25 November 1985, Volume 6 Issue 4

    

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  Some Relationships of the Fluctuation of Glacier No.1 with Climatic Change at the Source of Urumqi River, Tianshan

  Zhang Xiangsong, Sun Zuozhe, Zhang Jinhua, Kang Xingcheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0050

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  Three ways of research on the complicated relationship between glacial fluctuation and climatic changes are applied at present: (1) Explaining the direct relationship between glacial fluctuation and climatic changes so as to provide a climatic model for the explanation of glacial behaviour;(2) Quantitatively modelling the response of glacial behaviour on change of mass balance and theoretical analysis of very sensitive respondent properties of glacial terminus on climatic changes; (3) Explaining the variation of Switzerland glaciers in 1891-1965 with the relationship between glacier and weather.The areal distribution of Glacier No.l has large influence on the annual change of mass balance,because the range of annual variation of the altitute of the equilibrium line locates just within the maximum area of the distributive region of the glacier. The empirical relationship between, the altitude (EL) of equilibrium line and the net mass balance (M) has been found as: EL= 4038.1 - 0.16 M. Correlation coefficient is -0.78.Comparative results of topographic maps of different periods indicate that Glacier No.l has continuously retreated since 1962. But the retreating rate is obviously different: 5.96 m/yr. during Sep. 1962-Aug. 1977; 3.28 m/yr.during Aug.1973-Aug.1980 and 4.83 m/yr.during Aug.1980-Aug.1981.Inference of climatic changes and glacial behaviour in drainage area of Urumqi River from tree ring data during the Little Ice Age is shown in Table 2. From these three methods we come to the conclusion that the state of degradation of Glacier No. 1 at present will still continue for a considerable time, at least before 1990.
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  Analysis of the Frequency Response Behaviour of the Glacier No.1 at the Urumqi River Headwaters, Tianshan

  Wang Wenti, Liu Zongxiang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 13-24. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0051

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  Glacier No.1 at the Urumqi River headwaters is retreating steadily in recent years with curves of net budgets (1979/1980-1981/1982) run roughly parallel one to another, and could be regarded as one-dimensional linear system at the time of perturbations.Nye’s theory of frequency response behaviour was extended to the glacier with tributaries. Based on the measured data, the perturbation equation was solved illustratively by series development,giving curves showing the amplitude of the thickness changes |H|A at the terminus, the phase lag and the time lag.The calculated results show that for the Glacier No. 1 the diffusion is a negligible quantity, and the maximum response can arise only if the period is longer than 1000 years. For w> 1, i.e. the period is less than 10 years, the phase lag should be 90°. For w>10^-2, the time lag at the terminus should be a quarter of the period with a maximum error of 12 years. For w>2×10^-1, the time lag should not be larger than 10 years at the teminus. For a period over 1000 years, the time lag is estimated at about 79 years.From the calculated results,we infer that the values of a₁ might be positive before 1949; in (1981+25), the retreat rate of the glacier will somewhat be larger than that at present.Authors believe that the analysis of the frequency response is very applicable to the case of valley glaciers, especially to those of small and middle size.
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  Study on Relationship Between Mass Balance Change of Glacier No.1 at the Headwater of Urumqi River, Tianshan and Climate

  Zhang Jinhua, Wang Xiaojun, Li Jun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 25-36. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0052

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  The data of the last 24 years are summarized and the relationship between the mass balance changes of glacier No.1 and climate is studied. It is shown that the mass balance of the glacier is controlled by positive accumulated temperature and annual precipition. The altitude of equilibrium line of this glacier is not only dependent on the annual precipitation but also on the annual mean temperature, the continued time of positive temperature period and the seasonal distribution of precipitation. A regression equation between the altitude of equilibrium line and the above elements is given. Based on annual changes of precipitation and the positive accumulated temperature, the climate in the headwater region of Urumqi River may be divided into five types, i.e. dry-cold, dry-temperate, wet-cold, wet-temperate and temperate-wet patterns.
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  Estimation of Air Temperatures in Plateau Permafrost Regions of West China

  Wang Qingyi, Cheng Guodong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 37-47. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0053

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  By step-by-step regression method, it is found that the main factors influencing the air temperature in Qilianshan are altitude X₁, latitude X₂ and precipitation w. With these factors and the multivariate regression method) it is also found that the boundary between heating and cooling effects in west China (75°12’-103°32’E, 27°13’-48°3’N) lies at 40°N. With 40°N as a boundary line statistical analysis of the two regions gives out the following equations: Y’_6N(S)=B₀+B₁X₁+B₂X₂+B₃W Substitute the values of X₁,X₂ and W of a certain place into the equation, the air temperature of the place is quickly obtained.
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  Polygon-Veins along the Qinghai-Xizang Highway

  Liang Fengxian, Cheng Guodong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0055

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  Based on the principle scheme of polygon-veins suggested by Roman-ovskiy, the polygon-veins along the Qinghai-Xizang Highway have been investigated in detail, some new points of view obtained, and their classification according to activity and size attempted. Small-sized polygon-veins, both active and fossil, belong to orignal sand vein of high temperature type, the active middle-sized polygon-veins belong to original sand vein of transitional type, while the fossil middle-sized polygon-veins though belong to transitional type also, but according to different humidity on-ground surface are separated into original sand vein, original soil vein, residual ice-soil vein or sand-ice vein respectively, differing from the ice wedge cast regarded before. Most of the fossil large-sized polygon-veins are of transitional type, only a few of them may be ice wedge casts. From statistical analyses,the relationships between distributive elevation and latitude or longitude have also been found. Further analysis indicates that both the large-sized and middle-sized fossil polygon-veins were formed by the end of the Late pleistocene period. Based on the temperature for the formation of polygon-veins suggested by Romanovskiy with our revision for mountain uplift,it is estimated that the mean annual air temperature in Late Glaciation might be 6-8℃ lower than that at present, coincident with estimations through other methods.
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  Laboratory-Determined Parameters of Water Migration in Un-Saturated Soil

  Shen Yanli, Wang Yaqing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 61-68. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0056

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  In order to study the mechamism of water migration in un-saturated soil during freezing experiments on the soil water characteristics, hydrulic conductivity K(θ) and diffusivity D(θ) were conducted with various soil,such as clay, clayey-loam, sandy- loam and very fine sand collected from Zhangye Frost Station, Gansu Province. The experimental methods are briefly described. Their soil water characteristics are given in Fig.l. The relationship between hydraulic conductivity K or diffusivity D and the degree of saturation G can be expressed by K = K_SG^β (Fig.2) and D = D_sG^a (Fig. 4) respectively.
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  Periglacial Sedimentary Environment of Huanggangliang Region, the Main Peak of Daxinganling in the Late Pleistocene

  Xie Youyu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 69-78. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0057

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  In the Late Pleistocene, the lithological transformation model in sedimentary facies at the Huanggangliang (2029 m a.s.l.), the main peak of Da-xinganling, is as follows: the translation of the solifluction facies in the early stage to the alluvial facies in the middle stage then to the slope melt snow water and aeolian deposit in the late stage. The exuberant dereliction rate throughout whole period is higher than that of river cutting caused by the tectonics, therefore the landform of broad valleys and gentle slopes with asymmetric valleys, nivation hollows and altiplanation terraces develops very well, showing characteristics of morphology and deposition under per~ iglacial environment.Based on spore pollen analysis, the plant association characteristics have been established, showing cold and wet climate and lack of spore pollen in. the early Late Pleistocene, turning into warm and semi-arid climatic with the sparse forest steppe in the middle of Late Pleistocene, then,cold and dry climate condition with steppe landscape in the later period of Late Pleistocene, finally, turning into warm semi-humid in the Holocene epoch.Total chemical analysis of clay skewing the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 3 to 4, hydromica as the main mineral composition of clay, high contents of CaCO₃, soluble salt, etc. further proved that this region was in periglacial environment throughout the Late Pleistocene. But different periglacial types were found in the different periods. In the Late Pleistocene it belonged to latitudinal periglacial zone, for the southern limit of the permanent frozen zone was around 39-40°N. Now it belongs to the altitudinal periglacial zone,because the southern limit of the permanent frozen zone has moved north-.ward to 47-48°N. These facts show that this region was in the periglacial environment and no glaciers developed even in the coldest Late Pleistocene.
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  Discussion on the Quaternary Climate in East China from the Distribution of Oncomelania in the Middle Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River

  Nie Guoxiang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 79-83. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0058

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  Widely distributed oncomelania in the Hunan,Hubei basins and the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River occupies 85% of the total in the world both in area and in quantity. The requirement of the annual mean air temperature for the living of such snail either in the mountains or in the plains is not lower than 11.6℃ and 14℃ respectively, while under negative temperature condition it will die rapidly. The vertical difference of height between the upper limit (2400m) of oncomelania at Lijiang county and the snowline(5000 m) of modern glacier of Yulongshan in Yunnan province is 2600 m. The capability of the oncomelania to live and spread is greatly limited. According to studies, the Asian oncomelania originated from India following the collision of the Indian plate with the Asian plate in Neozoic era and spreaded eastward to East China, Japan and other regions with the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau and the development of water systems there. So we know oncomelania lived through the whole period of Quaternary. From this, we come to the conclusion that there was no ice age climate and Quaternary glaciation, which would lead to the extinction of oncomelania in the lower mountains, such as Lushan, in the East China in the Quaternary.
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  General Situation of Lichenometry Research Abroad

  Chen Jiyang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1984, 6(4): 85-93. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1984.0060

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  In this paper, the general situation of lichenometry research abroad is briefly introduced with some discussions on the aspects such as the basis of lichenometric dating method,the detailed methods, and relative and absolute age determinations and so on. The results of lichenometric research are reviewed and the problems as well as the future of lichenometric application are analyzed.