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• ISSN 1000-0240
• 创刊于1979年
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•                  环境与工程研究所
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## 高海拔冻土区通风管路基管内风速及影响因素研究

1.兰州理工大学 土木工程学院，甘肃 兰州 730050

2.中国科学院 西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土工程国家重点实验室，甘肃 兰州 730000

## Characteristics and influence factors of wind speed in ventilation duct of ventilation duct embankment in high altitude permafrost regions

SONG Zhengmin,1,2, MU Yanhu,2, MA Wei2, YU Qihao2, LI Xiaolin2

1.School of Civil Engineering，Lanzhou University of Technology，Lanzhou 730050，China

2.State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering，Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Lanzhou 730000，China

 基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目.  41772325.  41630636甘肃省交通运输厅科研项目.  2017-008

Abstract

In high altitude permafrost regions， roadway embankment construction will exert significant impacts on underlying permafrost thermal regime. In order to protect the long-term stability of permafrost subgrad， ventilation duct embankment is an effective cooling measure used in roadway construction. For ventilation duct embankment， wind speed in ventilation duct is an important factor determining the intensity of convection heat transfer between environment and embankment filling. In this paper， characteristics and influence factors of wind speed in ventilation duct of ventilation duct embankment are studied by field measurement and numerical simulation. The results shows that wind speed in ventilation duct increase exponentially with increasing diameter of the duct. But when the diameter of the duct is greater than 0.6 m， the wind speed does not increase further. The influence of extended length of the ventilation duct on the wind speed is slight， but with increasing environmental wind speed the influence becomes considerable. The wind speed in the ventilation duct add with increase in ventilation duct buried depth. When the buried depth is greater than 2 m， the wind speed does not change considerable. When roadway is constructed with two separated embankments， the wind speed in ventilation duct of the leeward embankment will be influenced by the windward embankment. Taking the discrepancy of wind speeds in the ventilation ducts of the two embankments not exceeding 0.4 m·s-1 as a standard， the minimum spacing between the two separated embankments is about 50 m with their thickness being 3 m.

Keywords： permafrost regions ; embankment with ventilation duct ; wind speed ; embankment height

SONG Zhengmin, MU Yanhu, MA Wei, YU Qihao, LI Xiaolin. Characteristics and influence factors of wind speed in ventilation duct of ventilation duct embankment in high altitude permafrost regions[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2021, 43(4): 1111-1120 doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2021.0074

## 0 引言

### 图1

Fig.1   Physical models of wind flow over an embankment （a） and two separated embankment （b）

### 1.2　数学模型

$vx/y=vx/10y100.16$

$∂(ρk)∂t+∂(ρkui)∂xi=∂∂xjμ+μtσk∂k∂xj+Gk-ρε$
$∂(ρε)∂t+∂(ρεui)∂xi=∂∂xjμ+μtσε∂ε∂xj+ρC1Eε-ρC2ε2k+νε$

$μt=ρCμk2ε$
$Cμ=1A0+ASU*k/ε$

t为时间；$ρ$为空气密度；k为脉动动能；$ui$为空气在i方向的速度分量；$xi、xj$为空气沿ij方向的位移；$μ$为空气动力黏度；$μt$为空气的湍流黏性系数；$ν为动力黏度;σk$的取值为1.0；$Gk$为由层流速度梯度而产生的湍流动能；$ε$为脉动动能耗散率；$σε的取值为$1.2$C2$的取值为1.9；C1=max（0.43，$ηη+5$）；$η=Ekε$$E=2Eij·Eij1/2$$Eij=12∂ui∂xj+∂uj∂xi$$A0=4.0$$AS=6cosφ$$U*=Eij·Eij+Ωij'Ωij'$$Ωij'=Ωij-2εijkωk$$Ωij=Ωij''-εijkωk$

### 图2

Fig.2   Observation system of wind flow over the ventilation duct experimental-built embankment at beiluhe basin

### 图3

Fig.3   Field measured and numerical simulated wind speed vs. environmental wind speed

### 图4

Fig.4   Wind speed field in ventilation duct

### 图5

Fig.5   Wind speed in ventilation duct with different diameters

### 图6

Fig.6   Maximum wind speed difference in ventilation duct with different diameters

### 图7

Fig.7   Extension length of ventilation duct vs. wind speeds in ventilation duct under different environment wind speed

### 图8

Fig.8   Air static pressure field around the ventilation duct embankment under the environmental wind speed of 4 m·s-1 at 10 m height， 0 m （a）， 2.8 m （b） and 14 m·s-1 at 10 m height， 0 m （c） and 2.8 m （d）

9（a）~9（c）给出了通风管外伸长度为0 m、1.6 m、2.6 m三种条件下的管口空气流线图（图中流线颜色越深代表空气流速越大）。由图可知，随通风管外伸长度的增加，通风管入口处速度流线弧度减小，管内空气流速受迎风坡遮挡效应造成的减速效果逐渐降低，通风管入口处的流线夹角（$α$）由外伸长度0 m时的16°~18°降低至通风管外伸长度为2.8 m时的2°~3°。并且随通风管外伸长度的增加，管内风速受管壁粗糙度的影响越来越明显，近壁处动能损失逐渐增加。因此，受管壁粗糙度、迎风坡遮挡效应、通风管管口两侧气压差值三方面的混合影响，管内风速随通风管外伸长度的增加变化不明显。

### 图9

Fig.9   Schematic diagram of streamline under different ventilation duct extension lengths of 0 m （a）， 1.6 m （b） and 2.6 m （c）

### 图10

Fig.10   Wind speed in ventilation duct vs. buried depth of the ventilation duct under different embankment thickness

### 图11

Fig.11   Field measured and numerical simulated wind speeds vs. height at different distances away from the embankment slope foot

### 图12

Fig.12   wind speed in ventilation duct under different spacing of the two separated embankments

### 图13

Fig.13   Air static pressure field around the embankment

## 3 结论

（1）通风管路基管内风速受迎风坡及管壁粗糙度的影响可以划分为3个区域；即入口扰动区（I）、中部平流区（II）、出口湍流区（III）。且管内空气流动主要以II区为主，对于通风管路基而言，其降温机制主要依赖于管内空气与路基土体的强迫对流换热，因此，掌握管内风速的大小（尤其是II区风速）至关重要。

（2）在路基高度、通风管外伸长度、通风管距地高度一定时，管内风速随管径的增加呈抛物线型增加，当管径达到0.6 m时，管中风速基本保持不变，与0.4 m管径相比，管内风速提升可达0.6 m·s-1。当环境风速保持不变时，随管径的增加，管内最大风速差值逐渐减小，管内风速整体趋向一致。

（3）通风管外伸长度的不同导致通风管进风口处流线弧度、两侧管口处气压值都不相同，但由模拟结果可知，受管壁粗糙度、两侧管口气压差以及进风口处流线弧度三方面的共同影响下，管内风速随通风管外伸长度的增加变化不大。

（4）管内风速受通风管埋设高度影响较大，随埋设高度的增加，管内风速呈线性增加，但受路基高度的影响，其增加幅度有所差异。当通风管埋设高度超过2 m后，管内风速受路基高度的影响不在增加。因此，结合通风管的冷却降温效果与管内风速的变化，野外通风管的布设高度不应高于2 m.

（5）分离式路基管内风速受环境风速、路基间距的影响最为明显，当路基间距小于5 m时，后幅路基受前幅路基的遮挡作用，管内风速较小（接近0）并出现逆流现象。当路基间距达到10 m后，后幅路基管内风速随环境风速的增加呈线性增加。当路基间距达到50 m后，后幅路基管内风速可达前幅路基管内风速的89%，可认为后幅路基管内风速受前幅路基的遮挡所造成的管内风速下降可忽略不计。

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