贡嘎山海螺沟冰川物质平衡、水交换特征及其对径流的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在贡嘎山海螺沟冰川研究的基础上,提出计算该冰川物质平衡的两种方法,获得了较一致的结果.表明近10a来物质平衡平均为-470mm,与高亚洲边缘山脉的冰川同样处于强烈的袁退状态.该冰川有很高的物质平衡水平(2544mm)及水交换水平(381mm),液相比例高(1/3),较小的稳定性系数(0.20),具有典型的季风海洋型冰川的水交换特征.由于冰川退缩冰川径流增加,预计2020年将达到临界状态.在气候持续转暖变湿情况下,预测临界状态将延至2050年左右,冰川面积及储量将大幅度减小.

关键词: 海螺沟冰川, 物质平衡, 水分交换, 径流变化

Abstract: Hailuogou Glacier, which lies in an area with largely varied elevation, is a glacier with rich accumulation, heavy melting and large flow velocity. In the early 1990’s, its mass balance was calculated by using different methods, and the results differ remarkably. Since more data were obtained in the last 10 years, it is possible to calculate its mass balance with new methods. Using the ELA₀ method and the observed melting data obtainel in 1990—1998, then we get b_n=-488 mm. If we use the maximum entropy method and the observed meteorological as well as hydrological data obtained in 1988—1997, then b_n=-451 mm. These two values are very close and their average value b_n=-470 mm which is close to the mass balance of the glaciers in the High Asia periphery mountain areas in the last 10 years. Based on the parameters for mass balance, the calculated amplitude of mass balance for Hailuogou Glacier is 2 544 mm, and the water exchange level is 3 819 mm which the liquid water accounts for one third of. this ratio is the high values for glaciers in the High Asia. Meanwhile, the stability cofficient, which is the ratio of the seasonal water exchange amount to the multiple year amount, is low (k =0.20). The negative mass balance of the glacier has giver rise to an increase in discharge. It is estimated that the discharge in 2020s will fall back to the original level just before increasing (critical level). The sensitivity analysis on the response of glacier mass balance to meteorological Variations shows that, a 1 K increase of air temperature or a 10% reduction of precipitation, the responsive values for b_n are-214 mm and 354 mm respectively. On the condition that the climate continues getting warmer and more meist, the time at which the discharge reaches to the critical level will proloug to about 2050’s. Then the area and volume of the glacier will greatly decrease, which will have great impact on the ecological environment of the upper reach of the Yangtze River.

Key words: Hailougou Glacier, mass balance, waer exchange, runoff change

中图分类号:

P343.72

谢自楚, 苏珍, 沈永平, 冯清华. 贡嘎山海螺沟冰川物质平衡、水交换特征及其对径流的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2001, 23(1): 7-15.

XIE Zi-chu, SU Zhen, SHEN Yong-ping, FENG Qing-hua. Mass Balance and Water Exchange of Hailuoguo Glacier in Mount Gongga and Their Influence on Glacial Melt Runoff[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2001, 23(1): 7-15.

参考文献

[1] Pu Jianchen. Glacier Inventory of China, Ⅷ, The Changjiang (Yangtze) River Drainage Basin[M]. Lanzhou: Gansu Culture Press, 1994.[蒲健辰.中国冰川目录[M].兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1994.]
[2] Li Jijun, Su Zhen. Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains[M]. Beijing: Science Press,1996. 1-282.[李吉均,苏珍.横断山冰川[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.1-282.]
[3] Su Zhen, Wang Lilun. Ablation of Glacier[A]. Li Jijun, Su Zhen. Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains[C]. Beijing: Science Press. 1996.70-78.[苏珍,王立论.冰川消融[A].李吉均,苏珍.横断山冰川[C].北京:科学出版社,1996.70-78.]
[4] Xie Zichu, Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (1) -The Gongga Mountain [C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994.
[5] SuZhen, Liang Dalan, Hong Ming. Developing conditions amounts and distributions of glaciers in Gongga[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1993,15(4):551-558.[苏珍,梁大兰,洪明.贡嘎山海洋性冰川发育条件及分布特征[J].冰川冻土,1993,15(4):551-558.]
[6] Su Zhen, Song Guoping, Liu Shiyin, et al. Temperature regime of Hailuogou Glacier in the Gongga Mountain[A]. Xie Zichu, Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (I)-The Gongga Mountain[C]. Beijing: Science Press,1994. 57-64.
[7] Song Guoping. Movemet Features of Hailuogou Glacier of the Gongga Mountain[A]. Xie Zichu, Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (I) -The Gongga Mountain[C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 110-120.
[8] Liu Shiyin, Xie Zichu, Su Zhen, etal. Accumulation, ablation and ice formation of Hailuoguo Glacier in the Gongga Mountain[A]. Xie Zichu,Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (I)-The Gongga Mountain[C]. Beijing:science Press,1994.65-80.
[9] Cao Zhentang, Cheng Genwei. Prelimary analyses of hydrological characteristics of Hailuaguo Glacier on the eastern slope of the Gongga Mountain[A]. Xie Zichu, Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (I) -The Gongga Mountain[C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 143-156.
[10] Xie Zichu, Su Zhen, Cao Zhentang. Water and mass balance in the Gongga Mountain[A]. Researches on Evolution, Environment Change.and Ecosystems of Tibet Plateau[C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995.340-346.[谢自楚,苏珍,曹正堂.贡嘎山海螺沟冰川水量-物质平衡的初步研究[A].青藏高原的形成演化、环境演变和生态系统研究[C].北京:科学出版社,1995.340-346.]
[11] Aizen V B, Loktionova H. The existing conditions of the Southeaestern Tibet glacier[A]. Xie Zichu, Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (I) -The Gongga Mountain [C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 1-28.
[12] Aizen V B, Nikitin S A, Song Guoping. Model of the dynamics of the Hailuoguo Glacier[A]. Xie Zichu, Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (I)-The Gongga Mountain[C]. Beijing.. Science Press, 1994. 121-132.
[13] Калecннnк С. A. Очepкn Гляцnологии. ГоcyдаDствeнnоe Издательство Геогpафичecкой ЛIитepы[M]. Мocква. 1963.
[14] Muller F, Caflish T, Muller G. Instructions for the Compication and Assemblage of Data for a World Glacier Invenroty [R]. Temporary Technical Secretariat for World Glacier Inventory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. 1977.
[15] Xie Zichu and Ding Liangfu. Glacier mass balance in High Asia and its response to climate change[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1996,18 (Supp.): 5-11.[谢自楚,丁良福.高亚洲冰川物质平衡及其对气候变化的响应研究[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(增刊):5-11.]
[16] Mieir M F, Post A S. Recent variations in mass net budgets of glaciers in Western North America[J]. IASH. Pu bl., 1962,58: 63-77.
[17] Lliboutry L. Multivariate statistical analysis of glacier annual balances[J]. Journal of Glaciology,1974,13(69): 371-392.
[18] Дюоргeров М. Б.. Мониторинг Баланса Массы Горных Лeдников[M]. Моска: Hаyка, 1993.
[19] Xie Z, Ding Z, Liu Ch, et al. Mass balance at the steady state equilibrium line altitude and its application[J]. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und GlazialGeologe, 1996,32: 129-135.
[20] Braithwaite. Can the mass balance of glacier be estimated from its equilibrium line altirude[J]. Journal of Glaciclogy, 1984, 30(106): 364-368.
[21] IAHS(ICSI)-UNEP-UNESCО. Glacier mass balance bulletin[R]. Haeberli W, Herren E M, Zurich. 1991,No. 1.
[22] Шyмскийй, П. А.. Знeрrия Олeдeнeния и жкизнъ лeдников [M]. Моcква: Гeоrраrиз,1947.
[23] Щerолова, О. П.. Энeргия Олeдeлeния и лeдниковоe питаниe рeк Срeднeй Азии[M]. Локлад. ы АH Узб. ССР, 1950. No. 10.
[24] Zhang Xuewen, Ma Li. Entropy Meteorogy[M]. Beijing: Meteology Press, 1992. [张学文,马力.熵气象学[M].北京:气象出版社,1992.]
[25] Ma Li. The formula of area distribution of multi-year mean precipitation[A]. Proccedings of the First Youth's Sympsium of Cold Regions Environment and Engineering[Cl. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press, 1994.34-39.[马力.多年平均年降水量的面积分布公式[A].第一届全国寒区与工程青年学术会议论文集[C].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1994.34-39.]
[26] Shen Yongping, Xie Zichu, Ding Liangfu et al. Estimation of average mass balance for glaciers in a water sheld and its applieation[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 1997,19(4): 302-307.[沈永平,谢自楚,丁良福,等.流域冰川平均物质平衡的计算方法及其应用[J].冰川冻土,1997,19(4):302-307.]
[27] Xie Yingqin. Autumn heat balance in the ablation area of Hailuogou Glacier[A]. Xie Zichu, Kotlyakov V M. Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau ( I )-The Gongga Mountain[C]. Beijing: Science Press,1994.94-109.
[28] Liu Shiyin, Xie Zichu, Song Guoping, et al. Mass balance of Kangwure (flat-fop) Glacier on the north side of Mt. Xixiabangma, China[J]. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 1996,14:37 -43.
[29] IAHS (ICSI) -UNESCO. Fluctuations of Glaciers [R]. (Compited by Kasser, Muller, Haeberli), Paris,Vol. I-ⅥI (1973, 1977, 1985, 1993, 1998 )
[30] IAHS (ICSI) -UNEP -UNESCO, Glaciers Mass Balance Bulletin[R]. Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M. and Regula Frauefelder). Zurich. 1999,No. 5.
[31] Kulwkarni A V. Mass balance of Himalayan glaciers using AAR and ELA methods[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 1992,38 (128) :101-104.
[32] Mieir M F. Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level[J]. Science, 1984,226(4681): 1418-1 421.
[33] Xie Zichu. Mass balance of glaciers and its relatiouship with characteristics of glaciers [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Cryopedology, 1980,2(4):1-10.[谢自楚.冰川物质平衡及其与冰川特征的关系[J].冰川冻土,1980,2(4):1-10.]
[34] Kotlyakov V M, Krenke A N. Investigation of the hydrological condition of alpine regions by glaciological methods[J]. IAHS Publ.,1982, 188: 31-41.
[35] Xie Zichu. Primary researches on coefficent of stability of glaciers[A]. Proccedings of the Sympoium on Glaciology and Cryopedology Held by Geographical Society of China (Glaciology)[C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1982.37-45.[谢自楚.关于冰川稳定性系数的初步研究[A].中国地理学会冰川冻土学术会议论文选集(冰川学)[C].北京:科学出版社,1982.37-45.]
[36] Yang Xijing. Glacier Hydrology in Tibet[A]. Li Jijun, Zheng Benxing, Yang Xijing, etal. Glaciers in Tibet[C]. Beijing:Science Press,1986. [杨锡金.西藏冰川的水文[A].李青均,郑本兴,杨锡金,等.西藏冰川[C].北京:科学出版社,1986.
[37] Xie Zichu, Zhang Jinhua. Mass balance of glaciers in China [A]. Shi Yafeng. An Introduetion to the Glaciers in China [C]. Beijing: Science Press,1988. 69-89. [谢自楚,张金华.中国冰川的物质平衡[C].施雅风,黄茂恒,任炳辉.中国冰川概论[C].北京:科学出版社,1988.69-89.]
[38] Котляков, В. М., Гросвалвд М. Г., Дюргeрoв, М. Б., Мазo, В. Л.. Peакция Олeдeлeния на прeдcтoящиe измeнeння Климата[J]. Извecтия AН СССP , Сeрия Гeoграфичecк ая , 1997, (5):35-45.
[39] Xie Zichu, Feng Qinghua. The Influence of glacier fluctuation on glacier runoff in High Asia[A]. Procceding of the Fifth Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology (Volume 1)[C]. Lanzhou. Gansu Culture Press, 1996. 455-460. [谢自楚,冯清华.高亚洲冰川变化对冰川径流的影响[A].第五届全国冰川冻土学大会论文集(上)[C].兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1996.455-460.]
[40] Liu Chaohai, Ding Lianfu. Glacier Inventory of China, Ⅲ : Tianshan Mountains (Ili River Drainage Basin) [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1986. 1-6.[刘潮海,丁良福.中国冰川目录:天山山区(伊犁河流域区)[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.1-6.]
[41] Houghton J J. Climate Change[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[42] Oerlemans J, Fortuin P F. Sensitivity of glaciers and small ice caps to greenhouse warming[J]. Science, 1991, 258 115 -117.
[43] Su Zhen, Shi Yafeng. Response of monsonal temperate glaciers in China to global warming since the Little Ice Age [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocrvologv, 2000, 22(3): 223-229. [苏珍,施雅风.小冰期以来中国季风温冰川对全球变暖的响应[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(3):223-229.]
[44] Yao Tandong, Jiao Keqin, Tian Lide,et al. Climatic and environment records in Guliya Ice Cap[J]. Science in China (Series B), 1995, 38(2): 228-237.
[45] Liu Shiyin, Ding Yongjian, Ye Baisheng, et al. Regional charateristics of glacier mass balance variations in High Asia [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22(2): 97 -105.[刘时银,丁永建,叶佰生,等.高亚洲地区冰川物质平衡变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(2):97-105.]
[46] He Yuanqing, Yao Tandong, Yang Meixue, et al. Contemporary sighificance of snow and ice indicated by the record in a shallow ice core from a temperate glacier in southwestern monsoon region [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000,22(3):235-242.[何元庆,姚檀栋,杨梅学,等.玉龙山温冰川浅冰芯记录现代指示意义[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(3):235-242.]