25 April 2014, Volume 36 Issue 2
    

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  • JIAO Yongliang, LI Ren, ZHAO Lin, WU Tonghua, XIAO Yao, HU Guojie, QIAO Yongping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 237-247. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0030
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    The freezing-thawing process and the dynamics of soil moisture were analyzed with the measured data of temperature and moisture within the active layer at the Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from September 1, 2007 to September 1, 2008. Both freezing and thawing processes within the active layer developed from the surface to permafrost table. The freezing duration of soil within entire active layer was 25 days, while the thawing duration was nearly 4 months, The freezing process took much less time than the thawing process. The duration of the diurnal freezing-thawing cycles of topsoil decreased with depth. Frequent diurnal freezing-thawing cycles brought a daily cycle of soil water phase changing, which made the topsoil releasing and absorbing latent heat of phase change, changing the soil hydraulic and thermal properties. The migration of soil moisture had different characteristics at different stages of the freezing-thawing cycle. In general, during a freezing-thawing cycle, the soil water molecules will migrate downwards, i.e., soil moisture will transport from the entire active layer to the upper limit of permafrost. In the meantime, the content and migration of soil water have a significant impact on the seasonally freezing and thawing process within the active layer.
  • LU Hongli, HAN Haidong, XU Junli, WANG Jian
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 248-258. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0031
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    Based on high-resolution GPS measurements on the Koxkar Glacier in the Tianshan Mountains, the spatial-temporal variations of flow velocity on the glacier were analyzed. The fastest flow was found near the equilibrium line (4 000~4 200 m a.s.l.), of which the horizontal flow velocity reached 86.69 m·a-1 and the vertical flow velocity reached 15.34 m·a-1. In the lower part of the glacier, where the extensive debris cover developed, ice flow was slower, with horizontal ice velocity varying between 0~5 m·a-1, and vertical ice velocity varying between 0~2 m·a-1, due to reduction in supply of ice mass and influence of thick debris cover. The variation of flow velocity with elevation met the general glacier flow law, but due to the influence of terrain, occasionally there was some spatial fluctuation in vertical flow velocity. Analysis of the seasonal variation of flow velocity reveals a good relationship between ice flow and climate factors, which may reflect the response of glacier flow to fast climate change.
  • LIU Junfeng, CHEN Rensheng, SONG Yaoxuan, HE Xiaobo, WANG Gang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 259-267. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0032
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    The snow and ice albedo plays a key role in the energy balance simulation but it is hard to observe in-situ. A time lapse camera for albedo estimation and its validation on the Shiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountain are described in this paper. The proposed technique involves from georeferencing oblique photographs to a digital elevation model. Once the image is georeferenced, statistical relationship will be established between normalized RGB values and corresponding albedo under clear sky and cloudy day, respectively. The normalized RGB values and albedo show a good exponential function relationship under clear day and the R2 of the empirical formula reaches to 0.79. Under cloudy day, the R2 of the empirical formula reaches to 0.52. This means that under clear day, the RGB values have good relationship with albedo. In this case, the parameterization of whole glacier surface is able to initiate. It is found that the outcome is good in flat surface, but underestimated on shadowed north-facing slopes. Finally the validation of the exponential function under clear sky (on 14 and 28 August of 2013) indicates that estimated and measured albedo values show good agreement and the mean variance is only 0.037, which means that the parameterization of albedo through normalized RGB values is credible and usable.
  • ZHU Meilin, YAO Tandong, YANG Wei, TIAN Lide
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 268-277. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0033
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    Ice volume is an important parameter for studying water resources in arid regions and glacier variation. However, there is few measured glacial ice thickness data, restricting correct estimation of glacial ice volume. In May of 2011, ice thickness of the Zhadang Glacier on the north slopes of Nyainqêntanglha Range was sounded with ground penetrating radar (with a 100 MHz antenna). Based on the sounding data, positioning data of GPS, topographic map in 1970 and Landsat TM image in 2010, an ice thickness contour map was drawn by single Kriging interpolation method and ice volume was calculated under support of ArcGIS software. The result shows that the maximum ice thickness was 108 m at 5 748 m a.s.l. near to the main flow line. The glacierized area was 1.73 km2 in 2010. The average ice thickness was 38.1 m and total ice volume was 0.066 km3. Based on contour map of the glacier surface and the isoline map of ice thickness, the topography of the glacier bed was obtained. It is revealed that there is a V-shape transverse bed profile in the thicker area, which is different with the surface topography. Meanwhile, when glacier surface is steeper, ice thickness is thinner and transverse bed profile is U-shape.
  • ZHU Dayun, TIAN Lide, WANG Jianli, CUI Jiangpeng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 278-285. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0034
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    Glacier, named solid reservoir, is an important water resource. Glacier change and its impact on rivers and lakes is one of the hot scientific issues of current concern. Based on the GPR sounding on the Qiangtang Glacier No.1 in Shuanghu of the Tibetan Plateau in 2011 and 2013 and the differential GPS positioning results, in this paper, the features and the depths of underlain terrain are analyzed and discussed. A contour map of glacier thickness is drawn and the glacier reserve is estimated under the support of GIS technology. It is found that the effect of the Qiangtang Glacier No.1 is very strong: its cross-section develops a typical "U" shape with a wider bottom; its longitudinal profile changes slowly with a small slope and the underlain terrain shows a good agreement with glacier surface without significant incongruity. The average thickness of the glacier is 51.28 m, with the maximum thickness of 132.15 m and ice storage of 0.1236 km3.
  • JIANG Zongli, LIU Shiyin, LONG Sichun, LIN Jian, WANG Xin, LI Jing, XU Junli, WEI Junfeng, BAO Weijia
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 286-295. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0035
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    Glacier surface velocities are the indicators of glacier dynamics. To understand the regional dynamics of glaciers which are hard to be observed in-situ, remote sensing methods such as Synthetic Aperture Radar technology is convenient and feasible. In this research, feature tracking with ALOS/PALSAR and ENVISAT/ASAR data was employed to obtain glacier surface velocities in the Kongur Mountain, Pamirs. Dynamics were analyzed for four glaciers based on the surface velocities, interferometry coherence and digital elevation models with 30 years interval. Information of glacier surface velocities, coherence maps and elevation changes were obtained. It is found that glacier surface elevation had decreased down by 15±12.1 m for the Kelayayilake Glacier, by 8.8±12.7 m for the Jiangmanjiaer Glacier and by 8.6±12.0 m for the glacier coded 5Y663D0009. However, for the Qimugan Glacier, the surface elevation had changed nothing (equal to the difference of SRTM DEM and Topographic DEM in stable area). From 2007 to 2011, the surface velocities of these glaciers had changed little, except the glacier coded 5Y663D0009, which was inactive according to the analysis of glacier surface velocities along transverse and central flow lines. Furthermore, glaciers with broad accumulation areas changed slowly than those with small ones. It is suggested that monitoring glacier flow rates and elevation changes can provide a useful proxy for glacier dynamics when no other mass-balance information available, and regional glacier dynamics change can be understood by glacier surface velocities, interferometry coherence and topographic measurements. It is also found that area (especially for magnitude of accumulation area), location and topography of a glacier are determining factors of the glacier evolution.
  • JIA Xiang, CHEN Shujiang, HUANG Tiecheng, HUANG Fojun, ZHAO Caifeng, LI Qi, LIANG Yan, DANG Jie
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 296-303. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0036
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    To monitor scientifically the snow cover in the mountain region of the Yarkant River basin has important significance for researching climate, development and utilization of snow meltwater, forecast of natural disasters and ecological protection. In combination of DEM data, the dynamic changing features of snow cover were analyzed by snow cover area(SCA)extracted from the snow products of MOD10A2 between 2000 and 2012. The results are as follows: (1) The annual change of SCA in the mountains was large, with large area in 2005 and 2009 but small area in 2007; the monthly change of SCA in the mountains was significantly different too, high in December and March but low in February and August.(2) The coverage of snow increased gradually with altitude, with a stable snow cover range above the altitude of 5 000 meters; the snow cover ratio changed with slopes; the snow coverage was higher in northwest, east and northeast slopes than that in the north, southeast, west and south slopes, e.g., on the northwest slope it was 52.8% but on the south slop it was 20%; (3) The snow coverage, which was sensitive to climatic factors, positively related to air temperature and negatively related to precipitation.
  • PENG Lili, YANG Renping, ZHANG Chao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 304-309. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0037
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    In this paper, the relationship between glaze and topographical factors, such as elevation, terrain aspect and slope, are studied by using observations from 97 weather stations in Hunan Province and the 1:50 000 resolution Digital Elevation Model data of the province. The spatial distribution of annual glaze days shows that glaze days in southern Hunan Province are more than those in northern Hunan Province. One of regional maxima of glaze days in southern Hunan Province is along the windward slopes of the Xuefeng Range, the other one is along the windward slopes of the Nan Mountains. The maximum of glaze days over there is more than six days. Glaze days in lake areas of northern Hunan Province are more than that in mountain areas of northern Hunan Province. Elevation plays an important role but not the only role in the variation of glaze days at places higher than 200 m. However, it is not obvious at places lower than 200 m. Variation of glaze days seems to depend on terrain aspect but not terrain slope. Annual glaze days in the province increases with latitude, especially in those stations south of 28°N.
  • FENG Jiandong, WU Zhiting, PENG Kuanjun, CHEN Yonghang, WU Jiangjun, WEI Wenshou, CUI Caixia, GAO Ying
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 310-317. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0038
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    As a carrier of cloud water resources, clouds play a significant role in earth water cycle and climate system. Clouds at different heights have differences in physical properties and dynamic mechanisms, which have great effect in precipitation forecast and artificial enhancing precipitation operation. ClouldSat 2B-CLDCLASS data from NASA from January 2007 to December 2008 were employed and the three ranges (Altay, Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains in Xinjiang) were selected to be the research regions in this study. Cloud water resources were determined through the analysis of height distribution of different specific type clouds. It is found that the altostratus over the three mountains occupy a great proportion in each season, over 20%. And the nimbostratus in the Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains also occupy a great proportion, over 15%. Monthly variations in cloud top height and cloud base height of different types of clouds over the three mountains are generally similar; the maximum average cloud top height and cloud base height of all types of clouds appear in the Kunlun Mountains, but in the Altay Mountains appear the minimum heights.
  • WANG Shaoping, JIANG Fengqing, WU Xiaobo, HU Ruji
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 318-326. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0039
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    The advantages of absolute threshold and the percentile method are combined to devepl a new method to detect extreme precipitation events more sensitively. Compared with the commonly used method, the new method not only can discover extreme precipitation events in arid region, but also can filter out the fake extreme precipitation events in rich-precipitation regions. This method is firstly used to calculate the extreme precipitation indices, heavy and intense precipitation indices at the level of year and season for the selected meteorological stations in the arid regions of Northwest China, based on the daily precipitation data from January of 1961 to Febuary of 2010, then the change trends of calculated extreme pracipitation indices and their spatial distribution characteristics are revealed. The main conclusions are as followings. First, the spring (March to May), autumn (September to November) and winter (December to next February) extreme precipitation indices do not change significantly (P>0.05), but in summer (June to August), precipitation frequency, total amount of heavy precipitation and the proportion of it increase significantly. Secondly, in Xinjiang, the increasing trends of all extreme precipitation indices appear in high elevation (about 1 000 m a.s.l., or above); in east of the arid regions of Northwest China, spatial distributions of changing trends of the extreme precipitation indices present obvious seasonal differences: most of the regions are dominated by increasing trend in summer and autumn, but by decreasing trend in winter and spring.
  • LI Qihu, CHEN Yaning
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 327-334. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0040
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    Meteorological data show that air temperature and precipitation have changed greatly in Northwest China during the past half century. The climate change, combined with human activities with large-scale and high intensity, leads to change in vegetation. Since climate is the major driving factor to vegetation changing, the study of spatial and temporal changes of vegetation due to climatic variation should be carried out in Northwest China, an extremely vulnerable region in ecology and environment. Meteorological and NDVI time series datasets from 1981 to 2006 and other geographic data were used to reveal the spatial and temporal variations of vegetation in the arid regions of Northwest China. It is found that (1) NDVI and vegetation area have increased 3.2% and 4.5%, respectively, in the last 26 years. And a lengthening of growing season and a delaying autumn has taken place; (2) Vegetation area had a significant increase before 2000, but followed by a decreasing after that, such as NDVI and vegetation area in the Yili River Valley, the Middle Tianshan Mountains and the plain regions had significantly decreased while in the upper reaches of rivers and mountain areas had increased; (3) For the interannual variation, between the NDVI and air temperature and precipitation have no obvious correlation in most regions of Northwest China. However, in the areas where the annual temperature is lower than 4.58 ℃, between NDVI and annual temperature shows a positive correlation; moreover, in the areas where the annual precipitation is higher than 180 mm, between NDVI and precipitation also has a positive correlation; (4) Between NDVI and temperature there is a strong correlation in spring and summer, while between NDVI and precipitation there is a strong correlation in fall; (5) Since 2000, the vegetation cover and NDVI values have decreased, associating with air temperature rising and declining of precipitation increasing rate.
  • QIN Jiahai, ZHANG Yong, ZHAO Yunchen, WANG Zhijiang, LI Caixia, GAO Haining
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 335-346. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0041
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    In order to reveal the soil physical and chemical properties, as well as the variations of nutrients and enzyme activities, in the degrading grasslands in the upper reaches of the Heihe River, Qilian Mountains, by using field investigation and laboratory tests, four kinds of grass profile are studied. It is found that as compares with non-degraded grassland, the mild degraded grassland, moderate degraded grassland and severe degraded grassland, in the depth range of 0~60 cm, organic carbon content decreases 10%, 12% and 28%, respectively; organic carbon density decreases 11%, 21% and 31%, respectively; total porosity decreases 3%, 7%and 12%, respectively; aggregate decreases 19%, 28% and 39%, respectively; clay particle decreases 6%, 12% and 18%, respectively; saturated storage capacity decreases 3%, 7% and 12%, respectively; field capacity decreases 10%, 14% and 19%, respectively; CEC decreases 8%, 17% and 33%, respectively; alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen decreases 10%, 22% and 36%, respectively; rapid available phosphorus decreases 15%, 25% and 46%, respectively; rapidly available potassium decreases 4%, 8% and 13%, respectively; urease decreases 5%, 19% and 34%, respectively; sucrose decreases 27%, 43% and 54%, respectively; phosphatase decreases 15%, 32% and 44%, respectively; polyphenol oxidase decreases 12%, 25% and 38%, respectively; catalase decreases 14%, 30% and 46%, respectively; bulk density increases 4.3%, 8.6% and 14.7%, respectively; sand increases 12.5%, 25% and 38.5%, respectively; gravel increases 18%, 39% and 63%, respectively; pH value increases 0.10, 0.21 and 0.28 units, respectively; CaCO3 increases 3.9%, 8% and 12.1%, respectively. In the depth range of 0~60 cm, soil porosity, aggregate, clay particle, saturated storage capacity, field capacity, available NPK, soil organic carbon and enzyme activities decrease as: non-degraded grassland>mild degraded grassland>moderate degraded grassland>severe degraded grassland; bulk density, sand, gravel, pH value and CaCO3 increase as: non-degraded grassland3 increase with depth.
  • DONG Anxiang, HU Wenchao, ZHANG Yu, LIU Dexiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 347-351. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0042
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    Relationship between terrain and gale occurred in the Hexi Corridor was discussed by using wind information in the Hexi Corridor from 1951 to 2010 and considering relevant topographic features. It is found that the major reason for suddenly strengthening local gale in Hexi Corridor is the canal effect of terrain. Gale days, maximum wind speed and duration depend on a lot of factors, of which the controlling factor is altitude. Less wind days, lower maximum wind speed and shorter wind duration are due to a lot of factors, of which the significant one is that the gale is obstructed by the Qilian Mountains. Gale direction depends on a lot of factors, of which the controlling one is the terrain and valley direction.
  • LIU Dongwei, Jilili Abuduwaili, WANG Lixin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 352-359. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0043
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    In many arid and semiarid lands, dry lake beds (saline playa) are tremendous sources of unconsolidated salt-rich sediments in favor of aeolian material transport. Severe salt-dust storms caused by the erosion of such landforms have become very harmful natural phenomena. Taking the playa of Ebinur Lake, a large mineral aerosol source in the western Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, China, as the study site, through field investigation and sample analysis, the sediment fluxes, material composition and particle size distribution of the saline dust are studied in this paper. The sediment fluxes of atmospheric dust fall (containing salt) range from about 79 to 381 g·m-2·a-1 in Ebinur Lake region. The salinity of the dust ranges from 43 to 185 g·kg-1 and the sediment fluxes of salts range from 4 to 61 g·m-2·a-1. The dust is a chemical dust, which consists of dense fine sulfates, chlorides and potentially toxic elements, and causes serious air pollution, resulting in soil salinization and vegetation degradation.
  • SHI Gangqiang, ZHAO Shiyun, LI Xianming, NIU Yonghong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 360-368. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0044
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    Harbin-Dalian High-Speed Railway, crossing Northeast China, is the first new-built and operating high-speed railway in cold regions around the world. The subgrades of the railway were treated with filling material replacement and taking waterproof measures and so on to prevent frost damages. For evaluating the effects of the frost heaving prevention and engineering operation status of the subgrades, the monitoring data during the first freeze-thaw period (2012-2013) from 9,641 monitoring points along the railway were analyzed. The occurrence, development and changing of the frost heaving were summarized. It is found that the development of the frost heaving includes the rapid growing stage, the stable frost heaving stage and the thawing settlement stage. The frost heaving deformation occurs along the whole line, but the frost heaving amount, great or small, is under control. The frost heaving degrees are related to the subgrade structures. The frost heaving occurs mainly in shallow part of a subgrade base, and its damage degree depends on the subgrade structure. On the whole, the frost heaving in the transition section is slight, followed by that in the embankments, and it is most serious in the cutting sections or in the base-plate jointing parts. As engineering treatments against frost heaving, it is suggested to focus on reducing surface water infiltration and control frost heaving deformation of the subgrade base. And in the designing of high-speed railway in seasonal frozen soil regions, bridges are strongly recommended instead of subgrade, and to modify the upper layer of the subgrade to no frost heaving structure.
  • YI Xin, YU Wenbing, CHEN Lin, LIU Weibo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 369-375. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0045
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    Annual mean temperature plays a very important role to embankment boundary conditions in permafrost regions. On the basis of principle of the boundary layer and unified embankment sizes, governing equation, which involves phase change, and finite element method were applied to study the heat effect along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. Different locations along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor were chosen to be the studying objects. It is found that annual mean ground temperature increases when annual mean air temperature increases. However, artificial permafrost table decreases remarkably with annual mean air temperature increasing. When the annual mean air temperature is -7.16 ℃, the annual mean ground temperature will be -3.16 ℃ and the artificial permafrost table will be -0.98 m 50 years later; when the annual mean air temperature is -3.21 ℃, the annual mean ground temperature will be -0.1 ℃ and the artificial permafrost table will be -13.11 m 50 years later. Thus, the conclusion can be drawn that stable embankment will turn into unstable one as global climate warming.
  • YANG Xifeng, YOU Zhemin, NIU Fujun, MA Wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 376-385. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0046
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    Some problems of embankments, such as salt expansion, frost boiling, frozen heaving, eluviation and saturated yielding, seriously affect the stability and durability of roadbeds in saline soil regions. Considering the problems of the operated roadbeds and the importance of the proposed railway projects, the common methods of stabilizing saline soil are summarized. It is revealed that soil curing agents are developing from single and conventional ones to ionic polymers and then to the new polymer composite materials. From the chemical point of view, the stabilization mechanism of saline soil is discussed, and the microscopic mechanisms of stabilizing saline soil and physical and mechanical properties of saline soil are analyzed. On this basis, the prospect of stabilizing saline soil is reviewed, a variety of methods to comprehensively stabilize embankments of saline soil are proposed.
  • WANG Jie, HAO Xiaohua, WANG Jian
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 386-393. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0047
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    Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) is an important research direction of quantitative remote sensing, which is able to quantitatively describe the anisotropic characteristics of surface reflection. Traditional snow BRDF retrieval is mainly based on the ROSS+LI kernel function, the Bayesian probability theory or mathematical statistics methods to acquire least squares coefficients. These methods were simple and feasible, but quantitative descriptions of the physical characteristics of snow were not comprehensive enough. Snow was a complex system, and a number of factors impact its BRDF, such as particle size and pollutant, while traditional ROSS+LI kernel couldn't quantitatively describe the impact of these factors on snow BRDF. The asymptotic radiative transfer (ART) model, in terms of their simple, fast and not reducing the accuracy of radiative transfer calculations, is widely used in the quantitative remote sensing. In this paper, ART model is used to reverse and validate snow BRDF. Firstly the sensitive band of retrieved snow grain size was analyzed, and then the band of 1.03 μm was finalized to be the best band of snow particle size for inversion. Meanwhile, relative pollution amounts of snow were retrieved, and finally snow particle size and pollution content were used as input parameters for BRDF reconstruction. Experiments showed that retrieval of snow BRDF based on ART is feasible. At the same time, the intermediate product, such as snow particle size and snow pollution content, could be broadly used in production practice. ART model is able to effectively connecting snow particle size, snow pollution content and BRDF, easy to quantitatively describe snow physical characteristics.
  • LU Yinhao, YE Baisheng, LI Chong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 394-402. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0048
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    Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data of the Hailar River from 1958 to 2008, in this paper, using the method of linear trends of change, the long-term trend of time series of surface runoff was investigated, and then the varying characteristics of annual and decadal runoffs in this region were obtained. Using precipitation and runoff double-mass curve of the Hailar River, the impact of changes in precipitation and permafrost on runoff was also analyzed. It is found that the runoff of the river had a decreasing trend from 1958 to 2008, with high flow during the period from the 1980s to the 1990s and low flow after the 2000s. Runoff in spring and autumn had decreased while in winter had increased obviously, and precipitation in winter had increased. Increasing runoff in winter may be partly due to increasing solid precipitation in winter, which warmed up the permafrost and inhibited soil freezing. The ratio of runoff decreased in autumn and increased in winter, which probably due to the summer monsoon weakened.
  • WANG Huan, LI Dongliang, JIANG Yuanchun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 403-412. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0049
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    Based on the monthly runoff data in Tangnag during the period of 1956-2012, through trend analysis, wavelet analysis and calculation of inhomogeneity coefficient and contribution, the characteristics of runoff variation in the source regions of the Yellow River are analyzed. It is found that during the 57 years, there were two runoff rising stages (1956-1967 and 2002-2012), one runoff falling stage (1989-2002) and one runoff oscillation-adjusting stage (1967-1989); the annual runoff distribution in the 1980s was the most uneven, while that in the 1990s was the evenest; an average monthly runoff's characteristic was bimodal, with peaks appearing in July and September; the appearance of the peaks had annual and decadal variations. The wet years gave priority to bimodal distribution, the normal years gave priority to unimodal distribution. However, in dry years, the type of the annual runoff distribution was uncertain. The annual runoff distribution depends on the contribution difference between rain and temperature: the rain resulting in positive contribution and in bimodal distribution in July and September, but temperature resulting in negative contribution, which caused the peak in September disappearing. While in summer, the geopotential height field nearby the Tibetan Plateau reduced, especially in the north regions. The plateau summer monsoon strengthening makes wind field anomaly convergence in lower-level, makes moisture in the source regions of the Yellow River convergence and updraft, resulting in rise in precipitation in the regions, finally, increasing runoff and then first peak appearing. What is more, the change in the summer geopotential height field implies that the second peak of the annual runoff contribution will appear.
  • SUN Yue, LI Dongliang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 413-423. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0050
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    As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River provides a great deal of water sources to the Gansu Province and Shaanxi Province, China, having strategic significance in regional development, ecosystem health and sustainability of socio-economic development in the Yellow River basin. The catchment area of the upper reaches of the Weihe River is 2.579 km2, which occupies 19.1% of the total area of the Weihe River watershed. In this paper, the runoffs at Beidao and Wushan Hydrologic Stations of the upper reaches of the Weihe River from 1975 to 2011 were calculated and analyzed in order to understand the runoff features and their response to climate-driven factors. The climate change characteristics were analyzed using the data of monthly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, which were estimated by using FAO Penman-Monteith method. After selecting the representative stations, the correlation coefficients between the annual, seasonal runoff and climate-driven factors were calculated, and the sensitivity of runoff to the climate change was analyzed. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Annual runoff of the river has obviously decreased as a whole, especially in the 1990s, but shifted to increase in the early 21st century. (2) Runoff concentrates in the flood season, and had different distribution forms in different decades. (3) Runoff is affected by climate change; runoff decreases when climate is warm, precipitation decreases, potential evapotranspiration increases and water consumption increases. (4) The response of runoff to climate-driven factors is not stable, changing with time. (5) Both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration contribute to the change of runoff, and the contribution rate of potential evapotranspiration has increased from the 1990s, becoming the major factor to the runoff decreasing.
  • LIU Jifeng, WANG Chunqing, ZHAO Na, ZHAO Le
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 424-429. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0051
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    Based on the latest observed ice data, characteristics of winter discharge process at Toudaoguai Hydrologic Section of the Yellow River since 1960 were analyzed. It is found that annual variation of low discharge days have obviously stage characteristics: The average days of low discharge at Toudaoguai Section in 1960-1967, 1968-1985 and 1986-2010 was 68, 17 and 37 d, respectively. Climate change and human activities are the main reasons of low discharge. Climate change impacts the channel discharge by frazil slush and ice cover growth; channel condition is the important reason for long term change of low discharge and channel-storage increment; Liujiaxia Reservoir operation directly influences the runoff process in the Inner Mongolia reaches. The main causes of low discharge days increasing in recent decade are violentair temperature variation, incoming runoff decreasing, severe channel sediment deposition and river projects increasing.
  • ZHANG Ling, LI Shiweng, CHEN Ximing, LIU Guangxiu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 430-441. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0052
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    Streptomyces strains were isolated from the soils of the Tibetan Plateau and identified. Their antimicrobial activity was investigated in the present study. 151 Streptomyces strains were isolated from the soils sampled from 11 sites in the Tibetan Plateau. Among them 43 strains had been identified using 16S rDNA sequencing method, of which 41 strains were found belonging to Streptomyces. The similarity search indicate that besides strains WDL-DM-5 and TTH-DM-1 have 90.76% and 95% similarity compared with a known Streptomyces strain, respectively, the strains have more than 99% similarity as compared with a known Streptomyces strain. The antimicrobial tests showed that 68 strains of Streptomyces have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Among them 41 strains are able to resist all the three kinds of indicator bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, indicating that Streptomyces with strong antimicrobial activity exist in the soils from the Tibetan Plateau.
  • CHEN Delai, CHEN Lingyun, SHI Hongquan, HAN Yapeng, XU Shujuan, Purbu, MA Zhengxue
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 442-450. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0053
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    For understanding the characteristics of structure, diversity and seasonal dynamics of soil arthropod community in Gannan section of the Daxia River wetland, an investigation was conducted at six plots in spring, summer and autumn with field sampling method. It is found that (1) a total of 35 groups and 8 743 soil arthropod were captured, including 2 743 large-size ones and 6 000 small/medium-size ones, which belong to 3 classes, 9 orders and 33 families. Large-size soil arthropod accounts for 35.52% of the total, small/medium-size soil arthropod accounts for 64.48% of the total. The dominant groups of large-size soil arthropod include Chironomidae and Doilchopodidae; small/medium-size soil arthropod include Sejidae, Trombidiidae, Isotoma and Proisotoma; (2) There are significantly seasonal variation in the composition and individuals of soil arthropod community, and the sequences of seasonal dynamics of groups and individual number of the soil arthropod are characterized by autumn > summer > spring; (3) The vertical distributions of the group and individual density in a soil profile are characterized by concentration in surface in the depth range of 0~5 cm and decline with depth. These results will provide useful data for ecological study of soil arthropod in arctic-alpine wetland.
  • YUAN Jie, ZHOU Jianye, Osmanjan Aerken, LI Zhiqiang, HE Xiangyi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 451-456. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0054
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    The complete sequence of gene ftsq from Arthrobacter strain A3 was amplified via TAIL-PCR. The gene ftsq sequence homology, FtsQ transmembrane domain and spatial structure were analyzed by Bioinformatics software. Sequencing result shows that the ftsq gene is 1035 bp in size encoding 344 amino acids. The ftsq sequence homology shows that the kinship between ftsq of Arthrobacter strain A3 and that of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Streptomyces coelicolor is nearly, but is far from ftsq of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Caulobacter crescentus. FtsQ is a one-time membrane protein consisting of a fairly long cytoplasmic domain (residues 1 to 114), a transmembrane segment (TMS; residues 115 to 139) and a periplasmic domain (residues 140 to 344). FtsQ spatial structure prediction reveals cytoplasmic domain and transmembrane segment spatial structure is missed, and the structure of periplasmic domain contains α-helix, β-sheet and loop. Conclusively, the cytoplasmic domain of Arthrobacter strain A3 FtsQ is different to that of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in length and spatial structure. Arthrobacter A3, which lacks the initial FtsZ-stabilizing proteins FtsA, might use FtsQ unique cytoplasmic tails to resolve this deficiency. Arthrobacter A3 ftsq may be essential only in the extreme environment, for example, under ionization, radiation and cold conditions. The ftsq is likely not be required for growth under rich medium, temperature of 20 ℃. In Arthrobacter A3, FtsQ may link cytoplasmic and periplasmic cell division proteins. It appears to be required for maintaining the appropriate frequency of septum formation at correctly positioned sites; FtsQ takes part in synthesis of the peptidoglycan, where FtsQ might guide the inward invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane to produce the daughter cells and build a thicker cell wall to adapt to extreme environment.
  • ZHUO Pingqing, MI Qin, LI Sanxiang, XUE Lingui, WANG Yibo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 457-461. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0055
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    Six luminous bacteria, numbered Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 ,Q5 and Q6, were isolated from the gut of Gymnocypris przewalskii from 2009 to 2013. Strains Q1~Q6 are bacteria of gram-negative, rod shaped ((0.5~0.8)μm×(1.0~1.5)μm), polar flagella, motile, oxidase, catalase, nitrate reduction test, indole and V-P test-positive. Strains Q1~Q6 are able to ferment glucose and produce acid, secret amylase, gelatinase and DNase. The optimum growth temperature is 20~25 ℃ and the optimum growth pH value is 8.5~9.0. Analysis of 16S rDNA of Q1~Q6 indicates that the isolate is able to form a monophyletic clade with the members of the genus Vibrio. The closest phylogenetic relative among the valid species is Vibrio anguillarum, with 99.57% similarity. Tested by using Biology GENⅢ system, the strains could utilize 30 carbohydrates (12 saccharides, 5 amino acids, 4 carboxylic acids, 2 polymers and 7 others) of 71 carbohydrates under aerobic growth condition. The isolates are identified as strains of Vibrio anguillarum based on their biochemical, physiological, the results of Biology GENⅢ system identification and morphological characteristics, as well as the analysis of 16S rDNA sequence. Characteristics of luminescence of Vibrio anguillarum reported here are new finding.
  • XIAN Wenjiao, XU Zhongmin, DENG Xiaohong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 462-468. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0056
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    As an important economic means, water price is a vital part to achieve sustainable use of water resources. Full-cost water pricing considers all the costs in water production process, as well as profits and taxes. It makes water price fully reflecting the value of water resources in scarcity, water supply cost and compensation for recovering the water environment. In this paper, a full-cost water price model is described in detail, and Zhangye Municipality is taken as an example to calculate the full cost water price by using the model in Daman, Ganjun, Shangsan and Wujiang irrigation areas. The price is 0.16, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.14 Yuan m-3 for the four areas, respectively. It is revealed that the current price accounts for 62.5%, 66.67%, 50% and 71.4% of the full cost water price. Besides, after the comparison between current water price and full cost water price, the conclusion can be drawn that the current water price is quite lower than the full-cost water price. Finally, some policy recommendations are put forward to water resources management in the municipality.
  • CAI Guoying, YIN Xiaojuan, ZHAO Jirong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2014, 36(2): 469-478. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2014.0057
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    Millennium ecosystem assessment (MA) is the first international work program designed to assess the interactions between ecosystems and human well-being based on the information from all sources and to establish an analytical approach to conduct multi-scale and integrated assessments. In this paper, based on the definition of human well-being in the MA framework, the recognition of daily life satisfaction and the comprehensive multi-indexes evaluation of human well-being are applied to the local people living in Qinghai Lake basin. Data were collected by a questionnaire survey in conjunction with the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method. It is found that the recognition of local people's daily life (such as clothing, food, housing and income) in the study area were obvious differences, dependent on age, sexuality, level of education and so on. Based on the multi-index evaluation method consisting of material indicators and subjective satisfaction, the status and spatial difference in human well-being were analyzed. On the whole, the human well-being score in Qinghai Lake basin was only 0.454, income and food security were the most important factors from the local people's view, with the contribution values as high as 0.074 and 0.147. On the sub-regional perspective, the human well-being score of Gonghe County was the highest, followed by Haiyan County, Tianjun County. The human well-being of Gangcha County had the lowest score, only 0.448. In summary, increasing income and ensuring food safety are the effective way for improving the human well-being in Qinghai Lake basin.