东北冻土区积雪深度时空变化遥感分析

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.0402

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 积雪作为冰冻圈的重要组成部分，对地面有保温作用，在消融时又吸收热量降低地面温度，影响冻土发育，对气候的变化十分敏感。利用微波遥感数据1979-2014年逐日中国雪深长时间序列数据集，采用GIS空间分析和地学统计方法，分析了东北冻土区积雪深度的时空变化规律及其异常变化。结果表明，东北冻土区多年平均雪深为2.92 cm，年平均雪深最高值出现在岛状多年冻土区，最低值出现在季节冻土区。东北冻土区年平均积雪深度变化以减少为主，占区域面积的39.77%，减少速率为0.07 cm·（10a）^-1。东北冻土区年平均积雪深度在1986年发生突变，开始出现减少的趋势，这与气温突变年份较为吻合。受地形和气温变化影响，年平均积雪深度减少的敏感区域主要发生在岛状多年冻土区。气温是影响东北冻土区年平均积雪深度变化最主要的因素，降水量、风速、湿度、日照时数对积雪深度均有影响。季节冻土区积雪深度对气候的敏感性要大于多年冻土区。

关键词: 积雪深度, 东北, 冻土, 微波遥感, Mann-Kendall检验, 敏感性

Abstract: Snow cover is an important component of the cryosphere, which has an insulating effect on the ground. When snow melts, heat absorbing would reduce land surface temperature. Therefore, snow affects the growth of frozen ground, and is sensitive to climate change. Spatial and temporal variations of snow depth in frozen ground regions of Northeast China were analyzed by using spatial and statistics analysis function of GIS, based on the daily dataset of snow depth from 1979 to 2014. The results showed that the annual snow depth was 2.92 cm averaged from 1979 to 2014, with the maximum annual mean snow depth in the patchy permafrost regions and the minimum one in the seasonally frozen ground regions. Snow depth had decreased with the rate of 0.07 cm·(10a)^-1, and the decreased area accounting for 39.77% of the total. The annual mean snow depth mutated in 1986 and then followed a decreasing, which was in accordance with the air temperature mutation. Affected by the terrain and the air temperature changing, the reduction of annual mean snow depth and the sensitive range mainly appeared in the patchy permafrost regions. Air temperature is main controlling factor to the annual mean snow depth in Northeast China. Precipitation, wind speed, humidity and sunshine duration can also influence the depth of snow cover. The snow depth in seasonally frozen ground regions is more sensitive than that in permafrost regions.

Key words: snow depth, Northeast China, frozen ground, microwave remote sensing, Mann-Kendall test, sensitivity

中图分类号:

P468.0+25

刘世博, 臧淑英, 张丽娟, 那晓东, 孙丽, 李苗, 张晓闻. 东北冻土区积雪深度时空变化遥感分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2018, 40(2): 261-269.

LIU Shibo, ZANG Shuying, ZHANG Lijuan, NA Xiaodong, SUN Li, LI Miao, ZHANG Xiaowen. Analyzing the spatial-temporal variations of snow depth in the Northeast China by means of remote sensing in consideration of frozen ground zonation[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2018, 40(2): 261-269.

参考文献

[1] Li Peiji. Dynamic characteristic of snow cover in western China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1993(6):505-515.[李培基. 中国西部积雪变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 1993(6):505-515.]
[2] Stocker T F, Qin Dahe, Plattner G-K, et al. Climate change 2013:the physical science basis:Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2013.
[3] Jin Huijun, Wang Shaoling, Lü Lanzhi. Features of permafrost degradation in "Hinggan" Mountains, Northeastern China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2009, 29(2):223-228.[金会军, 王绍令, 吕兰芝. 兴安岭多年冻土退化特征[J]. 地理科学, 2009, 29(2):223-228.]
[4] Zhou Mei, Yu Xinxiao, Feng Lin. Analysis of the driving force of the permafrost degeneration in Daxinganling[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2002, 16(4):44-47.[周梅, 余新晓, 冯林. 大兴安岭林区多年冻土退化的驱动力分析[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2002, 16(4):44-47.]
[5] Zhao Zongci, Luo Yong. Projections of climate change over Northeastern China for the 21st century[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 2007, 23(3):1-4.[赵宗慈, 罗勇. 21世纪中国东北地区气候变化预估[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2007, 23(3):1-4.]
[6] Li Yuting, Liu Jinbao, Wang Zengwu, et al. Study of spatiotemporal dynamics and climate response of snow cover in Sichuan Province from 2003 to 2012[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2016, 38(6):1491-1500.[李玉婷, 柳锦宝, 王增武, 等. 2003-2012年四川省积雪时空动态变化与气候响应研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(6):1491-1500.]
[7] Osterkamp T E. Characteristics of the recent warming of permafrost in Alaska[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface, 2007, 112(F2):488-501.
[8] Liu Xun, Jin Xin, Ke Changqing. Accuracy evaluation of the IMS snow and ice products in stable snow covers regions in China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2014, 36(3):500-507.[刘洵, 金鑫, 柯长青. 中国稳定积雪区IMS雪冰产品精度评价[J]. 冰川冻土, 2014, 36(3):500-507.]
[9] Chen Chunyan, Li Yi, Li Qihang. Snow cover depth in Vrümqi region, Xinjiang:evolution and response to climate change[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2015, 37(3):587-594.[陈春艳, 李毅, 李奇航. 新疆乌鲁木齐地区积雪深度演变规律及对气候变化的响应[J]. 冰川冻土, 2015, 37(3):587-594.]
[10] Laternser M, Schneebeli M. Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931-99)[J]. International Journal of Climatology, 2003, 23:733-750.
[11] Foster J L, Hall D K, Kelly R E J, et al. Seasonal snow extent and snow mass in South America using SMMR and SSM/I passive microwave data (1979-2006)[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2009, 113(2):291-305.
[12] Che Tao, Li Xin, Jin Rui, et al. Snow depth derived from passive microwave remote-sensing data in China[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2008, 49(1):145-154.
[13] Li Xiaolan, Zhang Feimin, Wang Chenghai. Comparison and analysis of snow depth over China, observed and derived from remote sensing[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(4):755-764.[李小兰, 张飞民, 王澄海. 中国地区地面观测积雪深度和遥感雪深资料的对比分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(4):755-764.]
[14] Ke Changqing, Li Peiji. Research on the characteristics of distribution and variation of snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau by using EOF analysis[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1998, 20(1):64-67.[柯长青, 李培基. 用EOF方法研究青藏高原积雪深度分布与变化[J]. 冰川冻土, 1998, 20(1):64-67.]
[15] Ma Lijuan, Qin Dahe. Spatial-temporal characteristics of observed key parameters for snow cover in China during 1957-2009[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(1):1-11.[马丽娟, 秦大河. 1957-2009年中国台站观测的关键积雪参数时空变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(1):1-11.]
[16] Tang Zhiguang, Li Hongyi, Wang Jian, et al. Reconstruction of snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau based on multi-source data[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2016, 18(7):941-950.[唐志光, 李弘毅, 王建, 等. 基于多源数据的青藏高原雪深重建[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2016, 18(7):941-950.]
[17] Bai Shuying, Wu Qi, Shi Jianqiao, et al. Relationship between the spatial and temporal distribution of snow depth and the terrain over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2015, 27(4):171-178.[白淑英, 吴奇, 史建桥, 等. 青藏高原积雪深度时空分布与地形的关系[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2015, 27(4):171-178.]
[18] Chen Guangyu, Li Dongliang. Temporal-spatial characteristics of cumulative snow depth in Northeast China and its vicinity[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2011, 37(5):513-521.[陈光宇, 李栋梁. 东北及邻近地区累积积雪深度的时空变化规律[J]. 气象, 2011, 37(5):513-521.]
[19] Zhao Wenyu, Liu Hailong, Wang Hui, et al. A study of spatial distribution of snow cover days in the Tianshan Mountains based on MODIS snow products[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2016, 38(6):1510-1517.[赵文宇, 刘海隆, 王辉, 等. 基于MODIS积雪产品的天山年积雪日数空间分布特征研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2016, 38(6):1510-1517.]
[20] Zheng Hongxing, Liu Jing. Long-term trends of aridity index and its sensitivity to climate factors in Northeast China:1971-2008[J]. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(10):1765-1774.[郑红星, 刘静. 东北地区近40年干燥指数变化趋势及其气候敏感性[J]. 地理研究, 2011, 30(10):1765-1774.]
[21] Wei Zhi, Jin Huijun, Zhang Jianming, et al. Prediction of permafrost changes in Northeastern China under a changing climate[J]. Science China:Earth Sciences, 2011, 54(6):924-935.[魏智, 金会军, 张建明, 等. 气候变化条件下东北地区多年冻土变化预测[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2011, 41(1):74-84.]
[22] Dai L, Che T, Wang J, et al. Snow depth and snow water equivalent estimation from AMSR-E data based on a priori snow characteristics in Xinjiang, China[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012, 127:14-29.
[23] Dai Liyun, Che Tao. Cross-platform calibration of SMMR, SSM/I and AMSR-E passive microwave brightness temperature[C/OL]//Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Digital Earth:data processing and applications.[2018-04-05]. http://westgis.ac.cn/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Cross-platform-Calibration-of-SMMR-SSMI-and-AMSR-E-Passive-Microwave-Brightness-Temperature.pdf.
[24] Che T, Li X, Gao F, et al. Study of snow water resources by passive microwave satellite data in China[C]//Proceedings of 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. New York:IEEE, 2004:3674-3676.
[25] Che Tao, Li Xin. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of snow water resources in China during 1993-2002[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(1):64-67.[车涛, 李新. 1993-2002年中国积雪水资源时空分布与变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(1):64-67.]
[26] Dai Shengpei, Zhang Bo, Cheng Feng, et al. The spatio-temporal variations of snow cover in China from the snow depth time series dataset based on passive microwave remote sensing[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2010, 32(6):1066-1073.[戴声佩, 张勃, 程峰, 等. 基于被动微波遥感反演雪深的时间序列分析我国积雪时空变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2010, 32(6):1066-1073.]
[27] Guo Dongxin, Wang Shaoling, Lu Guowei, et al. Division of permafrost regions in Daxiao Hinggan Ling, Northeast China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1981, 3(3):1-9.[郭东信, 王绍令, 鲁国威, 等. 东北大小兴安岭多年冻土分区[J]. 冰川冻土, 1981, 3(3):1-9.]
[28] Ding Yihui, Zhang Li. Intercomparison of the time for climate abrupt change between the Tibetan Plateau and other regions in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2008, 32(4):794-805.[丁一汇, 张莉. 青藏高原与中国其他地区气候突变时间的比较[J]. 大气科学, 2008, 32(4):794-805.]
[29] He Wei, Bu Rencang, Xiong Zaiping, et al. Characteristics of temperature and precipitation in Northeastern China from 1961 to 2005[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(2):519-531.[贺伟, 布仁仓, 熊在平, 等. 1961-2005年东北地区气温和降水变化趋势[J]. 生态学报, 2013, 33(2):519-531.]
[30] Xi Ying, Li Dongliang, Wang Wen. Study of the temporal-spatial characteristics of snow covers days in Hetao and its vicinity[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(3):446-456.[惠英, 李栋梁, 王文. 河套及其邻近不稳定积雪区积雪日数时空变化规律研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(3):446-456.]
[31] Hu Liequn, Li Shuai, Liang Fengchao. Analysis of the variation characteristics of snow covers in Xinjiang region during recent 50 years[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2013, 35(4):793-800.[胡列群, 李帅, 梁凤超. 新疆区域近50 a积雪变化特征分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(4):793-800.]
[32] Liu Shibo, Zang Shuying, Zhang Lijuan, et al. Estimation of land surface temperature from MODIS in Northeast China[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(11):2251-2260.[刘世博, 臧淑英, 张丽娟, 等. 东北冻土区MODIS地表温度估算[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(11):2251-2260.]