WANG Nai’ang,, LIU Xiao, CHENG Hongyi, NIU Zhenmin, MENG Nan, LI Meng, SU Xianbao, YANG Dan
College of Earth and Environmental Sciences / Center for Glacier and Desert Research / Scientific Observing Station for Glacier and Desert,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
Chatter mark is crescentic or arc-shaped fracture patterns formed on the bedrock or striated boulder by periodic or intermittent movement of debris carried by glaciers in glaciated area, ranging in size is generally no more than 1 m. In China, the identification markers and terminology of chatter mark are still confusing, quantitative studies are especially lacking, and a systematic disciplinary knowledge has not yet been formed. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the morphological classification, geomorphological characteristics, formation mechanism, distribution pattern, discrimination method and environmental significance of chatter mark based on relevant reports in foreign literature and measurement data obtained from fieldwork, in order to establish a conceptual system to deepen the cognitive framework of chatter mark. From the perspective of terminology, we classify the chatter mark into narrow and broad sense in this paper. The broad conception of chatter mark including five types: curved-cone crack, lunate fracture, crescentic gouge, crescentic fracture, and crescentic scar. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Jarque-Bera tests of the spacing of 23 crescentic scars are arranged in accordance with normal and gamma distribution at 95% confidence level, which is consistent with the spacing characteristics of rock joints (fractures). The spacing of 25 crescentic gouges and 35 crescentic fractures are arranged in accordance with normal and gamma distribution by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, but not by Jarque-Bera test at 95% confidence level. The conclusion is as follows: (1) The main formation mechanism of chatter mark analogous to (R) shear fracture and (T) tensile fracture in the Riedel Shear structure mode and follows the principle of brittle fracture. The chatter marks developed on the glacial polish surface are mainly R fracture, R′ fracture and T fracture. The forward dip of the principal fracture surface of various chatter marks is the key to reveal the mechanism of their formation. (2) Whether curved-cone crack, lunate fracture, crescentic gouge, crescentic fracture or crescentic scar is produced specifically may be related to the thickness and sliding velocity of the glacier, the concave and convex nature of the rock surface and the strength, location, shape and mode of movement (e.g., rotation, rolling) of the rock frozen in basal ice. (3) The linear arrangement of chatter marks in groups in space, maintaining roughly equal rupture spacing, is basically consistent with the saturation mode theory. (4) The directional and group distribution characteristics of the chatter mark have definite environmental significance. The combination of chatter mark, striae and the polish is an important indicator of glacial relics. The isolated so-called “chatter mark”, without the combination of the glacial erosional landforms, is worthless in indicating glacial action. (5) The “first disclosed chatter mark” in Lushan Mountain, Shandong Province, in recent years are not “direct evidence of Quaternary glacial abrasion”, and there is no “complete evidence group”. The article “Lushan” misinterpreted the relationship between the two corners or arcs of the chatter mark and the direction of glacial movement, which led to an unrealistic misjudgment of the fracture structure of a migmatite surface affected by differential weathering in Lushan. The main peak of Lushan is only 1 108 m a.s.l. and does not have the climatic conditions for the formation of late Quaternary glaciation.
WANG Nai’ang, LIU Xiao, CHENG Hongyi, NIU Zhenmin, MENG Nan, LI Meng, SU Xianbao, YANG Dan. On glacial chatter mark[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2022, 44(4): 1319-1336 doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2022.0119
与此同时,在小尺度冰蚀地貌分类方面也取得了有意义的新认识。2010年,Bussert[14]在报道埃塞俄比亚北部古生代冰蚀地貌、冰川运动及其机制等研究成果时,提出新月形凿口、半月形裂口是颤痕的特殊类型。国际科技网站上也有类似的解释,如《大英百科全书》(又名《不列颠百科全书》)(Encyclopaedia Britannica)网页版关于颤痕的定义有如下描述:“Chatter marks are commonly arranged in nested series, with the orientation of the fractures at right angles to the direction of glacial movement. Three main types are recognized: the crescentic gouge, which is concave upstream and is made by the removal of a chip of rock; the crescentic fracture, which is concave downstream and also made by the removal of rock; and the lunate fracture, which is also concave downstream but without the removal of rock. Chatter marks in a series commonly decrease in size downstream”[15]。明确指出颤痕包括新月形凿口、半月形裂口和新月形裂纹3种主要类型。
Fig. 1
Chatter mark, in plan view (top) and cross-section (bottom) (modified after References [34] and [37], and the direction of black arrows indicates the direction of glacier movement): curved-cone cracks (a), lunate fracture (b), crescentic gouge (c), crescentic fractures (d) and crescentic scar (e)
Fig. 3
The lunate fracture in Ningchanhe Glacier No.3 (a), the lunate fracture on the rock wall in Qiangyong Glacier (b), large lunate fracture in Qiangyong Glacier (heading downstream) (c) and side view of large lunate fracture in Qiangyong Glacier (d) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)
Fig. 5
The crescentic fractures in left bank of Qiangyong Glacier (a), left bank of Qiangyong Glacier (b), right bank of Qiangyong Glacier (c) and right bank of Qiangyong Glacier (d) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)
但《鲁山》未引用此前国外借鉴Riedel构造模式分析新月形冰蚀地貌微形态的文献[11-12],对于各种颤痕类型或冰川擦口的成因、特征和分布格局也未能给予解释。特别是该文关于颤痕(chatter marks)弧形突出(凸面)方向(convex downward)与冰川运动方向一致的认识,与所引参考文献的颤痕定义相悖。例如《鲁山》首页提出:“每条颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,而弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向(Gary et al, 1972)”。经查核第一版Glossary of geology[29]对颤痕的描述为:“chattermark [glac geol] One of a series of small, densely packed, short curved scars or cracks (smaller than a crescentic fracture) made by vibratory chipping of a firm but brittle bedrock surface by rock fragments carried in the base of a glacier. Each mark is roughly transverse to the direction of ice movement (although a succession of such marks is parallel to that direction), and usually convex toward the direction from which the ice moved (its horns point in the direction of ice movement)”。明确说明“每个颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,弧形突出方向指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”,显然不是《鲁山》一文所说的“弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向”或“颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致”。
又如《鲁山》所引Denis等[30]关于非洲尼日尔Hirnantian ice sheet、冰川槽谷及颤痕、新月形凿口(原文的图示有误)的文献,该文图1(b)中的颤痕具有非常好的擦面、伴随密集平行的擦痕等特征,其凹面(非弧突方向)指示冰川运动方向(chatter marks correspond to a series of irregular but closely spaced fractures, nested one inside the other, whose concave side commonly face down-glacier and allow glacier direction to be reconstructed)。还有所引Bussert[14]在埃塞俄比亚北部发现的晚古生代冰川遗迹(冰盆、羊背岩、鲸背岩、鼓丘等),文中提及颤痕分布在擦面上,并伴随擦痕。颤痕线性排列的方向基本与擦痕指示的方向一致(One form of chatter marks are smooth,roundish pits that are linearly aligned and closely spaced(Fig. 6A). They follow the orientation of striae or run within striae, are partly nested one inside the other and are some mm to cm in diameter)。至于《鲁山》一文所引国际科技网站有关实例照片,如美国地质调查局(USGS)引用Glossary of glacier terminology关于颤痕(chatter marks)两角方向环境意义的解释(详后),也与该文的理解明显不同。诸如此类的问题,限于篇幅,此不赘述。
分类是大多数科学研究必要的第一步,是学科成熟的指标。它是根据认识对象的不同和共同点,按照一定的属性标准把对象区分为不同的种类,并形成一定从属关系和层次系统的逻辑思维方法。颤痕的地貌类型是指陆地表面冰川擦口形态特征或小尺度新月形冰蚀地貌的分类。鉴于它们具有近似的形态特征或分形性质、类同的形成机制及与冰川擦痕、擦面(磨光面)共生、成组线性排列的本质属性,故本文坚持国际文献上颤痕(chatter mark,采用“单数”形式)是普遍概念或综合概念(comprehensive term)的看法[7-8,14-15]。被广为引用的1972年第一版Glossary of geology[29],定义颤痕为“一系列小的、密集排列的、短的弯曲断口或擦口(尺度比新月形裂纹小),由冰川底部携带岩屑振动削切质地致密且性脆的冰床岩石表面而形成。每个颤痕大致与冰川运动方向相垂直(成串分布的系列颤痕则与冰川方向平行),其弧形突出方向通常指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”。并且指出,这一概念可被广泛地应用于任何新月形冰蚀地貌微形态,故也拼作“chatter mark”(The term has been applied loosely to any glacial crescentic mark. Also spelled: chatter mark)。由此可见,除狭义颤痕(chatter marks)外,广义的颤痕(chatter mark)还包括半月形裂口、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹和新月形断口(图1)。
1.1 曲锥形擦口(狭义颤痕)
前文提及的狭义颤痕(chatter marks),国际文献英文单词多用“复数”形式,往往与“lunate fracture”、“crescentic gouge”、“crescentic fractures”、“crescentic scar”等新月形冰蚀地貌微形态并称。因此,Krabbendam等[34]认为狭义颤痕是一个单独概念或专有名词(general term)。2001年上海外语教育出版社出版的Oxford dictionary of geography[35],关于颤痕的释文如下:“In glaciology, a mark made upon a surface by a rock embedded in ice. Chatter marks are crescentic in shape and have been attributed to tension in a rock as ice pulls across it. The horns of the crescent point in the direction of the ice flow”。译成中文大意是:“冰川学中的颤痕,指嵌入在冰川中的岩屑在岩石表面留下的痕迹。颤痕呈新月形,是由于冰川拉拽岩屑产生的基岩破裂而形成。新月形的‘两角’指示冰川的运动方向”。
美国地质调查局(USGS)引用Glossary of glacier terminology[36]对颤痕(chatter marks)的定义为:“A series of small, closely spaced, crescentic grooves or scars formed in bedrock by rocks frozen in basal ice as they move along and chip the glacier’s bed. The horns of the crescent generally point down glacier”。同样认为颤痕的两角指向冰川下游。2010年,Bussert[14]报道了埃塞俄比亚高原晚古生代冰碛砾石磨光面上的小尺度冰蚀地貌,诸如擦痕、颤痕、新月形凿口和半月形裂口等。他对狭义颤痕(chatter marks)的描述大致为:其形态是平滑弧形、线性排列和紧密间隔的成群小尺度圆锥状或凹陷性的不规则破裂,经常与冰川擦痕相伴发育于基岩表面的磨光面上,或嵌套在擦痕中,直径约为几毫米到几厘米不等。
Fig. 9
Frequency distribution histogram of the spacing of crescentic gouges (a), crescentic fractures (b), crescentic scars (c) and combination of the three above (d)
Table 4
表4
表4颤痕间距分布检验结果(置信度95%)
Table 4 Distribution test of the spacing of chatter marks (95% confidence level)
曲锥形擦口(狭义颤痕)多密集成串分布在冰川磨光面,宏观上往往构成擦痕,表明在其形成时,应力集中且强度较大。这意味着致密坚硬的岩屑以较小的接触面断续刻画基岩或冰碛石,可形成一系列平行的、间距很小的破裂构造。当密度较大,彼此之间难以分开时,就转化为擦痕。人工模拟冰川擦痕的实验表明,许多被旋转岩屑犁过的擦痕是不连续的,岩屑在粗粒大理石上留下的擦痕底部有许多不规则几何形状的裂缝,甚至与自然状态相似的局部环形破裂(partial ring fractures)或颤痕(chatter marks)[45]。虽然从肉眼上来看擦痕是连续的,但通过显微镜观察,它们实际上是由大量的新月形破裂组成的,且每一个新月形破裂都标志着一个独立的破裂事件。而且曲锥形擦口的间距通常保持比较一致,同样表明断裂事件发生在规律的间隔之间,这可能与冰下水压的日变化有关[1]。
Fig. 10
Fractures on the surface of migmatite in Lushan Mountain, Shandong Province: fracture No. 1 (a), fracture No. 7 (b), fracture No. 9 (c) and fractures No. 8 and No. 9 (d)
通过多年的深入研究,崔之久[31]提出了判别冰川遗迹的可行性指标和成因-环境综合分析的研究方法,能使人们从困境中找到解决问题的出路。他特别强调在冰川遗迹鉴定中的地貌组合原则,对山东某山地的所谓“颤痕”质疑说:“有人声称在山东某山地发现了冰川‘颤痕’,且不说是否颤痕本身就需要仔细鉴定,如有些构造形迹就类似颤痕,此处首先要想到的是造成颤痕的冰川从何处来?冰川源头冰斗的海拔高度?此处所谓的颤痕又位于与冰川有关的沉积体系中何种位置?须知谈论的颤痕不是前震旦纪,也不是石炭二叠纪的古冰川,而是第四纪冰川,最多1 000 000 a BP左右。目前地球上任何有过这一时代的古冰川遗迹的地方均未‘破坏殆尽’是完全有迹可循的”。
Exhumed erosional landforms of the late Palaeozoic glaciation in northern Ethiopia: indicators of ice-flow direction, palaeolandscape and regional ice dynamics
The logical fallacies on identification of the “glacial relics” in Mengshan Mountain: the paper “types, characteristics and dating data of glacial relics in Mount Mengshan Geopark, Shandong Province” as an example
GieseckeR, WhatmoughR, MajorR. A field guide to the geology of Hallett Cove and other locations with glacial geology on Fleurieu Peninsula[M]. Adelaide, Australia: Field Geology Club of South Australia, 1999.
... 分类是大多数科学研究必要的第一步,是学科成熟的指标.它是根据认识对象的不同和共同点,按照一定的属性标准把对象区分为不同的种类,并形成一定从属关系和层次系统的逻辑思维方法.颤痕的地貌类型是指陆地表面冰川擦口形态特征或小尺度新月形冰蚀地貌的分类.鉴于它们具有近似的形态特征或分形性质、类同的形成机制及与冰川擦痕、擦面(磨光面)共生、成组线性排列的本质属性,故本文坚持国际文献上颤痕(chatter mark,采用“单数”形式)是普遍概念或综合概念(comprehensive term)的看法[7-8,14-15].被广为引用的1972年第一版Glossary of geology[29],定义颤痕为“一系列小的、密集排列的、短的弯曲断口或擦口(尺度比新月形裂纹小),由冰川底部携带岩屑振动削切质地致密且性脆的冰床岩石表面而形成.每个颤痕大致与冰川运动方向相垂直(成串分布的系列颤痕则与冰川方向平行),其弧形突出方向通常指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”.并且指出,这一概念可被广泛地应用于任何新月形冰蚀地貌微形态,故也拼作“chatter mark”(The term has been applied loosely to any glacial crescentic mark. Also spelled: chatter mark).由此可见,除狭义颤痕(chatter marks)外,广义的颤痕(chatter mark)还包括半月形裂口、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹和新月形断口(图1). ...
... 分类是大多数科学研究必要的第一步,是学科成熟的指标.它是根据认识对象的不同和共同点,按照一定的属性标准把对象区分为不同的种类,并形成一定从属关系和层次系统的逻辑思维方法.颤痕的地貌类型是指陆地表面冰川擦口形态特征或小尺度新月形冰蚀地貌的分类.鉴于它们具有近似的形态特征或分形性质、类同的形成机制及与冰川擦痕、擦面(磨光面)共生、成组线性排列的本质属性,故本文坚持国际文献上颤痕(chatter mark,采用“单数”形式)是普遍概念或综合概念(comprehensive term)的看法[7-8,14-15].被广为引用的1972年第一版Glossary of geology[29],定义颤痕为“一系列小的、密集排列的、短的弯曲断口或擦口(尺度比新月形裂纹小),由冰川底部携带岩屑振动削切质地致密且性脆的冰床岩石表面而形成.每个颤痕大致与冰川运动方向相垂直(成串分布的系列颤痕则与冰川方向平行),其弧形突出方向通常指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”.并且指出,这一概念可被广泛地应用于任何新月形冰蚀地貌微形态,故也拼作“chatter mark”(The term has been applied loosely to any glacial crescentic mark. Also spelled: chatter mark).由此可见,除狭义颤痕(chatter marks)外,广义的颤痕(chatter mark)还包括半月形裂口、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹和新月形断口(图1). ...
Problems in the interpretation of small-scale erosional forms on glaciated bedrock surfaces: examples from Snowdonia, North Wales
... 但《鲁山》未引用此前国外借鉴Riedel构造模式分析新月形冰蚀地貌微形态的文献[11-12],对于各种颤痕类型或冰川擦口的成因、特征和分布格局也未能给予解释.特别是该文关于颤痕(chatter marks)弧形突出(凸面)方向(convex downward)与冰川运动方向一致的认识,与所引参考文献的颤痕定义相悖.例如《鲁山》首页提出:“每条颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,而弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向(Gary et al, 1972)”.经查核第一版Glossary of geology[29]对颤痕的描述为:“chattermark [glac geol] One of a series of small, densely packed, short curved scars or cracks (smaller than a crescentic fracture) made by vibratory chipping of a firm but brittle bedrock surface by rock fragments carried in the base of a glacier. Each mark is roughly transverse to the direction of ice movement (although a succession of such marks is parallel to that direction), and usually convex toward the direction from which the ice moved (its horns point in the direction of ice movement)”.明确说明“每个颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,弧形突出方向指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”,显然不是《鲁山》一文所说的“弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向”或“颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致”. ...
... 但《鲁山》未引用此前国外借鉴Riedel构造模式分析新月形冰蚀地貌微形态的文献[11-12],对于各种颤痕类型或冰川擦口的成因、特征和分布格局也未能给予解释.特别是该文关于颤痕(chatter marks)弧形突出(凸面)方向(convex downward)与冰川运动方向一致的认识,与所引参考文献的颤痕定义相悖.例如《鲁山》首页提出:“每条颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,而弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向(Gary et al, 1972)”.经查核第一版Glossary of geology[29]对颤痕的描述为:“chattermark [glac geol] One of a series of small, densely packed, short curved scars or cracks (smaller than a crescentic fracture) made by vibratory chipping of a firm but brittle bedrock surface by rock fragments carried in the base of a glacier. Each mark is roughly transverse to the direction of ice movement (although a succession of such marks is parallel to that direction), and usually convex toward the direction from which the ice moved (its horns point in the direction of ice movement)”.明确说明“每个颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,弧形突出方向指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”,显然不是《鲁山》一文所说的“弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向”或“颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致”. ...
Exhumed erosional landforms of the late Palaeozoic glaciation in northern Ethiopia: indicators of ice-flow direction, palaeolandscape and regional ice dynamics
4
2010
... 与此同时,在小尺度冰蚀地貌分类方面也取得了有意义的新认识.2010年,Bussert[14]在报道埃塞俄比亚北部古生代冰蚀地貌、冰川运动及其机制等研究成果时,提出新月形凿口、半月形裂口是颤痕的特殊类型.国际科技网站上也有类似的解释,如《大英百科全书》(又名《不列颠百科全书》)(Encyclopaedia Britannica)网页版关于颤痕的定义有如下描述:“Chatter marks are commonly arranged in nested series, with the orientation of the fractures at right angles to the direction of glacial movement. Three main types are recognized: the crescentic gouge, which is concave upstream and is made by the removal of a chip of rock; the crescentic fracture, which is concave downstream and also made by the removal of rock; and the lunate fracture, which is also concave downstream but without the removal of rock. Chatter marks in a series commonly decrease in size downstream”[15].明确指出颤痕包括新月形凿口、半月形裂口和新月形裂纹3种主要类型. ...
... 又如《鲁山》所引Denis等[30]关于非洲尼日尔Hirnantian ice sheet、冰川槽谷及颤痕、新月形凿口(原文的图示有误)的文献,该文图1(b)中的颤痕具有非常好的擦面、伴随密集平行的擦痕等特征,其凹面(非弧突方向)指示冰川运动方向(chatter marks correspond to a series of irregular but closely spaced fractures, nested one inside the other, whose concave side commonly face down-glacier and allow glacier direction to be reconstructed).还有所引Bussert[14]在埃塞俄比亚北部发现的晚古生代冰川遗迹(冰盆、羊背岩、鲸背岩、鼓丘等),文中提及颤痕分布在擦面上,并伴随擦痕.颤痕线性排列的方向基本与擦痕指示的方向一致(One form of chatter marks are smooth,roundish pits that are linearly aligned and closely spaced(Fig. 6A). They follow the orientation of striae or run within striae, are partly nested one inside the other and are some mm to cm in diameter).至于《鲁山》一文所引国际科技网站有关实例照片,如美国地质调查局(USGS)引用Glossary of glacier terminology关于颤痕(chatter marks)两角方向环境意义的解释(详后),也与该文的理解明显不同.诸如此类的问题,限于篇幅,此不赘述. ...
... 分类是大多数科学研究必要的第一步,是学科成熟的指标.它是根据认识对象的不同和共同点,按照一定的属性标准把对象区分为不同的种类,并形成一定从属关系和层次系统的逻辑思维方法.颤痕的地貌类型是指陆地表面冰川擦口形态特征或小尺度新月形冰蚀地貌的分类.鉴于它们具有近似的形态特征或分形性质、类同的形成机制及与冰川擦痕、擦面(磨光面)共生、成组线性排列的本质属性,故本文坚持国际文献上颤痕(chatter mark,采用“单数”形式)是普遍概念或综合概念(comprehensive term)的看法[7-8,14-15].被广为引用的1972年第一版Glossary of geology[29],定义颤痕为“一系列小的、密集排列的、短的弯曲断口或擦口(尺度比新月形裂纹小),由冰川底部携带岩屑振动削切质地致密且性脆的冰床岩石表面而形成.每个颤痕大致与冰川运动方向相垂直(成串分布的系列颤痕则与冰川方向平行),其弧形突出方向通常指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”.并且指出,这一概念可被广泛地应用于任何新月形冰蚀地貌微形态,故也拼作“chatter mark”(The term has been applied loosely to any glacial crescentic mark. Also spelled: chatter mark).由此可见,除狭义颤痕(chatter marks)外,广义的颤痕(chatter mark)还包括半月形裂口、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹和新月形断口(图1). ...
... 美国地质调查局(USGS)引用Glossary of glacier terminology[36]对颤痕(chatter marks)的定义为:“A series of small, closely spaced, crescentic grooves or scars formed in bedrock by rocks frozen in basal ice as they move along and chip the glacier’s bed. The horns of the crescent generally point down glacier”.同样认为颤痕的两角指向冰川下游.2010年,Bussert[14]报道了埃塞俄比亚高原晚古生代冰碛砾石磨光面上的小尺度冰蚀地貌,诸如擦痕、颤痕、新月形凿口和半月形裂口等.他对狭义颤痕(chatter marks)的描述大致为:其形态是平滑弧形、线性排列和紧密间隔的成群小尺度圆锥状或凹陷性的不规则破裂,经常与冰川擦痕相伴发育于基岩表面的磨光面上,或嵌套在擦痕中,直径约为几毫米到几厘米不等. ...
Chatter mark
2
... 与此同时,在小尺度冰蚀地貌分类方面也取得了有意义的新认识.2010年,Bussert[14]在报道埃塞俄比亚北部古生代冰蚀地貌、冰川运动及其机制等研究成果时,提出新月形凿口、半月形裂口是颤痕的特殊类型.国际科技网站上也有类似的解释,如《大英百科全书》(又名《不列颠百科全书》)(Encyclopaedia Britannica)网页版关于颤痕的定义有如下描述:“Chatter marks are commonly arranged in nested series, with the orientation of the fractures at right angles to the direction of glacial movement. Three main types are recognized: the crescentic gouge, which is concave upstream and is made by the removal of a chip of rock; the crescentic fracture, which is concave downstream and also made by the removal of rock; and the lunate fracture, which is also concave downstream but without the removal of rock. Chatter marks in a series commonly decrease in size downstream”[15].明确指出颤痕包括新月形凿口、半月形裂口和新月形裂纹3种主要类型. ...
... 分类是大多数科学研究必要的第一步,是学科成熟的指标.它是根据认识对象的不同和共同点,按照一定的属性标准把对象区分为不同的种类,并形成一定从属关系和层次系统的逻辑思维方法.颤痕的地貌类型是指陆地表面冰川擦口形态特征或小尺度新月形冰蚀地貌的分类.鉴于它们具有近似的形态特征或分形性质、类同的形成机制及与冰川擦痕、擦面(磨光面)共生、成组线性排列的本质属性,故本文坚持国际文献上颤痕(chatter mark,采用“单数”形式)是普遍概念或综合概念(comprehensive term)的看法[7-8,14-15].被广为引用的1972年第一版Glossary of geology[29],定义颤痕为“一系列小的、密集排列的、短的弯曲断口或擦口(尺度比新月形裂纹小),由冰川底部携带岩屑振动削切质地致密且性脆的冰床岩石表面而形成.每个颤痕大致与冰川运动方向相垂直(成串分布的系列颤痕则与冰川方向平行),其弧形突出方向通常指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”.并且指出,这一概念可被广泛地应用于任何新月形冰蚀地貌微形态,故也拼作“chatter mark”(The term has been applied loosely to any glacial crescentic mark. Also spelled: chatter mark).由此可见,除狭义颤痕(chatter marks)外,广义的颤痕(chatter mark)还包括半月形裂口、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹和新月形断口(图1). ...
Moraine and ice water deposition in the northwestern margin of the North China Plain
... 但《鲁山》未引用此前国外借鉴Riedel构造模式分析新月形冰蚀地貌微形态的文献[11-12],对于各种颤痕类型或冰川擦口的成因、特征和分布格局也未能给予解释.特别是该文关于颤痕(chatter marks)弧形突出(凸面)方向(convex downward)与冰川运动方向一致的认识,与所引参考文献的颤痕定义相悖.例如《鲁山》首页提出:“每条颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,而弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向(Gary et al, 1972)”.经查核第一版Glossary of geology[29]对颤痕的描述为:“chattermark [glac geol] One of a series of small, densely packed, short curved scars or cracks (smaller than a crescentic fracture) made by vibratory chipping of a firm but brittle bedrock surface by rock fragments carried in the base of a glacier. Each mark is roughly transverse to the direction of ice movement (although a succession of such marks is parallel to that direction), and usually convex toward the direction from which the ice moved (its horns point in the direction of ice movement)”.明确说明“每个颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,弧形突出方向指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”,显然不是《鲁山》一文所说的“弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向”或“颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致”. ...
... [29]对颤痕的描述为:“chattermark [glac geol] One of a series of small, densely packed, short curved scars or cracks (smaller than a crescentic fracture) made by vibratory chipping of a firm but brittle bedrock surface by rock fragments carried in the base of a glacier. Each mark is roughly transverse to the direction of ice movement (although a succession of such marks is parallel to that direction), and usually convex toward the direction from which the ice moved (its horns point in the direction of ice movement)”.明确说明“每个颤痕大致与冰川运动的方向相垂直,弧形突出方向指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”,显然不是《鲁山》一文所说的“弯曲突出方向指示冰川运动的方向”或“颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致”. ...
... 分类是大多数科学研究必要的第一步,是学科成熟的指标.它是根据认识对象的不同和共同点,按照一定的属性标准把对象区分为不同的种类,并形成一定从属关系和层次系统的逻辑思维方法.颤痕的地貌类型是指陆地表面冰川擦口形态特征或小尺度新月形冰蚀地貌的分类.鉴于它们具有近似的形态特征或分形性质、类同的形成机制及与冰川擦痕、擦面(磨光面)共生、成组线性排列的本质属性,故本文坚持国际文献上颤痕(chatter mark,采用“单数”形式)是普遍概念或综合概念(comprehensive term)的看法[7-8,14-15].被广为引用的1972年第一版Glossary of geology[29],定义颤痕为“一系列小的、密集排列的、短的弯曲断口或擦口(尺度比新月形裂纹小),由冰川底部携带岩屑振动削切质地致密且性脆的冰床岩石表面而形成.每个颤痕大致与冰川运动方向相垂直(成串分布的系列颤痕则与冰川方向平行),其弧形突出方向通常指示冰川来向(两角指示冰川流向)”.并且指出,这一概念可被广泛地应用于任何新月形冰蚀地貌微形态,故也拼作“chatter mark”(The term has been applied loosely to any glacial crescentic mark. Also spelled: chatter mark).由此可见,除狭义颤痕(chatter marks)外,广义的颤痕(chatter mark)还包括半月形裂口、新月形凿口、新月形裂纹和新月形断口(图1). ...
Typology of Hirnantian glacial pavements in SW Djado Basin (NE Niger)
1
2006
... 又如《鲁山》所引Denis等[30]关于非洲尼日尔Hirnantian ice sheet、冰川槽谷及颤痕、新月形凿口(原文的图示有误)的文献,该文图1(b)中的颤痕具有非常好的擦面、伴随密集平行的擦痕等特征,其凹面(非弧突方向)指示冰川运动方向(chatter marks correspond to a series of irregular but closely spaced fractures, nested one inside the other, whose concave side commonly face down-glacier and allow glacier direction to be reconstructed).还有所引Bussert[14]在埃塞俄比亚北部发现的晚古生代冰川遗迹(冰盆、羊背岩、鲸背岩、鼓丘等),文中提及颤痕分布在擦面上,并伴随擦痕.颤痕线性排列的方向基本与擦痕指示的方向一致(One form of chatter marks are smooth,roundish pits that are linearly aligned and closely spaced(Fig. 6A). They follow the orientation of striae or run within striae, are partly nested one inside the other and are some mm to cm in diameter).至于《鲁山》一文所引国际科技网站有关实例照片,如美国地质调查局(USGS)引用Glossary of glacier terminology关于颤痕(chatter marks)两角方向环境意义的解释(详后),也与该文的理解明显不同.诸如此类的问题,限于篇幅,此不赘述. ...
The logical fallacies on identification of the “glacial relics” in Mengshan Mountain: the paper “types, characteristics and dating data of glacial relics in Mount Mengshan Geopark, Shandong Province” as an example
Chatter mark, in plan view (top) and cross-section (bottom) (modified after References [34] and [37], and the direction of black arrows indicates the direction of glacier movement): curved-cone cracks (a), lunate fracture (b), crescentic gouge (c), crescentic fractures (d) and crescentic scar (e)Fig. 1
曲锥形擦口(黄色箭头方向指示冰川流向)
The curved-cone cracks in Mingyong Glacier (a), Ningchanhe Glacier No. 3 (b), Gangshika Glacier (c) and Ningchanhe Glacier No. 3 (d) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)Fig. 2
半月形裂口(黄色箭头方向指示冰川运动方向)
The lunate fracture in Ningchanhe Glacier No.3 (a), the lunate fracture on the rock wall in Qiangyong Glacier (b), large lunate fracture in Qiangyong Glacier (heading downstream) (c) and side view of large lunate fracture in Qiangyong Glacier (d) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)Fig. 3
新月形凿口(黄色箭头方向指示冰川运动方向)
The crescentic gouge in Qiangyong Glacier (a), Qiangyong Glacier (b), Qiangyong Glacier (c), Yiga Glacier (d), Yiga Glacier (e) and Urumqi Glacier No. 1 (f) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)Fig. 4
... 前文提及的狭义颤痕(chatter marks),国际文献英文单词多用“复数”形式,往往与“lunate fracture”、“crescentic gouge”、“crescentic fractures”、“crescentic scar”等新月形冰蚀地貌微形态并称.因此,Krabbendam等[34]认为狭义颤痕是一个单独概念或专有名词(general term).2001年上海外语教育出版社出版的Oxford dictionary of geography[35],关于颤痕的释文如下:“In glaciology, a mark made upon a surface by a rock embedded in ice. Chatter marks are crescentic in shape and have been attributed to tension in a rock as ice pulls across it. The horns of the crescent point in the direction of the ice flow”.译成中文大意是:“冰川学中的颤痕,指嵌入在冰川中的岩屑在岩石表面留下的痕迹.颤痕呈新月形,是由于冰川拉拽岩屑产生的基岩破裂而形成.新月形的‘两角’指示冰川的运动方向”. ...
... 前文提及的狭义颤痕(chatter marks),国际文献英文单词多用“复数”形式,往往与“lunate fracture”、“crescentic gouge”、“crescentic fractures”、“crescentic scar”等新月形冰蚀地貌微形态并称.因此,Krabbendam等[34]认为狭义颤痕是一个单独概念或专有名词(general term).2001年上海外语教育出版社出版的Oxford dictionary of geography[35],关于颤痕的释文如下:“In glaciology, a mark made upon a surface by a rock embedded in ice. Chatter marks are crescentic in shape and have been attributed to tension in a rock as ice pulls across it. The horns of the crescent point in the direction of the ice flow”.译成中文大意是:“冰川学中的颤痕,指嵌入在冰川中的岩屑在岩石表面留下的痕迹.颤痕呈新月形,是由于冰川拉拽岩屑产生的基岩破裂而形成.新月形的‘两角’指示冰川的运动方向”. ...
Glossary of glacier terminology: chatter marks
1
... 美国地质调查局(USGS)引用Glossary of glacier terminology[36]对颤痕(chatter marks)的定义为:“A series of small, closely spaced, crescentic grooves or scars formed in bedrock by rocks frozen in basal ice as they move along and chip the glacier’s bed. The horns of the crescent generally point down glacier”.同样认为颤痕的两角指向冰川下游.2010年,Bussert[14]报道了埃塞俄比亚高原晚古生代冰碛砾石磨光面上的小尺度冰蚀地貌,诸如擦痕、颤痕、新月形凿口和半月形裂口等.他对狭义颤痕(chatter marks)的描述大致为:其形态是平滑弧形、线性排列和紧密间隔的成群小尺度圆锥状或凹陷性的不规则破裂,经常与冰川擦痕相伴发育于基岩表面的磨光面上,或嵌套在擦痕中,直径约为几毫米到几厘米不等. ...
Chatter mark, in plan view (top) and cross-section (bottom) (modified after References [34] and [37], and the direction of black arrows indicates the direction of glacier movement): curved-cone cracks (a), lunate fracture (b), crescentic gouge (c), crescentic fractures (d) and crescentic scar (e)Fig. 1
曲锥形擦口(黄色箭头方向指示冰川流向)
The curved-cone cracks in Mingyong Glacier (a), Ningchanhe Glacier No. 3 (b), Gangshika Glacier (c) and Ningchanhe Glacier No. 3 (d) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)Fig. 2
半月形裂口(黄色箭头方向指示冰川运动方向)
The lunate fracture in Ningchanhe Glacier No.3 (a), the lunate fracture on the rock wall in Qiangyong Glacier (b), large lunate fracture in Qiangyong Glacier (heading downstream) (c) and side view of large lunate fracture in Qiangyong Glacier (d) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)Fig. 3
新月形凿口(黄色箭头方向指示冰川运动方向)
The crescentic gouge in Qiangyong Glacier (a), Qiangyong Glacier (b), Qiangyong Glacier (c), Yiga Glacier (d), Yiga Glacier (e) and Urumqi Glacier No. 1 (f) (The yellow arrows mark the directions of glacier movement)Fig. 4