祁连山北坡流域冰川物质平衡波动及其对河西水资源的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 祁连山北坡各流域发育有现代冰川2166条,总面积1308km²,冰储量60km³,冰川融水补给河流约8×10⁸m³·a^-1,占河西地表总径流量的11%.近40a来,东段石羊河流域冰川物质平衡(Bn)呈较大负平衡,Bn在-80～-120mm间;西段的讨勒河、疏勒河和党河流域冰川具正物质平衡,Bn在+50～+90mm;黑河流域的冰川处于过渡区,其冰川物质平衡多年平均在-40～+40mm间.冰川物质平衡的变化直接影响着河流径流的变化,洪水坝河、党河和昌马河的冰川融水补给率达30～40%以上,东大河、大渚马河、马营河和讨勒河的补给率在12%～14%之间,而西营河和梨园河仅有%左右.冰川物质平衡逐年变化显示,20世纪50～0年代冰川以负物质平衡为主,80年代开始向正的平衡开始转化,90年代以正平衡为主,主要是冬季气温上升引起的降雪量增加的结果.在全球气温变暖情景下,东段冰川物质平衡将呈增加的趋势,西段冰川物质平衡将呈下降的趋势,将使西段以冰川融水补给的河流径流增加,而东段石羊河流域径流下降明显.

关键词: 冰川物质平衡, 冰川融水补给, 径流变化, 祁连山

Abstract: In inland watersheds on north slope of Qilian mountain, there are 2166 existing glaciers with a total area of 1308 km² and ice volume 60 km³. Melt water of these glaciers from year to year feeds to river, and annual recharge reach up to about 8×10⁸ m³·a^-1, constitute about 11% of total runoff in surface water resources of Hexi region. Using method of statistical mechanics and maximum entropy principle, we obtain that distributions pf precipitation, mean depth and coefficient of runoff in a watershed can be described by a negative exponential function. In a high mountains basin with partial glacier cover, the maximum distributive area of precipitation, depth and coefficient of runoff is glacierized area. In this case, a calculation method of average mass balance for glaciers in a watershed has been suggested. The calculation method is employed to recovery of mass balance for glaciers in the Qilian Mountains. In the past 40 years, glacier changes in eastern section and west section of Qilian Mountains present a spatial variation: Glacier mass balance in Shiyanghe drainage basin of east section has a signification negative balance, B_n in -80～-120 mm;In Shulehe, Taolehe and Danghe watersheds of west section, glacier mass balance have a characteristic of positive mass balance, B_n at +50～+90 mm; In Heihe watershed, glacier mass balance get off to transition zone, average mass balance for many years at -40～+40 mm. Variance in glacier mass balance influence directly to variance in river runoff, B_n and runoff has a negative correlation relation. Difference of glacial size in different watershed will effect to vary of glacial melt water supply rate. Glacial melt water supply rate in Hongshuibahe, Danghe and Changmahe watersheds are in more than 30%～40%; Dongdahe, Dazhemahe, Mayinghe and Taolehe watersheds in 12%～14%; and Xiyinghe and Liyuanhe watersheds have just about 7%. Year to year change of glacier mass balance shows that glaciers in 1950s-1970s presented a predominating negative mass balance, and from 1980s glacier mass balance begin inverting to positive statue and in 1990s mass balance predominating with positive, is a result of air temperature rising in winter induced increasing of snow fall. Under scenario of global air temperature warming, future glacier mass balance in eastern section of Qilian mountain will trend to increasing, and but glacier mass balance in western section would trended descending, and result in runoff increasing of glacial melt water alimentative rivers in western section, whereas runoff declining apparent of Shiyanghe watershed in eastern section.

Key words: glacier mass balance, glacial melt water supply, runoff variation, Qilian mountain

中图分类号:

P343.6

沈永平, 刘时银, 甄丽丽, 王根绪, 刘光琇. 祁连山北坡流域冰川物质平衡波动及其对河西水资源的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2001, 23(3): 251-250.

SHEN Yong-ping, LIU Shi-yin, ZHEN Li-li, WANG Gen-xu, LIU Guang-xiu. Fluctuations of Glacier Mass Balance in Watersheds of Qilian Mountain and Their Impact on Water Resources of Hexi Region[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2001, 23(3): 251-250.

参考文献

[1] Shi Yafeng, Huang Maohuan, Yao Tandong, et al. Glaciersand Their Environments in China [ M]. Beijing: SciencePress,2000.9-53.[施雅风,黄茂桓,姚檀栋,等.中国冰川与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.9-53.]
[2] Liu Chaohai, Shi Yafeng, Wang Zongtai, et al. Glacier resources and their distributive characteristics in China [J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22 (2) : 106 -112.[刘潮海,施雅风,王宗太,等.中国冰川资源及其分布特征[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(2):106-112.]
[3] Cheng Guodong. Glaciology and geocryology of China duringthe past 40 years: progress and prospects[J]. Journal ofGlaciology and Geocryology, 1999, 21(4) :289-309.
[4] Kang Ersi. Review and prospect of hydrology studies in coldand arid regions of China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22(2) : 178- 188.
[5] Chen Xingpeng, Kang Ersi. A comparative analysis on sustainable utilization of water resources in arid and semi- aridregions of Gansu Province[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(1):74-79.[陈兴鹏,康尔泗.甘肃干旱与半干旱地区水资源可持续开发利用对比分析[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(1):74-79.]
[6] Kang Ersi, Liu Fengjing. Progress in the studies on the rational exploitation and utilization of water resources in the inland Heihe River Basin and on the changes of snow and ice resources and the runoff of the mountainous watersheds. [J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1999, 21 ( 1 ): 85- 86.[康尔泗,刘风景."黑河流雨水资源”和"西北冰雪水资源与出山径流”专题取得阶段性成果[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(1):85-86.]
[7] Ding Yongjian, Ye Baisheng, Liu Shiyin. Impact of climatechange on the alpine stream flow during the 40 a in the middlepart of the Qilian Mountains, Northwestern China[J]. Journalof Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22 (3) : 193 - 199. [ 丁永建,叶佰生,刘时银.祁连山中部地区40 a来气候变化及其对径流的影响[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(3):193-199.]
[8] Ye Baisheng, Han Tianding, Ding Yongjian. Some changecharacteristics of glacier stream flow in Northwest China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1999, 21(1) :54-58.[叶佰生,韩添丁,丁永建.西北地区冰川径流变化的某些特征[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(1): 54-58.]
[9] Lan Yongchao, Kang Ersi. Changing trend and features ofthe runoff from mountain area of some main rivers in the Hexiinland region[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1999,21(2):147-152.[蓝永超,康尔泗.河西内陆干旱区主要河流出山径流特征及其趋势分析[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(2):147-152.]
[10] Wang Jinye, Che Kejun, Yah Kelin, et al. Analysis of therunoff components in the forestry areas of the QilianMountains and their temporal and spatial variation[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1999, 21 ( 1): 59 - 64.[王金叶,车克钧,闫克林,等.祁连山森林覆盖区河川径流组成与时空变化分析[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(1):59-64.]
[11] Lan Yongchao, Kang Ersi, Jin Huijun, et al. Study on thevariation characteristics and trend of mountainous runoff inthe Heihe river basin[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1999,21(1):49-53.[蓝永超,康尔泗,金会军,等.黑河出山径流量年际变化特征和趋势分析[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(1):49-53.]
[12] Ding Yongjian, Ye Baisheng, Zhou Wenjuan. Temporal andspatial precipitation distribution in the Heihe catchment,Northwest China, during the past 40 a[J]. Journal of Glaeiology and Geocryology,1999,21(1): 42-48.[丁永建,叶佰生,周文娟.黑河流域过去40a来降水时空分布特征[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(1):42-48.]
[13] Liu Shiyin, Ding Yongjian, Ye Baisheng, et al. Regionalcharacteristics of glacier mass balance variation in High Asia[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22 (2) :97-105.[刘时银,丁永建,叶佰生,等.高亚洲地区冰川物质平衡变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(2):97-105.]
[14] Xie Zichu, Su Zhen, Shen Yongping, et al. Mass balance andwater exchange of Hailuogou Glacier in Mount Gongga andtheir influence on glacial melt runoff[J]. Journal of Glaciologyand Geocryology,2001,23(1): 7-15.[谢自楚,苏珍,沈永平,等.海螺沟冰川物质平衡、水交换特征及其对径流的影响[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(1):7-15.]
[15] Shen Yongping, Xie Zichu, Ding Liangfu, et al. Estimationof average mass balance for glacier in a watershed and its application[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1997,19(4):302-307.[沈永平,谢自楚,丁良福,等.流域冰川平均物质平衡的计算方法及其应用[J].冰川冻土,1997,19(4):302-307.]
[16] Yang Zhenniang. Glacier water resources and effect of glacierwater in stream runoff in Qilian Mountain[A]. Memoirs ofLanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology, CAS, No. 5[C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1992. 10-20.[杨针娘.祁连山冰川水资源及其在河川径流中的作用[A].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊,第5号[C].北京:科学出版社,1992.10-20.]
[17] Yang Zhenniang, Wang Qiang, Zhu Shousen. The impact ofclimate changes on the cold region hydrology at the northernslopes of the Qilian Mountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology andGeocryology,1996,18(Supp.):305-313.[杨针娘,王强,朱守森.祁连山北坡寒区水文对气候变化的响应.冰川冻土,1996,18(增刊):305-313.]
[19] Liu Chaohai, Kang Ersi, Liu Shiyin, et al. Study on glaciervariation and its runoff responses in arid region of NorthwestChina[J]. Science in China (Series D), 1999, 42(Supp. ): 64-71.
[20] Wang Jian, Shen Yongping, Lu Anxin, et al. Impact of climate change on snowmelt runoff in the mountainous regionsof Northwest China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(1):28-33.[王建,沈永平,鲁安新,等.气候变化对中国西北地区山区融雪径流的影响.冰川冻土,2001,23(1):28-33.]
[21] Duan Keqin, Yao Tandong, Pu Jianchen, et al. Precipitationvariation recorded in a Himalayan ice core and its response toTibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):119-125.[段克勤,姚檀栋,蒲健辰,等.喜马拉雅山达索普冰川积累量变化及其对青藏高原温度的响应.冰川冻土,2001,23(2):119-125.]
[22] Gao Qianzhao. Water resources and construction strategy ofecological environment in the south edge of the Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22 (4):298-308.[高前兆.塔里木南缘水资源与生态环境建设战略[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(4):298-308.