25 February 1990, Volume 12 Issue 1
    

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  • Shi Yafeng, Zheng Benxing, Li Shijie
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Since the late 1950’s, a lot of Chinese scientists explored the remain of Quaternary Glaciation in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its surrounding mountains, 3-4 glaciations were primarily recognized. The largest one occurred in late Middle Pleistocene with piedmont glaciers, ice caps and trellis valley glaciers in many high peak regions. But no evidences of unit ice sheet covered the whole plateau as described by M. Kuhle. Due to the further uplifting of the Himalayas and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau the climate become drier and drier, diminished the extension of glaciers during Late Pleistocene. The elevation of the snowline during last glaciation was about 4 000 m in south, east and northeast margins of the plateau and ascended to 5 500 in in northwest part of inland plateau. The thermal effect of the big plateau mass, the great increasing of aridity from southeast margin to northwest inland area and the abrupt decreasing of precipitation during Ice Age induce the distribution features of Quaternary glaciers in Qinghai and Xizang Plateau. The neglect of Chinese literature may be one cause of M. Kuhle’s misinterpretation on the environment,of Quaternary Glaciations in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
  • Harry Zilliacus
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 17-30. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0002
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    Finland was completely covered by a vast Fennoscandian ice sheet at least twice, but, almost with exception, the landform themselves represent the last glaciation at 80 000-9 000 years BP. The onset of deglaciation occurred in 12 000 BP, and the beginning of post-glacial time has been fixed at around 10 000 BP. By approximately 9 000 BP, the ice margin had left Finland and retreated to an area in the vicinity of the ice centre in northern Sweden. Roches Moutone es are very common erosional landforms, and the most conspicuous moraine landforms in Finland are the drumlins and the transverse De Geer moraines. And the fluvioglacial drift can be found from the deltas, outwash plains, sandurs, long and winding radial eskers and kames and so on.Another accumulation landforms are extensive marginal formations. Finally, author gives a general review for Holocene geomorphic processes.
  • Cai Zhongmin, Zhu Yuanlin, Zhang Changqing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 31-40. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0003
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    It is considered that plastic flow occurs only when stress exceeds long-term strength of frozen soil. Total strain rate may be decomposed into two parts: damping and nondamping creep strain rates. A viscoelastoplastic constitutive model including the effect of temperature is suggested which is suitable for both static and repeated loading conditions. Parameters and indefinite functions in the model can be determinated withthe minimum strain rate (εm) and the time to failure (tm) corresponding to the inflection point on creep curves under-various constant stresses and temperatures and the creep test data in which creep stress is equal to or less than long-term strength. The method of determination of the parameters has a clear physical meaning. Calculated results based on the constitutive model show a good agreement with test results.
  • Jiang Hongju, Cheng Enyuan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 41-47. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0004
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    Foundations built on seasonally frozen soils have been used to investigate the effect of load on frost heaving and thawing of the soil. The characteristics of the effect have been revealed basically and the effect curves are plotted which can be used to evaluate the amount of the frost heaving and thawing of the foundations built on the frozen soils.
  • Deng Yousheng, Xu Xiaozu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 48-54. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0005
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    By using the methods of water extraction, freezing point depression and moisture absorption, three types of soil (i.e., sand, silt and clay) were tested to obtain the soil water characteristic curves in the whole range from multiolecular layer to saturation. It was found that the relationship between the absolute values of the soil water potential and water content could be expressed by a power equation. The absolute value of the soil water potential increases with the increasing of the clay particle content and salinity and the decreasing of the dry density of soils as water content is the same. It is related to the changing process of soil water. The absolute values of soil water potential in the dehydration process are greater than those in the hygroscopic process. The hysteresis of the soil water characteristic curves in hygroscopic process could be explained by the theory of overlapping hydrate film.
  • Zhu Cheng, Song Changqing, Li Yong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 55-62. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0006
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    Frost heaving mounds of hollow-domelike frost blister type and candle ice type were found in this area. The former can be divided into 5 layers, namely, surface humus soil, domelike massive ice, empty dome loose debris as well as permafrost layer with particulate ice, and the latter can be divided into 4 layers, namely, surface humus soil, candle ice, massive ice and permafrost layer with particulate ice. It is found from the investigation that both of them are seasonal frost heaving mounds. Based on analyses of forming mechanism, the authors consider that transmission of cold wave in winter,. hydrostatic pressure of closed system freezing suprapermafrost ground water, shallow and low permeable layer, as well as fine soil material of ground surface are the prerequisite for developing seasonal frost heaving mounds in the region.
  • Wang Shading
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 63-70. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0007
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    This paper discussed the development conditions, influencing factors, types, forms, dynamic variations and prevention and control measures of thaw slumping in Fenghuo Mountain area along the Qinghai-Xizang Highway.The types, forms and development speeds of thaw slumping basically depend on the topography, slope gradient, composition and moisture condition of the surfacial soil and vegetation cover.On the basis of its movement mode, thaw slumping can be classified into following two types: slump-sink and draw-glide types.Each type can be further classified into following forms based on their shapes:The slump-sink type: Armchairlike and beltlike forms the draw-glide type: multi-heads tonguelike, striplike and branchlike forms.The development of thaw sluping can be controlled by constructing various types of retaining wall and soil bank.
  • Hu Xiaogang, Li Nianjie, Deng Shimin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 71-82. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0008
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    From 1985 to 1986, a study on glacio-hydrology was made on the south slope of the Bogeda Mt. (5445 m a.s.l.)- The observation point was located at the outlet (3380 m a.s.l.). of a glacier dammed lake with a distance to the terminus of Glacier No. 8 in the heigou. The area controlled by the observation is 29.83 km. among which the glaciated area is 13.07 km, 43.81% of the whole area. The following conclusions were drawn from analysing and simulating the observation for two years:1. The relationship between glacial discharge and air temperature is a parabolic curve expressed as:Q =1.3513+0.3356T+0,0760T(the coefficient of correlation r = 0.87 when T>-2.2℃). In the equation, Q sdenotes the 10-day average runoff (m/s) from June to August, T the 10-day average temperature(℃) from June to August.2. There is a lag time (generally 1-3 days) for glacier meltwater runoff to respond to the temperature change because of regulation of the storage area on / near a glacier, which obviously regulates meltwater runoff. It was found by self correlation analysis that the runoff from day to day is dependent, but selfcorrelation coefficient declines exponentially with the increase of lag time.3. It is well known that the ablation concentrates in summer for continental glaciers. Summer ablation on Glacier No. 8 in the Heigou is 90.7% of the total annual ablation. Net ice ablation is 69. Wo of the total annual ablation. The runoff module of net glacier ablation is up to 73.4 dm / s·km equivalent to 835.1 mm of runoff depth. The percentage of glacier runoff to river is 46.9% above the outlet.
  • Wang Shirong, Zhao Guishan, Qu Yumei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 83-86. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0009
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    A composite contraction for dissipating water energy is mainly based on a shaft combining some tooth, network structures and ground floor. As a result, it becomes a closed system with a function of multi-decline of water head. Besides above, it is built by arch-shapped structures and the total size of the composite constraction is only and half of that in an open system, so, this kind of constraction is good for preventing frost damage. After operating for more than 20 years, it is shown that the composite constraction for dissipating water energy can be used in the regions with a maximum frost heave of 30 cm.
  • Peng Hanxing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1990, 12(1): 87-90. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1990.0010
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    The forming processes of the red bounder clay in the Lushan Mount include depos-itting and weathering after it. The properties of the bounder clay in this area, such as the chemical compasition, clay and gravel composition, were changed greatly because of weathering. The characteristics of the red bounder clay, that formed in the middle pleistocene can’t be compared with those of the debris flow formed at present. Thus the usual argument is untenable on the formatation of the debris flow of the red bounder clay in the Lushan Mount.