25 August 1982, Volume 3 Issue 3

    

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  DIVISION OF PERMAFROST REGIONS IN DAXIAO HINGGAN LING NORTHEAST CHINA

  Guo Dongxin, Wang Shading, Lu Guouwei, Dan Jingbe, Li Enying

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0039

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  Considering the close relationship between the actual distribution of permafrost in this district and the annual mean air temperature, we take the latter as the basis for the determination of first-class zones. Then the whole district may be divided into four zones, namely 1) the region north of -5.0℃ isotherm is a large area of perennial frost zone; 2) the regionbetween -5.0℃—3.0℃ isotherm is an insular thawing permafrost zone; 3)the region between -3.0℃ isotherm and the southern limit of the permafrost is an insular permafrost zone; 4) the region south of the southern limit of the permafrost is a seasonal freezing ground zone. According to different development conditions and features of permafrost, geomorphology and geological structure boundary, the insular thawing permafrost zone could be subdivided into two second-class regions, while the insular permafrost zone into five second-class regions.
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  CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIAL MUD-FLOWS IN SOUTH-EASTERN QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU

  Du Ronghuan, Zhang Shucheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 10-16. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0040

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  The mountainous regions in south-eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is a region where existing glaciers (especially the monsoon maritime glaciers) are very well developed. The physical geographical environment and glaciation peculiarities in this region are the causes for the development of its unique glaical mud-flows.The distribution of glacial mud-flows is concentrated in the gullies of both sides of Polung Zangbo, Yigong Zangbo, the Dongjiu He and the Niyang He where lies the big bend of the Yarlung Zangbo Jiang in the south of the eastern section of the Nyainqentanglha Shan, and corresponds to the distribution of the monsoon maritime glaciers. Guxiang Gully on the right bank of Polung Zangbo may be taken as a typical example of the glacial mud-flows in the region. According to the data collected from three surveys and local observations made in the 60’s and the 70’s, the authors attempt to sum up the modern process of development and the characteristics of glacial mud-flows in Guxiang Gully.
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  DISCUSSION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLLEN COMPONENTS IN THE CLIMATE OF QUATERNARY ICE AGES AND INTERGLACIAL AGES IN NORTH CHINA

  Tang Lingyu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 17-22. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0041

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  On the basis of previous works, the author of this article compared the pollen components under cold climatic conditions with those in Ice Ages according to climatic stratigraphical principles, tried to divide the Quaternary on North China plain into five ice ages and four interglacial ages (table 1), and takes the pollen components of first cold climate since the Late Tertiary as the earliest cold climate of the Quaternary.
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  HEAT TRANSFER WITHIN GLACIAL ACTIVE LAYER——Taking No.5 Glacier, Yanglong River,Qilian Shan, as an Example

  Ren Jiawen, Huang Maohuan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 23-28. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0042

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  The temperature data at 3 altitudes of active layer in No.5 Glacier, Yanglong River, Qilian Shan, measured in the summer of 1977 are analysed to see the situation of heat transfer. It is verified that the principal heat exchange in active layer, over 3 m below surface, is conduction. A modified equation for temperature regime is drawn. The relationship between mean ice temperature and depth is found to be linear. The vertical temperature gradient in this layer is greater than that needed for geothermal flux to travel through it by a factor of 3.5-8. Hereby most glaciers in Qilian Shan, several ten metres in thickness, may partly reach melting piont at their base. Perhaps the relatively great vertical temperature gradient is a feature of continental type glaciers in China. The temperature regime in infiltration zone, being different from that in other zones below it, is characterized by a high inner temperature with a small inner amplitude on the one hand, a low surface temperature with a great surface amplitude on the other.
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  CALCULATION OF UPPER LIMIT OF PERMAFROST AREA IN RAILWAYL ENGINEERING ON QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU

  Zhu Yangfu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 29-36. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0043

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  STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONAL PERMAFROST IN JILIN, CHINA AND THE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE FROZEN DEPTH

  Zhang Xing, Wang Shiduo

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 37-46. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0044

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  Based on the statistical analysis of the frozen depth of the seasonal permafrost in Jilin, the authors obtained the formula h_o=a(√Ω+b) for calculating the frozen depth of the seasonal permafrost in the less snow years and in the no snow years, and the formula h=a (√Ω+b-kHx) for that where the annual mean depth of snow accumulation is over 2 cm under natural snow accumulation condition.The decrease in frozen depth of every cm of mean snow accumulation is s=a.k, and the frozen depth ratio of two adjacent measuring points is kh=aA/aB.The distribution of frozen depth of seasonal permafrost in Jilin has a positive state of distribution feature, taking the Peason’s Type Ⅲ curve cs-o as the theoretical frequency curve for the frozen depth of a designated place. Frozen depth of adjacent points appears in same frequency.Calculation of frozen depth applied in engineering design should base on the grade of engineering construction and the running conditions, adopting frozen depth hp of a certain frequency.
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  CHANGES OF GROUND WATER AT THE FORWARD FARMS OF DUNES IN SEASONAL FROZEN GROUND AREA AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON AGRICULTURE

  Wang Jixin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0045

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  Due to specific natural conditions and seasonal freezing in the seasonal frozen ground area, the changes of ground water there at the forward farms of dunes are not only dependent on amount of precipitation, but there are also two peaks of ground water formed by rainwater seepage or freezing. The movement of ground water in a year could be divided into four stages : stage of falling due to inward sluicing, stage of rising due to infiltration, stage of falling due to drainage, and stage of rising due to emergence at freezing. And the peak at the freezing of ground water has a greater strength than that at rainwater infiltration.The redistribution of water and the rising of water in winter in the process of freezing cause the water content of soil reach a state of oversa-turation, thus the spring sowing must be carried out in the time when the frozen layer is thoroughly melted. Once heavy rain comes ahead of time, or early frost, low temperature and cold damage happen, drop in agricultural production would naturally follow. Rising of ground water would naturally impoverish the soil, causing secondary salinization of it.Realizing the requirement of ground water level restriction at different seasons and applying "blocking" "draining" or "regulating" measures through comprehensive engineering of underground drainage pipe, damage of waterlogging at the forward farms of dunes could be prevented.
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  PRINCIPLE OF COMPILING ICE CONTENT MAPS AT LARGE SCALES

  Cheng Guodong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 53-57. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0046

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  As required by the construction of Qinghai-Xizang asphalt highway, we had compiled an ice content map of permafrost along Qinghai-Xizang Highway (from Xieshui He to Tanggula Shan, about 420 km long). The mpa constists of a longtitudinal section map at the scale of 1 : 5000 and a plane map at the scale of 1:2000. This paper briefly relates the principle of compilating the maps.Permafrost is classified into five ice content types on the basis of its water content (according to percent of dry soil weight), and the thaw-settlement coefficients of each type for all the distinguished varieties are given for prediction of possible changes after construction. Based on the ice content type within the depth from o to 1 m below permafrost table, four kinds of road section are distinguished. Permafrost protective measures for each kind of section are also presented.
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  ON THE PINGOS ALONG BOTH BANKS OF THE QING-SHUI RIVER ON QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU

  Wang Shading, Yao Heqing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 58-62. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0047

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  This paper discussed the distributive rules and characteristics of the pingos on the banks of Qing-shui River.It was found that the genesis and the development history of the pingos were directly related to the movement of the riverbed and the evolution of the lakes on both sides of it.The pingos had been developed on lacustrine deposits in nonpenetrative-taliks with less water resource, low water pressure, and thin ice layer. They are small in individual size, and have a shape of a ridge or an ellipse. A series of pingos may be in the form of a " snakelike hillock " on surface ground. Finally, the genesis conditions and processes of the pingos had been discussed.
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  EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF NORMAL FROST HEAVING STRESS UNDER MAT FOUNDATION IN SITU

  Guang Fengnian, Zhou Chanqing, Ben Yong-wei, Chen Xiaobai

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0048

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  The experimantal results in situ in the deep seasonal frost district of Heilongjiang Province show that the normal frost heaving stress under foundation is affected mainly by the area F of the foundation besides by the characteristics and moisture of soil, and depth of frost and of foundation, and that it consists of the " pure normal frost heaving stress underthe foundation δ_o" and the " apparent tangential frost heaving stress ∑τi/F" acting on the frozen column under the foundation, ie. δi=δ_o+∑τi/F (1)Analysing the experimental results of maximum normal frost heaving stress i with various size of foundational cross section Fi (Tab. 2), we could obtain the relative formula between them as follows: δi=δ_o+a/Fi+b/Fi² (2)where δ_o = 1.75, a = 142 and b= -150 in our given field.Besides above, it is shown that the distribution of normal frost heaving stress under the foundation is not uniform (see Fig. 7).
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  SOME PROGRESS IN THE RESEARCH OF PERIGLACIAL LANDFORM IN CHINA

  Cui Zhijiu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1981, 3(3): 70-77. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1981.0050

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  Our progress in the studies of perigiacial landform is as follows :1, It has been established basically the types, distribution and characteristics of perigiacial landforms, some of which are rarely seen before and are specific to this region such as, rock-like ice cap or covering-type rock glacier, the thawing slide-mass, pingo and self-extrusive pingo and stratified scree and so on.2, Perigiacial landform has been divided bacically into three regional kinds : the continental type, subcontinental type and maritime type.3, We found that snow line is not the upper limit of perigiacial process. There are still several perigiacial processes above the snow line. Besides,we also found that there is a rockfield line-lower limit of rockfield onthe slope of high mountains. It is an important line of climatic geomor-phology.4, We have divided basically the types and features of the vertical zones of the perigiacial landform on high mountains.5, We have preliminary recognized the features of perigiacial deposit.