25 February 1989, Volume 11 Issue 1

    

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  Prof. Shi Yafeng——The Initiator and Founder of Morden Glaciology and Geocryology in China

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0001

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  Late Quaternary Climate Changes in Eastern China

  Xu Xin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 10-19. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0002

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  There were three main stages in Late Quaternary climate changes: last interglacial, Dali-ice age and post glaciation. The last interglacial can be divided into three warmer stages and two colder stages; the highest temperature was 4℃ higher than now. Dali-ice age can be divided into three stadial periods and tow interstadial periods; the lowest temperature was 8-13℃ lower than present. But there were about 10 warmer and colder climatic cycles with amplitude of 7-8℃. The climate changes during the post glaciation also can be divided into four stages, but the colder and warmer changing range was only 5-6℃. The total process of the climatic change shows that the climate in the future will be colder.Although the influences of mankind will be reducing the cold level of climatic change. It can not turn round after all direction of climatic change.
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  Study on Regularity and Influence Factors of Displacement of Frozen Soil Wall in Freeze Sinking

  Ma Yingming, Guo Ruiping

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 20-33. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0003

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  This paper associates itself with the practical intensifing freeze method used in mine shaft of Xie Qiao in Huai Nan. By combining measurement in situ with finite elemant numerical simulation method, systematic analysis has been taken on the frozen soil wall’s displacement of deep-seated thick day. With space concerned, the displacement distributions not only on the surface of frozen soil wall, but also in inner frozen soil wall and in the site of freezing pipes have been got. With time concerned, not only the displacement in the case of one segment wall exposed, but also the leading displacement and the displacement in the frozen soil wall after being lined in have been studied. The total displacement and regularity of displacement in frozen soil wall revealing in the process of operation in deep-seated thich day have been obtained. The interfluence of the upper and lower segment walls on displacement has been discovered, and the regularity of displacement has also been revealed. It has been concluded that the maximum displacement appears at the middle or lower parts of deep-lying thick day. The breaking mechanism and position of fracture of freezing pipe have been found out. Using numerical simulation the factors which affect the displacement of frozen soil wall have been analysed, the formula for the displacement of inner surface of frozen soil wall and influence factors has been obtained on the condition of zero excavation velocity. Based on those, anew——method sectionlized constant segment wall’s superposition method has been putforward for calculating displacement of frozen soil wall in shaft sinking.
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  The Statistical Characteristics of Frozen Soil in Jilin Province

  Ni Chaoyu, Wang Huiqing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 34-43. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0004

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  The observed data (1954-1980) of frozen soil from 42 meteorological stations over Jilin Province are used in this statistical analysis.In Jilin Province, all kinds of frozen soil are seasonal. The freezing period begins in November and ends in next May. The maximum depth of frozen occurs in March. Which is the same time of the stable passage of 0℃ air temperature. It increases from south and south east to north and north west. Its maximum value 250 cm, appears in Baicheng, a plain region in north west. The minimum value of frost depth, 101 cm, appears in Donggang, a mountainous region in south east. The maximum depth of frozen soil is mainly related to latitude, the depth of snow cover and duration.By the statistics, we find that the annual maximum depth of frozen soil can be well related to the minimum surficial ground temperature in December.It will takes about five monthes to reach the maximum depth of frozen soil in a year, and only more than two monthes for thawing of the frozen soil. The time distribution of the stable freezing depth of soil at 10, 30 and 50 cm is similar to latitude. The freezing depth at 100 cm is not the result of the difference of the soil structure, but well related to latitude.
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  Approach to Some Problems of the Check of Anti-Frost Heaving of Bridge Pile Foundation in Seasonally Frozen Regions

  Sheng Hongfei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 44-52. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0005

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  Based on investigations and practical project experiments, some new ideas on the check of anti-frost heaving of bridge foundation piles are proposed and their principal contents have been admitted into the new revised edition of the Design Code of the Base and Foundation of Highway Bridge and Culvert.The values of the tangential frost heaving force on bridge structure presented in this paper are based on the hydrogeologic characteristics of the bridge structure and determined according to the envelope of the actual values measured recently in our country.The frost depth is variable, so that the standard frost depth should be taken in design. When calculating tangential frost heaving force, it is suggested that a revised coefficient nTof the standard frost depth should be used.According to the stress state of a pile under the action of frost heave, it is pointed out that the value of friction between the pile and warm earth determined on the basis of a general axial tensile pile is wrong. It should be determined on basis of a general axial compressed pile.On the basis of actual test conditions under which the value of friction between pileand soil is determined, only half of the pile weight below freezing front should be considered.
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  Applications of Environmental Isotope Tritium to Research Into Ground Ice in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

  Wang Shading, Wang Ping, Zhang Tingjun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 53-59. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0006

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  Tritium is a kind of isotope of hydrogen. It is a ideal tracer element in natural water circulation. The tritium analysis come into use not only in glacier snow and precipitation but also in ground ice in permafrost regions. A lot of tritium analyses showed that the tritium concentrations of precipitation (fresh snow), surface water (river or lake), groundwater deeply under frozen layer, and many kinds of ground ices in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Xizang plateau are all lower than those in the Mackenzie River valley area of Nourth America. Because the tritium concentrations are different in different water, various ground ices differ each other greatly in the tritium concentrations. We can use these differences to judge what the main reason to form a pingo is, where there the complement water came from, and when the ice formed relatively. Tritium analysis is also a new method in studying the water moving or migrating cryogenic structure and cryogenic phenomena in permafrost regions.
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  The Research of Snow Temperature and Melt-water Percolation in the Infiltration of a Glacier

  Cai Baolin, Wang Liangwei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 60-68. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0007

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  The time-spatial change of snow temperature and melt-water percolation in infiltration zone of Glacier No.1 in the Urumqi River is discussed in this paper. Meantime, the sketch of heat exchange between the atomsphere and infiltration zone is given. Finaly we set up the mathematical model for calculating the snow temperature in infiltration zone of a glacier.
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  Formation and Evolution of Permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Since the late Pleistocene

  Wang Shaoling

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 69-75. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0008

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  According to the distributive differences in space of permafrost and periglacial phenomena at present and ancient, for example, involutions, sand wedges, pingos, wind-blown sand, loess, ground ice and Permafrost table, and the data of radiocarbon ¹⁴C dating, the author reconstructed the palaeo geographical environment on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since late pleistocene.The author thinks that the areal permafrost on the plateau at present was formed in latest pleistocene. And then the distributive range and thickness of the permafrost change with the fluctuation of air temperature.The climate changes and the permafrost evolution on the Qinghai-Xizang plateau since the late pleistocene may be divided into four stages as follows: cold period in the latest pleistocene (35 000-0 000 y. B. P.), transitional period in the early Holocene (10 000-000 y. B. P.), relative warm period in the middle Holocene (8000-3000 y. B. P.) and cold period in the late Holocene(since 3000 y. B. P.).
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  A preliminary research of Geomorphological and Depositional Features of Pleistocene Glaciations in the East Slope of Xiaoxianling Mountain in the Southwest of Sichuan Province

  Yi Chaolu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 76-81. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0009

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  There exist three steps of cirques, troughs, four to six lines of lateral moraines, pyramids aretes and end moraines, etc. The first step of cirques have an average altitude of 4150 m a.s.L The second step 3980 m and the third 3710 m a.s.L The lateral moraines near hillslope are larger, higher and older than those away from valleys. In the same valley, lateral moraine on the north side of hills has a larger scale and reach a lower position than those on the south side of hills. The third step of cirques and the lateral moraines near hillslope which have a weathered layer in their surfaces represent earlier stage of Pleistocene glaciation. The other steps of cirques and other lateral moraines represent later stage of Pleistocene glaciation.The gavels in the tills all came from the bedrocks in the glaciation area and their frabrics are not well-developed. The tills contain more sand and less silt. On the curves of grainsize distribution, main peaks occur in 0-1φ and the second peaks occur in 2-3φ. There are typical surface textures on the glacial quatz sands, such as compressed pits, striations and "steps". Leaching of silicon and the accumulation of iron and aluminium are not obvious and illite is the main clay mineral.
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  The Characteristics of the Surface Movement of the Lobate-shape Rock Glacier From the Debris Fabric, Tianshan, China

  Zhu Cheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 82-88. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0010

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  There are the decades of the lobate-shape rock glaciers at the head of Urumqi River, they are mainly evolved from talus or scree.As a generally rule, the single rock glacier is about 60-150 m wide, 35-100 m long and 30-40 m high. There are some antidip slopes, ridges and trough on its top and some compressional-tilted tabutars at the bottom of the front slopes.The debris fabric in the rock glacier No.2 have shown the following conclusions: 1. The orientation of the AB plane and the A axis are identical with the orientation of their deposit plane. 2. The AB plane is the preferable to the A axis in the orientation of the fabric. 3. Its flowing direction is from the valley wall to the outer and perpendicular to the surface contour of the rock glacier. 4. Its flowing characteristics is different from the tongue-shape rock glacier in the Alps. The major influnced factors are climate and topography.
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  A Study of Surface Textures and Indicated Sedimentary Environment of Quartz Sand From Some Sediments in the Kunlun Shan Pass Region Under Electronic Scanning Microscope

  Li Shijie

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1989, 11(1): 89-91. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1989.0011

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  The quartz sand grains from the modern till, palaeo-till, modern glacio-fluvial sediment, palaeo-lakeside delta deposit and fluvio-diluvial fan in the region of Kunlun Shan Pass were examined under Electronic Scanning Microscope for their external morphological characteristics. The combination of different surface texture characteristics and indicated sedimentary environments were discussed and discerned. The combination of specific surface texture characteristics of quartz sand from the till provide a powerful evidence for distinquishing between palaeo-till and other non-glaciogenous diamictons. It is also pointed that the surface characteristics of quartz sand not only represent its final sedimentary environment, but also include a series of depositional processes.