25 November 1983, Volume 4 Issue 4
    

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  • Edward Derbyshire
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0046
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    The valleys, basins, and sediments of the Lushan (29°N, 116°E) were first interpreted as the product of pleistocene glaciers by J.S. Lee in 1933. Following similar conclusions on massifs throughout subtropical S.E. China the hypothesis was re-iterated in 1947.Similar views were expressed in the late 1960’s and there is still a strong body of opinion in China that mountain glaciation was widespread south of the Chang Jiang.The Lushan has become the critical site, for some of the few foreign scientists to visit it have accepted the glacial hypothesis.Evidence cited in support of Pleistocene glaciation includes cirques, U-shaped valleys, striated surfaces, erratic boulders, perched blocks, moraines and drumlins.Morphometric analysis of valley heads demonstrates that none of the ‘cirques’is deep enough to have generated glacial ice or to have stimulated basal sliding. The dimensions and forms of ‘U-shaped’valleys are incompatible with glacial origin: some are simple synclines while others are fluvial valleys with catenary cross profiles produced by rockfall and colluvia-tion.Rock basins are unknown.Perched blocks are the product of differential weathering of the jointed sandstones to produce tor-like masses.The moraines are made up of boulders in a sandy-clay matrix.Secondary clay minerals are abundant and deeply weathered clay-rich profiles are widespread as high as 1300 m.Theie is no significant silt matiix(rock flour) and glacially facetted clasts are absent. Sediment fabric shows a high correlation with local slope and fan surface morphology.The ‘moraines’and ‘kames’are interpreted as fanglomerates in various stages of dissection.Apparent glacio-dynamic structures can be explained by local tectonic activity. Examples of solif-luction mantles can be found above 1000 m but no ice wedge casts have been demonstrated.The implications of these results for the Pleistocene glacial stratigraphy of China are discussed.An alternative morphogenetic picture is presented for the Lushan and, by analogy, for the mountain massifs of south and east China.
  • Yao Tandong, Li Jijun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0047
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    This paper deals with problems arisen from former "glacial relics" in the Lu Shan which often puzzled brains of many geologists and geographers, at home and abroad.Using the data collected from both field works and laboratory analyses, we get some ideas quite different from that of prof. Lee J.S. (李四光) Firstly, we find that the Da-Ao cirque occurring north side of Dayue Mountain, has nothing to do with the form of a typical glacial cirque.There is no rock basin with a threshold on the lip,and also no back wall in sheer face can be found.Its side walls are rather steep indeed, but just near the lip a tight anticline consisted of hard sandstone strata occurs, which probably could account for the steep side walls and even the development of the cirque itself. Moreover, the value of the form ratio (F) is 10.8 for Da-Ao cirque, and 8.2 for Huanglong cirque.These values are much too high for a glacial genetic cirque. Similarly, we found that the values of form ratio of troughs in the Lu Shan (Fr = D/W) are hardly possible to be taken as indicator for their galcial origin.Generally, the so-called troughs in the Lu Shan are too shallow,which means no overdeepening happened during the the time they were being sculptured.All the above mentioned facts conflict with the maritime environment of the Lu Shan both in glacial past andpresent.The major part of the paper is devoted to the analyses of the features of the deposits in the Lu Shan region according to sedimentology,the analysesinclude:1.Fabric features including the changes of the lithological characters,the gravel shapes and the preferred orientations of long axis and a/b plane.2.The features of particle-size shown by the parameters,the diagrams of the dots of the parameters and the frequency curve, of the particle-size. To study the original mechanism of boulder clay in; the Lu Shan this paper cit es numerous research results of the valley glacial deposits and the debris-flow deposits at home arid abroad, comparing with the features of boulder clay in the Lu Shan.It is quite clear that the glacial theory is not suitable to explain the genesis of landscape and boulder clay in the Lu Shan, and more works are nee ded to find a way to bring us back to reality.
  • Wu Ziwang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 43-48. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0048
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    For certain frozen soil system, although the characteristics of its frost heave, thaw settling and strength have their own particular natures, they have closely intrinsic interrelations among themselves and are all governed by one single substantial factor-water content in the soil.Moreover, in natural condition, moisture is also a main factor governing the cryogenic structures of soils.Generally,a certain type of frozen soil structure reflects a certain range of water content and exhibits certain mechanical properties and engineering behaviours.In this paper, the author states the intrinsic relations and identity between the cryogenic structure and the mechanical characteristics of frozen soils, and on the basis of which, presents a comprehensive classification of frozen soils in engineering constructions.
  • Tong Changjiang, Yu Chongyun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 49-54. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0049
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    In recent years, many researchers have investigated the normal frost-heaving forces acted upon the surface of bearing plates caused by freezing of soils, but could not explain the great differences of their results.This paper gives the results of field and laboratory studies on the discussed subject. Experiments show that the normal frost-heaving force decreases with the increase in the area of plate and finally tends to a certain value dependent on certain critical conditions such as water content, temperature, depth of frost penetration, etc.The authors present the view that normal frost-heaving force is composed of two parts: the normal frost-heaving force caused by the cylindrical sample restrained by surface plates or foundations and that caused by the unrestrained soils around the mentioned cylinder.Furthermore, the authors consider that the former has nothing to do with bearing plates, while the latter decreases with the increase in plate areas. So the normal frost-heaving force from smaller bearing plates did not reveal their actual values.These values can not be used in practice unless they are corrected.
  • Wang Wenkai, Ling Chuanwei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 55-61. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0050
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  • Guo Dongxin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 63-66. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0052
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    Mahan mountain, one of the eastern mountains in the Qilian mountain chains, is located on the southern edge of Lanzhou basin with its highest point reaching an elevation of 3625 metres.From the air temperature recorded in Lanzhou, we inferred that the mean annual air temperature on the top of Mahan mountain is about -2.0—2.2℃(the field observation in 1961 showed a value of -2.3℃); and it supports the view that Mahan mountain is in a periglacial environment. Field investigations show that both the palaeo-periglacial relics and the contemporary periglacial phenomena are widely visible here.The author considers that the current mean annual air temperature and surface temperature of the discussed area does not meet the temperature requirement necessary for preserving and developing permafrost.This means that there is no permafrost in this area, which has been testified by corresponding field investigation results.However, in view of the fact that the mean annual airtemperature (-2.0-2.2℃) and surface temperature (2.0-0.2℃) on Mahanmo-untain being approaching the critical value of forming frozen ground,the author conjectured that it would be possible to find over-a-year frozen ground in cold years on those shady and damp slopes with thicker soil layers.If we take the mean annual air temperature of -3.0℃ as the demarcation line between the permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, then we could determine the lower limit of permafrost distribution in Lanzhou basin during the last glacial period being at about 2100 metres above sea level.Therefore, conclusion could be drawn that those parts higher than 2100-2200 metres above sea level in mountains and plateaus located at the periphery of Lanzhou basin were most likely distributed with permafrost at that time.
  • Guo Penfei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 67-70. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0053
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    The Era Shan is located in the northeast part of Qing-Zang Plateau an easterly extended part of Bulhanbuda Shan in the eastern section of Kunlun Shan.The Quaternary glaciation is distributed on its northern and southern slopes.According to the characteristics of geomorphological form in Era Shan, the glacial remnants can be divided into following forms: the cirque, the glacial valley, the platform of glacial drift, and the piedmont moraine ridge.There was a glacial age in the early mid-pleistocene in the area of Era Shan and was called the Era Shan Glacial Age; then in the late Pleistocene there appeared a long interglacial age and was called the Dahouba Intergla-cial Age.
  • Hu Fade, Wang Minglong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 71-74. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0054
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    Periglacial phenomena on Mt.Gongga are as follows: 1. Rock-glaciers, develop in the fossil cirques at an altitude of 4800 m along the right side of Tengzeng Gully on the western slope of Mt.Gongga, totally six in all with no ice on their surface but some large blocks and with arched transversal ridges at their front formed by creeping, 2. Fossil pingos develop behind the Gongga Temple at 4600-4700 m similar to volcanic cone in appearance with circular or elliptic neve cirques 2-3 m deep on their top, 3. Solifluctions distribute over the col of Mt.Panpan on the right side of Si-chuan-Xizang Highway on the northern slope at 4150 m or 4600 m with activities frequent in thawing seasons often blocking highway, 4. Slump of thermokarst develops along the right side of Shiaogongba glacier over 4700 m about 600 m long and 250 m wide in the shape of a dumbbell with continuous creeping.
  • Wang Jiacheng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 75-81. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0055
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  • Mi Desheng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 86-87. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0058
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  • Zhou Youwu, Xu Xiaozu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1982, 4(4): 88-89. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1982.0059
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