大通河流域水能水资源开发对河流水文过程和环境的影响

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0174

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

根据水文观测和引水与水电开发资料，分析了大通河流域水能水资源开发利用现状及其对河流水文过程与生态环境的影响.结果表明：由于区域用水和跨流域引水，使大通河中下游河道的水量减少，水环境容量减小，其中，青石嘴、天堂、连城(二)站3-11月平均流量分别减少0.6%~9.6%、0.5%~3.8%、1.7%~52.9%. 自1994年引大入秦工程建成跨流域引水后，连城(二)站年径流量开始减少，1994-2010年平均径流量比1977-1993年减少了5.7%；引大济湟工程建成通水后，加上引大入秦和引硫济金工程，引水总量将达到12.33×10⁸ m³，占大通河多年平均径流量28.16×10⁸m³的43.8%，对河川径流的影响十分显著. 至2011年，大通河上已建成梯级电站34座，洪水期电站同时泄水会瞬间加大河道流量，枯水期蓄引水又使减水河段水量减少. 梯级水电站群无序蓄放水使洪水过程由天然的平稳状态转变为人工干预的剧烈变化状态，上下游洪峰不对应，对下游地区的防洪安全产生极大威胁. 过度的水能水资源开发，使大通河中下游部分自然河段出现淹没、断流，水生物和两岸的植物萎缩，水环境污染加重，对生态环境产生负面影响. 建议实行流域水资源统一管理，对梯级电站下泄水量统一调度，在减水河段预留必须的生态基流，确保河道内外生态用水；加强河道水位、流量、泥沙、水环境、水生物监测，为流域防汛、水资源管理、生态环境保护等提供决策依据.

关键词: 大通河流域, 水能水资源开发, 水生态与洪水, 影响分析

Abstract:

The Datong River basin is in the water resources forming region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, where there are rich hydropower resources, good natural vegetation and biology, but the environment is very vulnerable owing to climate change and human activity. The hydropower and water resources development status of the basin is analyzed. It is believed that water quantity in the middle and lower reaches is decreasing caused by regional water use and inter-basin water diversion. Water environment capacity is reducing as well. Average discharge at Qingshizui, Tiantang, Liancheng (Ⅱ) hydrology stations decreases 0.6%-9.6%, 0.5%-3.8% and 1.7%-52.9% from March to November, respectively. Water use at the upper Tiantang station is less, but it becomes larger from Tiantang station to Liancheng station, with an average runoff flow reducing of 5.7% in 1994-2010 as compared with that in 1977-1993. To 2011, 34 cascade hydropower stations have been built, of which there are 30 of diversion type and 4 of gate dam type. With less capacity and no storage capacity, in flood period hydropower stations drain water at the same time, which will enlarge river discharge instantly; in low-water period, storage and diversion will reduce the discharge of water, greatly affecting river flow. For disordered storage and drainage of cascade hydropower stations, the flood process changes from natural steady status to artificial intervention status, and the flood peak in upper reaches and lower reaches is inconsistent, as a result, hydrological monitoring and flood forecasting are greatly troubled, which threaten flood control in downstream area. The submergence, discontinuous flow, shrinking of aquatic organisms and plants in both banks and heavier water environment pollution in the middle and lower reaches resulted from excessive hydropower and water resources development negatively impact environment. It is suggested to carry out integrated water resources management, unified control water discharge of cascade hydropower stations, reserve necessary ecological base flow, insure ecological water use, strengthen monitoring of river level, runoff, sediment, water environment and aquatic organisms, in order to provide policy decision basis for river basin flood control, water resources management and environment protection.

Key words: Datong River basin, hydropower and water resources development, water ecology and flood, impact analysis

中图分类号:

P343.9

黄维东, 牛最荣, 马正耀, 李计生, 王毓森. 大通河流域水能水资源开发对河流水文过程和环境的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(6): 1573-1581.

HUANG Wei-dong, NIU Zui-rong, MA Zheng-yao, LI Ji-sheng, WANG Yu-sen. Impact of Hydropower and Water Resources Development on Hydrological Processes and Ecology in the Datong River Basin[J]. JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY, 2013, 35(6): 1573-1581.

参考文献

[1] Cheng Guodong, Xiao Honglang, Xu Zhongmin, et al. Water issue and its countermeasure in the inland river basins of Northwest China-A case study in Heihe River basin[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2006, 28(3): 406-413.[程国栋, 肖洪浪, 徐中民, 等. 中国西北内陆河水问题及其应对策略——以黑河流域为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2006, 28(3): 406-413.]
[2] Jia Baoquan, Xu Yingqin. The conception of the eco-environmentalwater demand and its classificationin arid land—Taking Xinjiang as an example[J]. Arid Land Geography, 1998, 21(2): 8-12.[贾宝全, 许英勤. 干旱区生态用水的概念和分类——以新疆为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 1998, 21(2): 8-12.]
[3] Dong Guangqian, Gao Xincai. Indexes of ecosystem health evaluation[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(1): 196-200. [董光前, 高新才. 评价生态系统健康的指标[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(1): 196-200.]
[4] Yang Tao, Hui Xiujuan, Xu Yunfeng. Discussion on river ecosystem health as assessment for watershed management[J]. Environmental Protection Science, 2009, 35(5): 52-54. [杨涛, 惠秀娟, 许云峰. 用于流域管理的河流水生态系统健康评价初探[J]. 环境保护科学, 2009, 35(5): 52-54.]
[5] Wang Changjian, Zhang Xiaolei, Du Hongru, et al. Comprehensive evaluation and analysis on the water resources carrying capacity levels in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(4): 990-998. [王长建, 张小雷, 杜宏茹, 等. 开都河-孔雀河流域水资源承载力水平的综合评价与分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(4): 990-998.]
[6] Niu Zuirong, Zhao Wenzhi, Chen Xuelin, et al. Study of the water resources characteristics in the mid-west sub-water systems of the Heihe River[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2010, 32(6): 1194-1201. [牛最荣, 赵文智, 陈学林, 等. 黑河流域中西部子水系水资源分布特征研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2010, 32(6): 1194-1201.]
[7] Zhang Lijie, Zhao Wenzhi, He Zhibin, et al. The characteristics of precipitation and its effects on runoff in a small typical catchment of Qilian Mountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(5): 776-782. [张立杰, 赵文智, 何志斌, 等. 祁连山典型小流域降水特征及其对径流的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(5): 776-782.]
[8] Yao Xingrong, Ding Hongwei, Shen Yongping, et al. Influence analysis of the proposed water conservancy project in the trunk stream on ecological environment in the lower reaches of Heihe River[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(4): 934-941. [姚兴荣, 丁宏伟, 沈永平, 等. 黑河干流拟建水利工程对下游生态环境的影响分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(4): 934-941.]
[9] Li Yan. Change of river flood and disaster in Xinjiang during past 40 years[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25(3): 342-346. [李燕. 近40 a来新疆河流洪水变化[J]. 冰川冻土, 2003, 25(3): 342-346.]
[10] Yan Yuhong, Shen Yongping, Li Yu'an, et al. Hydrological feature and flood analysis in Keping River on south slope of Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(5): 824-829. [严宇红, 沈永平, 李宇安, 等. 新疆天山南麓柯坪河水文特性与洪水分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2007, 29(5): 824-829.]
[11] Qin Jia, Ding Yongjian, Ye Baisheng, et al. Regulating effect of mountain landscapes on river runoff in Northwest China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(2): 397-404. [秦甲, 丁永建, 叶柏生, 等. 中国西北山地景观要素对河川径流的影响作用分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(2): 397-404.]
[12] Wan Jintai, Zhang Jianguo, Miao Yan. Analysis of ice jam floods in river basins on the north slope of middle section of Tianshan Mountain, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(5): 819-823. [万金泰, 张建国, 苗燕. 新疆天山北坡中段河流冰凌洪水特征分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2007, 29(5): 819-823.]
[13] Xu Tao, Wei Guoxiao, Li Changbin, et al. Impacts of step hydropower development on ecological environment in the Liyuan River basin[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(1): 166-174. [徐涛, 魏国孝, 李常斌, 等. 梨园河梯级电站开发对流域生态环境的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(1): 166-174.]
[14] Tan Yuan, Wang Yajun, Ning Jianzhong. Analysis on the ch-ange of the ecological environment in the Bosten Lake area, Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2004, 21(1): 7-12. [谭芫, 王亚俊, 宁建忠. 新疆博斯腾湖水生态环境变化分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2004, 21(1): 7-12.]
[15] Su Hongchao, Bayin Chahan, Pang Chunhua, et al. Change in Ebinur Lake area and its impact on eco-environment[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2006, 28(6): 941-949. [苏宏超, 巴音查汗, 庞春花, 等. 艾比湖面积变化及对生态环境影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2006, 28(6): 941-949.]
[16] Wang Shuanghe, Hu Xinglin, Zhao Zhiwen, et al. The spatial pattern of natural hydrochemistry features of the rivers in Gansu Province and its controlling factors[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2010, 32(2): 373-380. [王双合, 胡兴林, 赵治文, 等. 甘肃省河流天然水化学特征的分布规律及控制因素分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2010, 32(2): 373-380.]
[17] Li Lijuan, Zhang Bo. Study on relative resources carrying capacities and sustainable development for different municipalities of Gansu Province[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(5): 1169-1175. [李丽娟, 张勃. 甘肃省各地区相对资源承载力及可持续发展研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(5): 1169-1175.]
[18] Wang Shunde, Cao Xiaoli, Wang Yanguo, et al. Strengthen monitoring onAral ecosystem in Tarim Rive[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2006, 28(2): 276-282. [王顺德, 曹晓莉, 王彦国, 等. 加强塔里木河阿拉尔生态系统综合监测[J]. 冰川冻土, 2006, 28(2): 276-282.]