Glacier flow transports the mass obtained in the accumulation area to the ablation area， and controls the length， area， mass balance and thickness of a glacier， which is the key factor to control the advance and retreat of a glacier. In recent years， with the climate change， most of the glaciers in the world are retreating， but a glacier flow variation is more complex， which has attracted extensive attention of scholars. This paper systematically summarizes the extraction methods of glacier flow velocity， research progress on spatial distribution and change of glacier flow velocity， as well as its change with time and influencing factors in recent years， together with discussing the problems existing in the current glacier flow velocity research and the future development trend. The results show that the method based on the stakes can obtain the data with high accuracy， but it has limitations in time and space. At present， the method of automatic extracts glacier flow velocity based on remote sensing data has been widely used. However， the registration of images and the calculation of massive data are the main problems restricting the research of glacier flow velocity at the current stage. In recent years， unmanned aerial vehicles and ground-based synthetic aperture radar are increasingly applied to study on glaciology， providing high-precision data support for glacier flow velocity studies， but not widely enough. The spatial distribution of glacier flow velocity and its variation with time are different from space to space. The current results suggest that the change in thickness of glaciers is probably the main cause of flow velocity change in most glaciers around the world. However， the changes of glacier flow velocity are more complex on a single glacier system， and the reasons need further discussion. With the remote sensing data increasing and cloud computing platforms using， popularity of new technologies such as the Internet of things， unmanned aerial vehicles and ground-based synthetic aperture radar， as well as the emergence of coordinated satellite， air and earth observations， the study of glacier flow velocity will greatly promote in the future. In addition， the mechanism of glacier flow velocity and its dynamic process should be pay more attention to， as a hot topic in the future research of glaciology.

Glacier meltwater runoff is an important channel in the migration of chemicals. Study on the hydrochemistry of glacier meltwater is helpful to reveal the biogeochemical cycle of the chemicals in the glacierized zones and serve as basis for understanding and evaluating the impact of glacier melting on the environment and human life. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas hold the largest amount of glaciers outside the polar regions， and glaciers on the plateau have been retreating at an accelerated rate under the context of warming climate. Studies on the changes of various inorganic chemicals in glacial meltwater runoff and its climatic and environmental effects have been increasingly recognized as a hot topic. In this review， we reviewed studies on the concentrations and spatio-temporal variations of the inorganic chemical species in glacial meltwater runoff in the plateau. In addition， we summarized the main sources of the inorganic chemicals and the quantitative and qualitative methods of provenance determination. It is suggested that the contents and spatio-temporal variation of inorganic chemical species in glacial meltwater were influenced by the melting of glaciers， the properties of bedrocks， the hydrological characteristics of the meltwater runoff and some hydro-physiochemical processes. We summarized the deficiencies of the current research on the inorganic hydrochemistry of meltwater runoff in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas， and proposed the future research needs. It is necessary to strengthen data accumulation and the spatial -time scale of field observation， to clarify the transport mechanism and rule of inorganic chemicals， to reveal the synergistic and antagonistic effects of multiple factors on the hydrochemistry， and to evaluate the effects of glacial meltwater hydrochemistry on the climate and environment. All these research will provide scientific guidance for dealing with the environmental impact of glacier ablation over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Utilizing datasets of the Aral Sea area， global CRU meteorological data and the irrigation area and reservoir capacity， we quantitatively assessed the long-term area variation of the Aral Sea during the period of 1960 - 2018， and then investigated the dominant influence factors including climate change and human activities. It is revealed that area of the Aral Sea had shrunk dramatically from 6.85×10⁴ km² to （8.32±0.19）×10³ km² with a shrinkage of （6.02±0.02）×10⁴ km² （about 87.85%） from 1960 to 2018. The area of the Aral Sea had shrunk by （5.94±0.02）×10⁴ km² （about 86.77%） during the period of 1960 - 2009， while the shrinkage rate had slowed down obviously and the area had decreased by 740.04 km² （about 8.17%） during the period of 2009 - 2018. The results of this statistical analysis show that the enhanced human activities since 1960， especially the increase of irrigation water consumption and reservoir capacity， is the dominant factor rendering the rapid shrinkage of the Aral Sea. Hence， water consumption， especially for irrigation should be adjusted to adapt on-going warming in the Aral Sea basin as soon as possible.

Glacier is an indicator of climate change. Now the impact of climate change on glacier and glacial runoff is one of the hot and frontier researches at home and abroad. Studies on the processes and mechanisms of glacial runoff are focuses on simulation since the lack of in situ measured data. Hence we take Urumqi Glacier No.1 catchment at the headwaters of the Urumqi River as an example, based on recent 59-year runoff data observed at Urumqi Glacier No.1 Hydrology Station, mass balance of the glacier, meteorological data at Daxigou to study the long-term variations of runoff and its components in Urumqi Glacier No.1 catchment and its response to climate change. Results indicate that the annual total runoff at the station is 204.33×10⁴ m³ averaged over the past 59 years. Glacial runoff accounts for the highest proportion (70%) of the total runoff, precipitation runoff in non-glaciarized area makes up 30% of the total runoff. Glacial runoff can be divided into precipitation runoff in glacial areas and glacier mass balance, accounting for 44% and 26%, respectively. Glacial runoff and its components at Urumqi Glacier No.1 Hydrology Station show an overall upward trend during the period of 1959-2017. Precipitation-produced runoff in glacial and non-glacial areas mainly depends on the amount of total precipitation and has presented a ladder-like upswing trend since 1996. With the decrease of glacier area, the precipitation runoff in non-glaciarized area has an increasing trend while in glaciarized area has a decreasing trend. The total runoff, glacial runoff and mass balance are correlated well with the mean air temperature of July-August, and also show positively relationship with precipitation. The variation of glacial runoff can be divided into four stages:a low level stage from 1959 to 1984, a rising stage from 1985 to 1996, a peak stage from 1997 to 2007 and a declining stage from 2008 to 2017. In the stage of 2008-2017, glacial runoff showed a weak decreasing trend and did not coincide with the increase of air temperature, which may be attributing to the decrease of precipitation and the shrinkage of glacierized arnce