青海高原湿地特征及其保护

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 青海省地处青藏高原东北部,是我国长江、黄河和澜沧江的发源地,素有"江河源"之称.青海高原湿地类型包括自然湿地和人工湿地两大类型,湿地总面积约55662.7km²,占全省土地总面积的7.7%.高原湿地分布特点主要表现为3种形式:1)以湖泊或浅塘为中心的环带状分布;2)以河流为中心的条带状分布;3)河源区的斑块状镶嵌分布.高原湿地生物种类较为丰富,有湿地种子植物约428种;湿地动物约151种,其中鸟类约73种、鱼类约55种、哺乳类约14种以及两栖类9种.湿地植被有水生植被、沼泽植被和沼泽草甸3大基本类型.近几十年来,青海高原湿地出现湖泊水位下降、湖泊面积萎缩、河流出现断流以及沼泽湿地退化等方面的明显变化.鉴于高原湿地的生态功能和作用,应加强青海高原湿地的保护.

关键词: 青海高原, 湿地, 湿地生物, 湿地变化

Abstract: Qinghai Province, 72.12×10⁴ km² in area, located in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, is the source regions of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River. It ranges about 31°39’～39°19’ N, 89°35’～103°04’ E. Wetlands in the Qinghai Plateau include natural and artificial ones. The total area of the wetlands is about 55662.7 km², 7.7% of the total area of Qinghai Province. The distribution patterns of the wetlands in the Qinghai Plateau are as follows: circle belt distribution surrounding lakes or ponds; strip belt distribution along rivers or streams; patch mosaic distribution in riverhead regions. Species of the wetland in the plateau are rich. According to statistics, there are 428 species of spermatophytes and 151 species of animals, including 73 species of birds, 55 species of fishes, 14 species of mammals and 9 species of amphibians in the wetlands. The wetland vegetation types are as follows: aquatic vegetation, swamp vegetation and swamp meadow. In recent tens years, wetlands in the plateau have a visible change, such as lake water level lowering, lake shrinking, dry of rivers or streams, degradation of swamp wetland, and so on. It is important to strengthen the conservation of the wetlands in the plateau according to its function.

Key words: Qinghai Plateau, wetland, organism of the wetland, change of wetland

中图分类号:

P941.78

陈桂琛, 黄志伟, 卢学峰, 彭敏. 青海高原湿地特征及其保护[J]. 冰川冻土, 2002, 24(3): 254-259.

CHEN Gui-chen, HUANG Zhi-wei, LU Xue-feng, PENG Min . Characteristics of Wetland and Its Conservation in the Qinghai Plateau[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2002, 24(3): 254-259.

参考文献

[1] Chen Kelin. Guide on Conservation and Rational Use of Wetland [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1994. 1-227. [陈克林. 湿地保护与合理利用指南[M]. 北京:中国林业出版社, 1994. 1-227.]
[2] Tong Fengqin, Liu Xingtu. Suggestions of ecological system study of wetlands in China [A]. Study of Wetlands in China[C]. Changchun: Jilin Sciences Technology Press, 1995.10-14. [佟凤勤, 刘兴土. 中国湿地生态系统研究的若干建议[A]. 中国湿地研究[C]. 长春: 吉林科学技术出版社, 1995. 10-14.]
[3] Zhao Kuiyi. The study of wetlands biodiversity and their sustainable utilization in China [A]. Study of Wetlands in China[C]. Changchun: Jilin Sciences Technology Press, 1995. 48-54. [赵魁义. 中国湿地生物多样性研究与持续利用 [A]. 中国湿地研究[C]. 长春: 吉林科学技术出版社, 1995. 48-54.]
[4] Lu Jianjian. Wetlands in China [M]. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 1990. 1-177. [陆健健. 中国湿地[M]. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社, 1990. 1-177.]
[5] Zhao Kuiyi. The characteristics of swamp vegetation on Xizang Plateau [J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1982, 2(1): 73-82. [赵魁义. 西藏高原沼泽植被的基本特征[J]. 地理科学, 1982, 2(1): 73-82.]
[6] Lang Huiqing. Wetland Vegetation in China [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1999. 1-487. [郎惠卿. 中国湿地植被 [M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1999. 1-487.]
[7] Sun Guangyou, Deng Wei, Shao Qingchun. Study on mire in periglacial environment in the Changjiang River source [J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1990, 10(1): 86-94. [孙广友, 邓伟, 邵庆春. 长江河源区冰缘环境沼泽的研究[J]. 地理科学, 1990. 10(1): 86-94.]
[8] Wu Kai, Liu Caitang, Wang Guangde. Analysis of hydrological characteristics of the rivers in the riverhead area of the Yangtze River [J]. Geographical Research, 1983, 2(2): 72-81. [吴凯, 刘彩棠,王广德. 长江河源地区河流水文特性分析[J]. 地理研究, 1983, 2(2): 72-81.]
[9] Sun Guangyou. Discussion on the symbiotic mechanisms of swamp with permafrost[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22(4): 309-314. [孙广友. 试论沼泽与冻土的共生机理[J]. 冰川冻土, 2000, 22(4): 309-314.]
[10] Chen Guichen, Peng Min, Zhou Lihua. Remote sensing interpretation of swamp meadow around Qinghai Lake and its characteristic of community [A]. Acta Biologica Plateau Sinica (11)[C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1992. 23-30. [陈桂琛, 彭敏, 周立华. 青海湖地区沼泽草甸遥感解译及其群落特征[A]. 高原生物学集刊[C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1992, (11): 23-30.]
[11] Liu Shangwu. Flora Qinghaiica (Vol. 1～4) [M]. Xining: Qinghai People's Publishing House, 1996, 1997, 1999. [刘尚武. 青海植物志(1～4卷)[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社, 1996, 1997, 1999.]
[12] Li Laixing. Primary report on the wetlands and waterbirds of the Yangtze River source [J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 1998, 13(Suppl.): 100-104. [李来兴. 长江源湿地与水禽初报[J]. 地球科学进展, 1998, 13(增刊): 100-104.]
[13] Cai Guiquan. Notes on birds and mammals in the region of sources of the Yangtze River [A]. Acta Biologica Plateau Sinica (1) [C]. Beijing: Science Press. 1982. 135-149. [蔡桂全. 长江发源地区鸟兽考察报告[A]. 高原生物学集刊 (1) [C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1982. 135-149.]
[14] Wu Yunfei, Wu Cuizhen. Classification and regional system of fish in the source region of the Changjiang River [A]. A Study on Natural Environment of Source Region of the Changjiang River [C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995. 98-111. [武云飞, 吴翠珍. 长江河源区的鱼类及其区系分析[A]. 长江河源区自然环境研究[C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995. 98-111.]
[15] Wu Yunfei, Wu Cuizhen. Notes on fishes from the sources of the Huanghe River and Cocha Lakes, China [J]. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 1988, 13(2): 195-200. [武云飞, 吴翠珍. 黄河源头和星宿海的鱼类[J]. 动物分类学报, 1988, 13(2): 195-200.]
[16] Wang Genxu, Shen Yongping, Cheng Guodong. Eco-environmental changes and causal analysis in the source regions of the Yellow River[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2000, 22(3): 200-204. [王根绪, 沈永平, 程国栋. 黄河源区生态环境变化与成因分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2000, 22(3): 200-204.]
[17] Jing Ke, You Lianyuan. The geographical investigation around the lake of the Yellow River source [A]. Collected Works on the Investigation of the Yellow River Source [C]. Xining: Qinghai People's Publishing House, 1982. 169-190. [景可, 尤联元. 黄河源湖区地理考察[A]. 黄河源头考察文集[C]. 西宁:青海人民出版社, 1982. 169-190.]
[18] Sun Guangyou, Deng Wei, Shao Qingchun. Natural environment and its change in the source region of the Changjiang River [A]. A Study on Natural Environment of Source Region of the Changjiang River [C]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995. 130-135. [孙广友, 邓伟, 邵庆春. 长江河源区自然环境及其近期演化趋势 [A]. 长江河源区自然环境研究[C]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995. 130-135.]
[19] Yang Guilin, Zhang Jingxian. Primary study on the change law and stream break in the source of Yellow River [J]. Hydrology and Water Resource, 1999, 22(4): 18-19. [杨贵林, 张静娴. 黄河源头断流及其变化规律初步研究[J]. 水文水资源, 1999, 22(4): 18-19.]
[20] Wang Shaoling. Discussion on the permafrost degradation and the changes of the permafrost environment of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 1998, 13(Suppl.): 65-73. [王绍令. 青藏高原冻土退化与冻土环境变化探讨[J]. 地球科学进展, 1998, 13(增刊): 65-73.]
[21] Chen Guichen, Peng Min, Li Laixing, et al. Characteristics of wetland environment of Qinghai Lake and it's conservation and rational use [A]. Study of Wetlands in China [C]. Changchun: Jilin Sciences Technology Press, 1995. 241-247. [陈桂琛, 彭敏, 李来兴,等. 青海湖湿地环境特征及其保护与合理利用[A]. 中国湿地研究[C]. 长春: 吉林科学技术出版社, 1995. 241-247.]