25 November 1981, Volume 2 Issue 4

    

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  MASS BALANCE OF GLACIERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIERS

  Xie Zichu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0048

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  This Paper deals with the definition, survey and calculation of the five typical values of the mass balance of glaciers. Here emphasis is put on the analysis of characteristics of the rate of mass balance supplied by the monsoon and the influence of the mass balance on ice-formation, ice temperature and movement velocity of glaciers.lt shows that the continental characteristics of the glaciers in China are more prominent.Besides, the auther makes some new supplements for the conception of glacier stability coeffcient and concludes that the glaciers exic-ting in higher elevation, in greater magnitude and in lower degree of the mass balance are more stable.
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  GLACIAL METEOROLOGY ON MT. TUOMUER

  Kou youguan, Ding Liangfu, Li Wengzhong, Zhang yongling

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 11-14. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0049

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  In July 1978 the precipitation increased in the Mt. Tuomuer area as compared with the region outside of it. At the forest zone, about 2400m a. s.l., in Mt. Tuomuer area appears the first height of maximum precipitation, from this zone upwards, the precipitation decrea-ses; but up to 3200 m a. s. 1. the precipitation increases aed exceeds that at 2400 m a. s. 1. At 3900-4000 m a. s.l., the precipitation increases continuously, being 127.7% of that at 3200 m a.s.l. The area at about 5250 m a. s 1. is the second height of maximum precipitation with annual precipitation reaching about 900 mm, which provides an enough mass source for glacier development.Of the total heat input to the glacier surface, the radiation balance takes about 60%, sensible heat about 40%. Both of which are large enough for the heating source of strong glacier ablation.
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  PRIMARY RESULTS OF THE STUDY ON MODERN GLACIERS IN THE REGION OF MT. TUOMUER

  Wang Lilun, Zhang Wenjing, Su Zhen

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 15-18. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0050

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  The number of glaciers in the region of Mt. Tuomuer is 509, and the total area is 2746.32km². The glaciers in the region are mainly large once,having many branch glaciers, therefore, they are called "Tuomuer type" mountain valley glaciers.Plenty nourishment of precipitation, intact zone of formation of ice, intense ablation, higher temperature of the active layer, thick ice-body, and a large seasonal change in the velocity of glacial movement,all these are the characteristics of the glacial. Hence, they belong to the typical continental glacier in their physical guality. The hydro-chemical type of the glaciers is mainly HCO₃-Ca·Mg or HCO₃-Mg·Ca. Na, The thickness of tritium in precipitation of the glacier region is higher than that in eastern China and northern Xinjiang, and the tritium content in glacial ice is smaller than 10TU. The content mineral in the moraine is not high, and that of clay is also low.
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  SOME RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH ON GLACIAL HYDROLOGY IN THE REGION OF MT. TUOMUER

  Kang Ersi, Zhu Shousen, Huang Mingmin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 18-21. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0051

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  An investigation of glacial hydrology was made in the region from May up to August 1978. The mean annual ablation depth of the glaciers is 1,580 mm for many years. The relationship between the runoff depth h (mm) produced from the annual total ablation of the naked glacier surface and the mean temperature t_6-8 of the glacier surface fromJune up to August is h = (1/55)(t_6-8+ 11.6)^4.6.The function of the glacialmeltwater in nourishment of the river flows is about 30-70% at the southern and eastern parts of the region, and about 10-20% at the northern part. The daily variation of the glacial meltwater runoff is relatively small. The runoff volume from May up to September is about 88%, from June up to August is about 70%,but the runoff doesn’t stop even in the winter. The Cv of annual mean discharge is about 0.1, A dependent relationship of positive exponent of the base of natural logarithme is between the annual variation of discharge and the air temperature. The mean annual runoff volume from the mountainous region is annually about 6,340,000,000m³, in which the glacial meltwater is about 50%.
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  THE TERRESTRIAL STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYING AND MAPPING IN THE REGION OF MOUNT QOMOLANGMA AND THE BATURA GLACIER IN KARAKORAM

  Wang Wenying, Cheng Jianming

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 22-28. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0052

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  In order to meet the need of research work on glaciology and geology as well as of mountaineering expeditions and the building of highways, we have drawn maps by terrestrial stereophotogrammetric surveying on a large scale in the regions on the northern slope of Mount Qomolangma and the Batura Glacier in Karakoram, pakistan.In this paper, we explain briefly the main procedures of surveying and mapping by terrestrial stereophotogrammatry, emphasizing how to raise the surveying accuracy and to probe into the method of expressing glacial landforms. From 1966 to 1978, we have drawn and published the maps of Mt. Qomolangma Region on the scale of 1:50,000and of Batura Glacier on the scale of 1:60,000.This indicated in practice that the terrestrial stereophotogrammetric surveying is an effective method for drawing, large scale maps of the highest mountains at present.
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  LATE-GLACIAL FLORAS IN EASTERN CHINA

  Kong Zhaochen, Du Naiqiu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 29-32. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0053

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  This paper deals with some pollen-spore assemblages and plant macrofossils from Eastern China, and indicates that the apperence of the spruce-fir floras and their geographical distribution in the course of Late-Glacial periods forms an important chapter in the historic vegetation in China.According to investigation of floras at many sites we consider that development of the subalpine cold-temperature evergreen and deciduous needle-leaved and steppe was an important character during Late-Glacial period in China.
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  PORE WATER PRESSURE OF SATURATED GRAYEL DURING FREEZING

  Chen Xiaobo, Jiang ping, Wang Yaqing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 33-37. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0054

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  When the freezing front advances through a saturated gravel layer, the pore water pressure will be present, and the extra water induced by the expension as water changes into ice may be expelled under the action of water pressure. Experimental evidence shows that there are good relationships among the frost heave rate d (△h)/dt, pore water pressure pw or its rate dp_w/dt and frost penetrated speed V_f(see Fig. 2,3,4 and equ.2,3).Besides, we have given the conditional equation (see equ. 4) preventing construction from frost heave by the method of expelling water in the "saturated gravel bedding according to the total weight of building N, the section area of bedding F, the maximum water pressure(p_w)max bearable to the building and the total tangential frost heaveforce Στ_if_i induced by frost edge effect on tht lateral surface of 1foundation while p_w=(p_w)max.
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  Freezing-thaw Regularity of Railway Bed in the Permafrost Region on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

  Zhu Yangfu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 38-43. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0055

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  In Order to supply necessary data for the designing and construction of railway bed on Qinghai-Xizang plateau, a section of realsize experimental engineering work with various profiles was established at Fenghoushan on the plateau in 1975 to 1976 for differen tkinds of experimental observatiosn. This paper discussed the elementary freezing thaw regularity of railway bed in the permafrost region on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, basing on the large amount of observed experimental data and commented on the effectiveness of the experimental engineering work.
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  HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PERMAFROST AND COLD REGIONS IN DAHINGANLING

  Zheng Qipu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1980, 2(4): 44-51. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1980.0057

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  In the permafrost and cold regions of Dahinganling there is a definite amount of ground water storage which is the indispensable resoures for socialist construction in that district. This paper introduced the hydrogeological characteristics of Dahinganling basing on hyd-rogeological prospecting data from over 200 observatory stations and points, and suggested the direction of exploitation and utilization of ground water resources.