冰川冻土, 2023, 45(3): 1200-1204 doi:

缅怀阿瑟·赫罗尔德·拉肯布鲁克博士(1925—2021)

王保来,

Carnelian Crescent,Gloucester,Ontario K1X 0A9,Canada

Dr. Arthur H. Lachenbruch: a lasting impact (1925—2021)

WANG Baolai,

Carnelian Crescent,Gloucester,Ontario K1X 0A9,Canada

收稿日期: 2023-03-22   修回日期: 2023-04-12  

Received: 2023-03-22   Revised: 2023-04-12  

作者简介 About authors

王保来,渥太华大学博士,拉瓦尔大学博士后,教授,曾从事冻土研究,已退休.E-mail:Baolai.Wang@Outlook.Com , E-mail:Baolai.Wang@Outlook.Com

摘要

从20世纪80年代初第一次阅读拉肯布鲁克博士的论文开始,我一直被他的冻土物理热学的研究方法吸引着,也在很长一段时间内影响着我对科研课题的选择。我曾把他的热学方程应用到自己的研究。1993年在北京举行的第六届国际冻土大会期间,我与拉肯布鲁克博士相见,并在会后一起参加了青藏高原调研旅行。尽管他个头高大,但说话却很温和,是一位非常耐心的良师益友。我曾通过信件联系他,并向他请求寄送其发表的文章给我,另外,他也曾作为专家为我的文章审稿。拉肯布鲁克博士的去世是地球物理学和冻土学界的一大损失,他是冻土物理热学研究的巨匠和先驱。他在美国地质调查局的专业研究生涯长达60多年,他的研究深入到地球物理、地热热流、多年冻土、地貌,以及大地构造和地震学,并在这些领域作出了杰出的贡献。他对深层冻土温度剖面的测量和研究使他比较早地提供了地球变暖及全球变化的证据。他对热油管道和多年冻土相互作用的研究避免了掩埋热油管道对冻土环境灾难性的破坏。拉肯布鲁克博士是一位多产的科学家,出版了大量的著作,他的许多文章已成为冻土学研究的基准和经典,这是他留给后人的宝贵遗产和财富。在我们缅怀这位大师的同时,也为他对地球物理及冻土学所作出的巨大贡献致以敬意。拉肯布鲁克博士不仅是一位科学家,他还是一位城市规划能手,他曾志愿担任所居城市市政规划委员会主任长达10年之久。为了纪念拉肯布鲁克博士,市政府最近决定用他的名字来命名一条人行道。

关键词: 拉肯布鲁克博士 ; 地球物理 ; 多年冻土 ; 地热状况

Abstract

Ever since I first read Dr. Arthur H. Lachenbruch’s papers in the early 1980s, his research methods on permafrost physics and geothermal regime have been a source of inspiration for me. His work greatly influenced my choice of research topics and reaffirmed the importance of having role models in one’s career.I corresponded with him and at my request, he sent me his published papers and reviewed my manuscripts. In 1993, during the Beijing permafrost conference, I had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Lachenbruch and subsequently we participated in the post-conference trip to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Tall but soft spoken, he was a very patient mentor. His daughter has told me of the deep impressions that trip made on him, including our large group of well-versed scientists who warmly welcomed him and the physical landscape en route.Dr. Lachenbruch completed his undergraduate degree in geology and then his Ph.D. in geophysics, making him a rare scientist who can apply the principles of physics and mathematics to earth-science studies. Complex heat-conduction equations become easy to understand in his publications, and to a certain extent, his papers become textbooks of permafrost thermodynamics.The passing of Dr. Lachenbruch is an immense loss to the fields of geophysics and geocryology, where he had a distinguished career spanning over six decades at the US Geological Survey. He was a pioneering expert in permafrost geothermal research and renowned for his contributions to the fields of geophysics, heat flow, geomorphology, and tectonics. His early findings provided crucial insights into global warming, and his research on the interaction between hot-oil pipelines and permafrost prevented an environmental catastrophe. His prolific career was marked by numerous publications, many of which are regarded as benchmarks in the field. Dr. Lachenbruch’s body of work stands as a testament to his legacy and will undoubtedly be cherished and treasured by future generations.Dr Lachenbruch was a multi-talented individual, who not only exceled in his scientific pursuits but also had a passion for urban planning. He generously volunteered his time and expertise as the commissioner of the urban planning committee for his town. To commemorate his outstanding contributions to the community, the city has recently decided to honor him by naming a walking path after him. This is a fitting tribute to a remarkable individual who has made a significant and lasting impact in both the scientific and urban planning fields.

Keywords: Dr.Arthur H.Lachenbruch ; geophysics ; permafrost ; geothermal regime

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本文引用格式

王保来. 缅怀阿瑟·赫罗尔德·拉肯布鲁克博士(1925—2021)[J]. 冰川冻土, 2023, 45(3): 1200-1204 doi:

WANG Baolai. Dr. Arthur H. Lachenbruch: a lasting impact (1925—2021)[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2023, 45(3): 1200-1204 doi:

0 引言

2021年9月20日,著名的美国地球物理学家和冻土学家阿瑟·赫罗尔德·拉肯布鲁克(Arthur Herold Lachenbruch)(图1)博士离世,享年95岁。地学界失去了一位巨匠和大师。

图1

图1   阿瑟·拉肯布鲁克博士

Fig. 1   Dr. Arthur H. Lachenbruch


拉肯布鲁克博士生于1925年12月7日,在纽约州和马里兰州的小城镇长大,是家中4个男孩中最小的那个。他早年对地学就产生了极大兴趣,有一次美国地质调查局的一位科学家到他上学的高中作报告,报告的内容深深地吸引了他,他便默默地选定地质学为将来的学习及职业方向。后来他就读于约翰霍普金斯(Johns Hopkins)大学地质系完成本科学业并于1950年获学士学位。在大学期间,他夏天跟着地质队到阿拉斯加出野外,他作过营地炊事员,野外工作助理,背包搬运工等工作。

他于1958年从哈佛(Harvard)大学获博士学位,专业是地球物理学。期间他已经就职于美国地质调查局并开始了研究工作,在60多年的职业生涯里,他的研究成绩硕果累累,贡献显赫。虽然在1994年退休,但他在科研领域一直很活跃,直到2019年还有文章发表。

1 拉肯布鲁克博士的贡献

拉肯布鲁克博士出版的文章数量之多、涉及面之广令人感叹,他的贡献远远超出冻土学的范畴。首先,他是一名杰出的地球物理学家,20世纪60和70年代,他通过测量深钻孔的地温对陆地热流收支平衡进行了研究,比如地壳散发多少热量,其中又有多少热量来自深处的岩浆活动等。他的研究成果对板块运动、地震学、地貌学、冻土学,以及地热勘探都有重要意义。下面仅就拉肯布鲁克博士对多年冻土研究的贡献举几个例子。

他曾带领一个团队对阿拉斯加热油管道是否可以埋在多年冻土层中及其可行性进行研究。虽然有许多方面,包括当时的美国总统,倾向于地下掩埋的方案,但拉肯布鲁克博士通过实地考察和热学模拟计算对原方案提出疑问。他的研究表明,如果热油管道埋在地下,多年冻土会融化塌陷,最终会导致热油管道断裂,这对生产、经济和环境将造成灾难性的破坏。最后经多方协调,大家采纳了他的建议,把工程改为地上架空热油管道的施工方式。这样,既保护了多年冻土及环境的原生状态,又避免了经济上的重大损失。通过此事我们看到了他的求实精神,他的研究结果没有受到政治的影响。

据不完全统计,拉肯布鲁克博士发表了200多篇文章。研究领域深入到地球物理、冻土热学、冻土地貌、热流及热传导、地热梯度、地壳及岩石圈,甚至地震学。在他被引用最多的前5名著作中,有两篇是多年冻土学方面的文章。

其一,他和B. Vaughn Marshall合作,于1986年发表在Science杂志的Changing climate: geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic一文,到目前被同行们引用了至少988次。该文发现深层地温与地表温度已失去平衡,表明地球在升温,较早地为地球变暖及全球变化提供了证据,该文已成为气候变化研究方面的经典著作。

其二,他于1962年发表在Geological Society of America Special Papers期刊上的Mechanics of thermal contraction cracks and ice-wedge polygons in permafrost一文,被引用至少729次。这篇文章从热物理学角度解释了多年冻土区地表热缩开裂以及冰楔多边形形成的机制。

地学界往往存在这样一个现象,那就是学地学专业的人才不太精通数理,而学数理的人才又不太精通地学,这使二者的结合变得比较困难。拉肯布鲁克博士在大学读完地质学本科后又读了地球物理学的博士,使他成为难得的能将地学和数理两者结合起来的科学家,比较成熟且有深度的有关多年冻土地热状况的研究成果出自他手也就不足为奇了。复杂的数理(热传导)方程在他的文章里变得通俗易懂,在一定程度上,他的文章成为冻土热学的教科书。如果您读几篇拉肯布鲁克博士有关冻土地热状况的文章,就会发现,他对冻土学的另一贡献就是他教会了我们如何将地学和数理圆满地结合起来,并且他为这种结合铺平了道路也排除了一些学科间难以逾越的障碍,使非数理专业的地学科研人员也能在这方面作一些有深度的研究。他在冻土热物理学方面的研究成果是他留给后人的宝贵遗产,这些成果可以用于多方面的研究,如冻土地貌(多边形)、海岸冻土、气候变化、冻土预报等。

2 拉肯布鲁克博士得到的荣誉

由于他在科研领域的突出贡献,拉肯布鲁克博士曾得过许多奖章和荣誉,如下:

(1)美国科学院院士(1975);

(2)美国地球物理学联盟专家(1976);

(3)美国地质调查局名誉科学家;

(4)美国地质协会奖章得主;

(5)国际热流委员会发起成员;

(6)美国科学促进会专家(1980);

(7)Walter H. Bucher奖章得主(1989,图2);

图2

图2   拉肯布鲁克博士领取美国地球物理联盟授予的Walter H. Bucher奖章(1989)

Fig. 2   Dr. Lachenbruch receiving the American Geophysical Union’s 1989 Walter H. Bucher Medal


(8)Kirk Bryan奖得主(1963)。

拉肯布鲁克博士不仅是一位科学家,他还是一位城市规划能手,他曾志愿地担任所居城市市政规划委员会主任长达10年之久。为了纪念和缅怀拉肯布鲁克博士,市政府最近决定用他的名字来命名一条人行道(Barbara Lachenbruch,私人通信,2023年3月)。

3 与拉肯布鲁克博士相识

20世纪80年代,我在原中国科学院冰川冻土研究所(现中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院)图书馆里第一次读到拉肯布鲁克 博士的文章。那篇文章至今难忘,那是一篇综述,发表在第二届国际冻土大会论文集中。他的文章使我认识到,在大学时学的数学物理方程可用于冻土研究,并不只是纸上谈兵。来到加拿大后,我给他写信表达了我对他研究领域的极大兴趣,他给我寄来一大包其发表的文章。后来我把他的热学方程应用到自己的研究中,这在我的博士论文和后来发表的文章中都有所体现1-5

第六届国际冻土大会于1993年在北京召开。我给大会的投稿由拉肯布鲁克博士审阅,他肯定了文章的优点,同时也指出了需要改进和修改的地方。在大会休息期间,他通过我渥太华大学的博士论文导师找到了我,就这样我和我敬仰已久的拉肯布鲁克博士在北京见面了。

拉肯布鲁克博士给人的第一印象就是个头高,足有2米,他温和的声音与他的身高觉得有些反差,有一种平易近人的感觉。我们在大厅里聊天时间很短,因为会议要继续进行。我只记得他说,北京比他想象的要大,他喜欢酒店提供的中国餐。后来问他我是否能到美国地质调查局跟他作博士后研究,可惜他马上要退休了,没能去成。

拉肯布鲁克博士夫妇参加了1993年在北京召开的国际冻土大会后,准备一起游览横穿青藏高原的冻土区,我也参加了那次旅游并作了一些翻译工作。到达格尔木后,晚上要到青藏高原观测站听报告,我从宾馆正要动身前往,他和杰瑞·布朗(Jerry Brown)博士(两位冻土学前辈)来到我的房间。可能由于格尔木的海拔高度的影响,拉肯布鲁克博士觉得有些不舒服,当时担心是心脏问题。也许考虑到他自己的年龄(那年他已68岁),他和他夫人决定就此终止他们的青藏高原旅行,先回北京然后回美国。我当时向领导作了汇报,领导和行政管理人员对他们夫妇回北京作了格外照顾并予以适当安排。据他的女儿Barbara Lachenbruch回忆,她爸妈曾多次提起那次在中国的旅行,尤其是在从格尔木返回北京途中的火车上的所见所闻成为他们一生旅游中难忘的亮点(Barbara Lachenbruch, 私人通信,2023年3月)。

4 拉肯布鲁克博士冻土方面的文章

拉肯布鲁克博士是位多产的科学家,在他60多年的科研生涯里出版了200多篇文章,其中许多已成为领域的基准和经典,下面只列一些他冻土研究方面的代表作。

[1] Lachenbruch A H. Three-dimensional heat conduction in permafrost beneath heated buildings[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1957, 1052-B:51-69.

[2] Lachenbruch A H. Thermal effects of the ocean on permafrost[M]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1957, 68(11): 1515-1530.

[3] Lachenbruch A H. A probe for measurement of thermal conductivity of frozen soils in place[J]. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 1957, 38: 691-697.

[4] Lachenbruch A H. Periodic heat flow in a stratified medium, with application to permafrost problems[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1959, 1083-A:1-36.

[5] Lachenbruch A H, Brewer M C. Dissipation of the temperature effect of drilling a well in Arctic Alaska[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1959, 1083-C: 73-109.

[6] Lachenbruch A H. Thermal contraction cracks and ice wedges in permafrost[M]. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1960, 400-B:B404-B406.

[7] Lachenbruch A H. Contraction-crack polygons[M]. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1960, 400-B:B406-B409.

[8] Greene G W, Lachenbruch A H, Brewer M C. Some thermal effects of a roadway on permafrost[M]. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1960, 400-B:B141-B144.

[9] Lachenbruch A H. Depth and spacing of tension cracks[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1961, 66(12): 4273-4292.

[10] Lachenbruch A H, Brewer M C, Greene G W, Marshall B V. Temperatures in permafrost[J]. Temperature-Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, 1962, 3(1): 791-803.

[11] Lachenbruch A H. Mechanics of thermal contraction cracks and ice-wedge polygons in permafrost[M]. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 1962, 70:1-69.

[12] Lachenbruch A H. Thermal studies in permafrost[M]. Progress report on the Jacobsen-McGill Arctic Research Expedition, McGill University, 1962.

[13] Lachenbruch A H. Contraction theory of ice-wedge polygons-a qualitative discussion[M]. Permafrost, International Conference, Lafayette, Indiana. National Research Council Publication, 1966, 1287:63-71.

[14] Lachenbruch A H, Green G W, Marshall B V. Permafrost and the geothermal regimes[M]. Environment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1966, 149-163.

[15] Lachenbruch A H. Permafrost[M]. The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, N Y, Reinhold Book Corp, Earth Science Series, 1968, Volume 3:833-839.

[16] Lachenbruch A H, Marshall B V. Heat flow in the arctic[J]. Arctic, 1969, 22(3): 300-311.

[17] Lachenbruch A H. Thermal considerations in permafrost[M]. Proceedings of the Geological Seminar on the North Slope of Alaska, Los Angeles, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1970, J1-J5.

[18] Lachenbruch A H. Some estimates of the thermal effects of a heated pipeline in permafrost[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 1970, 632.

[19] Gold L W, Lachenbruch A H. Thermal conditions in permafrost: a review of North American literature[M]. Permafrost, North American Contribution, Second International Conference, Yakutsk, USSR, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 1973, 3-25.

[20] Washburn A L, Lachenbruch A H, et al. Priorities for basic research on permafrost[M]. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1974.

[21] Lachenbruch A H, Marshall B V. Sub-sea temperatures and a simple tentative model for offshore permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1977, 77-395.

[22] Lachenbruch A H, Marshall B V. A simple target model for offshore permafrost at Prudhoe Bay[M]. U.S. Geol. Survey Circular, 1978, 772-B:B30-B32.

[23] Lachenbruch A H, Sass J H, Marshall B V, Moses T H Jr. Thermal regime of permafrost at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open - File Report, 1982, 82-535.

[24] Lachenbruch A H, Sass J H, Lawver L A, Brewer M C, Moses T H Jr. Depth and temperature of permafrost on the Alaskan Arctic slope: preliminary results[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1982, 82-1039.

[25] Lachenbruch A H, Sass J H, Marshall B V, Moses T H Jr. Permafrost, heat-flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1982, 87: 9301-9316.

[26] Lachenbruch A H, Marshall B V. Changing climate-geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic[J]. Science, 1986, 234: 689-696.

[27] Lachenbruch A H, Sass J H, Lawver L A, Brewer M C, Marshall B V, Munroe R J, Kennelly J P Jr, Galanis S P Jr, Moses T H Jr. Temperature and depth of permafrost on the Alaskan Arctic slope[M]. Alaskan North Slope Geology, Pacific Section, Society for Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and Alaskan Geological Society, 1987, Volume 2: 545-558.

[28] Lachenbruch A H. Warming of permafrost in the Alaskan arctic[M]. Proceedings of First North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change. Climate Institute, Washington, D. C., 1988.

[29] Lachenbruch A H, Cladouhos T T, Saltus R. Permafrost temperature and the changing climate[M]. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Permafrost, Trondheim, Norway, 1988, Volume 3: 9-17.

[30] Lachenbruch A H, Galanis S P Jr, Moses T H Jr. A thermal cross-section for the permafrost and hydrate stability zones in the Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay oil fields[M]. Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey during 1986. U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 1988, 1016: 48-51.

[31] Lachenbruch A H, Sass J H, Lawver L A, Brewer M C, Munroe B V, Kennelly J P Jr, Galanis S P Jr, Moses T H Jr. Temperature and depth of permafrost on the Alaskan Arctic Slope[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1988, 1399: 645-656.

[32] Langseth M G, Lachenbruch A H, Marshall B V. Geothermal observations in the Arctic region[M]. The Arctic Ocean Region. The Geological Society of America, 1990, 133-151.

[33] Osterkamp T, Lachenbruch A. Thermal regime of permafrost in Alaska and predicted global warming[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 1990, 4(1): 38-42.

[34] Nelson F, Lachenbruch A, Woo M, Koster E, Osterkamp T, Gavrilova M, Cheng G. Permafrost and changing climate[M]. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost, Beijing, South China University of Technology Press, 1993, Volume 2: 987-1005.

[35] Lachenbruch A H. Permafrost, the active layer, and changing climate[M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1994, 94-694.

[36] Ruppel C D, Lachenbruch A H, Hutchinson D R, Munroe R J, Mosher D C. Heat flow in the Western Arctic Ocean (Amerasian Basin)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2019, 124(8): 7562-7587.

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