in virioplankton:standing stock and relationships with microbial communities in Lake Pavin (France)[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2009, 58(4):728-736.
[26] Lymer D, Lindstrom E S. Changing phosphorus concentration and subsequent prophage induction alter composition of a freshwater viral assemblage[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2010, 55(9):1984-1996.
[27] Lymer D, Logue J B, Brussaard C P D, et al. Temporal variation in freshwater viral and bacterial community composition[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2008, 53(6):1163-1175.
[28] Laybourn-Parry J, Anesio A M, Madan N, et al. Virus dynamics in a large epishelf lake (Beaver lake, Antarctica)[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2013, 58(7):1484-1493.
[29] Säwström C, Laybourn-Parry J, Granéli W, et al. Heterotrophic bacterial and viral dynamics in Arctic freshwaters:results from a field study and nutrient-temperature manipulation experiments[J]. Polar Biology, 2007, 30(11):1407-1415.
[30] Säwström C, Ask J, Karlsson J. Viruses in subarctic lakes and their impact on benthic and pelagic bacteria[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2009, 70(3):471-482.
[31] Lymer D, Lindstrom E S, Vrede K. Variable importance of viral-induced bacterial mortality along gradients of trophic status and humic content in lakes[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2008, 53(6):1101-1113.
[32] Drewes F, Peter H, Sommaruga R. Are viruses important in the plankton of highly turbid glacier-fed lakes?[J/OL]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6[2018-04-05]. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep24608.
[33] Hofer J S, Sommaruga R. Seasonal dynamics of viruses in an alpine lake:importance of filamentous forms[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2001, 26(1):1-11.
[34] Säwström C, Granéli W, Laybourn-Parry J, et al. High viral infection rates in Antarctic and Arctic bacterioplankton[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2007, 9(1):250-255.
[35] Laybourn-Parry J, Madan N J, Marshall W A, et al. Carbon dynamics in an ultra-oligotrophic epishelf lake (Beaver Lake, Antarctica) in summer[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2006, 51(6):1116-1130.
[36] Wilson W H, Lane D, Pearce D A, et al. Transmission electron microscope analysis of virus-like particles in the freshwater lakes of Signy Island, Antarctica[J]. Polar Biology, 2000, 23(9):657-660.
[37] Lisle J T, Priscu J C. The occurrence of lysogenic bacteria and microbial aggregates in the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2004, 47(4):427-439.
[38] Jepner R L, Wharton R A, Suttle C A. Viruses in Antarctic lakes[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1998, 43(7):1754-1761.
[39] Maurice C F, Bouvier T, Comte J, et al. Seasonal variations of phage life strategies and bacterial physiological states in three northern temperate lakes[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2010, 12(3):628-641.
[40] Lu Ting, Liang Xiaobing, Zeng Jia, et al. Distribution patterns and related affecting factors of bacterial and viral abundance in lake of Guizhou Table[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2009, 28(10):1996-2001.[陆婷, 梁小冰, 曾佳, 等. 贵州高原湖泊细菌和病毒分布特征及影响因素[J]. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(10):1996-2001.]
[41] Butina T V, Belykh O I, Potapov S A, et al. Diversity of the major capsid genes (g23) of T4-like bacteriophages in the eutrophic lake Kotokel in East Siberia, Russia[J]. Archives of Microbiology, 2013, 195(7):513-520.
[42] Clasen J L, Brigden S M, Payet J P, et al. Evidence that viral abundance across oceans and lakes is driven by different biological factors[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2008, 53(6):1090-1100.
[43] Weinbauer M G. Ecology of prokaryotic viruses[J]. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2004, 28(2):127-181.
[44] Liu Xiyong. Genetic diversity of T4-like virioplankton in altiplano lakes of Yunnan Province[D]. Wuhan:Central China Normal University, 2011.[刘西永. 云南高原湖泊T4类浮游病毒遗传多样性研究[D]. 武汉:华中师范大学, 2011.]
[45] Lymer D, Vrede K. Nutrient additions resulting in phage release and formation of non-nucleoid-containing bacteria[J]. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 2006, 43(2):107-112.
[46] Anderson M J, Ford R B, Feary D A, et al. Quantitative measures of sedimentation in an estuarine system and its relationship with intertidal soft-sediment infauna[J]. Marine Ecology Progress, 2004, 272(1):33-48.
[47] Jansson M, Hickler T, Jonsson A, et al. Links between terrestrial primary production and bacterial production and respiration in lakes in a climate gradient in subarctic Sweden[J]. Ecosystems, 2008, 11(3):367-376.
[48] Anesio A M, Bellas C M. Are low temperature habitats hot spots of microbial evolution driven by viruses?[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2011, 19(2):52-57.
[49] Hewson I, Chow C, Fuhrman J A. Ecological role of viruses in aquatic ecosystems[M]. Hoboken, NJ, USA:Wiley, 2010.
[50] Mei M L, Danovaro R. Virus production and life strategies in aquatic sediments[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2004, 49(2):459-470.
[51] Karlsson J, Jonsson A, Jansson M. Bacterioplankton production in lakes along an altitude gradient in the subarctic north of Sweden[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2001, 42(3):372-382.
[52] Yager P L, Connelly T L, Mortazavi B, et al. Dynamic bacterial and viral response to an algal bloom at subzero temperatures[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2001, 46(4):790-801.
[53] Bettarel Y, Simengando T, Amblard C, et al. Viral activity in two contrasting lake ecosystems[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2004, 70(5):2941-2951.
[54] Thingstad T F. Elements of a theory for the mechanisms controlling abundance, diversity, and biogeochemical role of lytic bacterial viruses in aquatic systems[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2000, 45(6):1320-1328.
[55] Ochman H, Lawrence J G, Groisman E A. Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation[J]. Nature, 2000, 405(6784):299-304.
[56] Fuhrman J, Suttle C A. Viruses in marine planktonic systems[J]. Oceanography, 1993, 6(2):51-63.
[57] Dinsdale E A, Edwards R A, Hall D, et al. Functional metagenomic profiling of nine biomes[J]. Nature, 2008, 452(7187):629-632.
[58] Sullivan M B, Coleman M L, Weigele P, et al. Three prochlorococcus cyanophage genomes:signature features and ecological interpretations[J/OL]. PLOS Biology, 2005, 3(5)[2018-04-05]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15828858.
[59] Breitbart M, Hoare A, Nitti A, et al. Metagenomic and stable isotopic analyses of modern freshwater microbialites in Cuatro Ci negas, Mexico[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2009, 11(1):16-34.
[60] Jacquet S, Miki T, Noble R, et al. Viruses in aquatic ecosystems:important advancements of the last 20 years and prospects for the future in the field of microbial oceanography and limnology[J]. Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 2010, 1(1):97-141.
[61] Azam F, Fenchel T, Field J G, et al. The ecological role of water column microbes in the sea[J]. Marine Ecology Progress, 1983, 10(3):257-263.
[62] Säwström C. Viral loop dynamics in temperate and polar freshwaters[D]. Lund, Sweden:Department of Ecology, Lund University, 2006.
[63] Ory P, Hartmann H J, Jude F, et al. Pelagic food web patterns:do they modulate virus and nanoflagellate effects on picoplankton during the phytoplankton spring bloom?[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2010, 12(10):2755-2772.
[64] Fuhrman J A. Marine viruses and their biogeochemical and ecological effects[J]. Nature, 1999, 399(6736):541-548.
[65] Chénard C, Lauro F M. Microbial ecology of extreme environments[M]. Berlin:Springer, 2017.
[66] Miki T, Nakazawa T, Yokokawa T, et al. Functional consequences of viral impacts on bacterial communities:a food-web model analysis[J]. Freshwater Biology, 2008, 53(6):1142-1153.
[67] Wang Liyan, Xiao Yi, Jiang Ling, et al. Assessment and analysis of the freeze-thaw erosion sensitivity on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2017, 39(1):61-69.[王莉雁, 肖燚, 江凌, 等. 青藏高原冻融侵蚀敏感性评价与分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017, 39(1):61-69.]
[68] Lu Meimei, Zhou Shiqiao, He Xia. A comparison of the formulas for estimation of the lake evaporation on the Tibetan Plateau:taking Lake Nam Co as an example[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2017, 39(2):281-291.[陆美美, 周石硚, 何霞. 青藏高原湖泊蒸发估算方法的比较研究:以纳木错为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017, 39(2):281-291.]