25 October 2013, Volume 35 Issue 5
    

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  • JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1065-1067. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0119
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  • JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1068-1076. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0120
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  • YANG Jian-ping, LI Man, YANG Sui-qiao, TAN Chun-ping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1077-1087. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0121
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    Glaciers are important water sources in China and adjoining countries, which have rapidly shrunken since the 1990s. Adaptation to the glacier shrink is imperative for these countries. It is important to improve our understanding of glacier vulnerability to climate change so that an adaptation strategy can be established. A glacier numerical model is developed by using spatial principle component analysis supported by remote sensing and geographical information system technologies. The model contains nine factors describing topography, climate and glacier characteristics. The vulnerability of glaciers to climate change is evaluated during the period of 1961-2007 on a regional scale. Based on the projection of air temperature and precipitation changes under the IPCC SERS A1B scenario and of glacier change in the 21st century, glacier vulnerability is estimated for the 2030s and the 2050s. The vulnerability is graded into five levels: potential, light, medial, heavy and extreme heavy, followed Natural Breaks Classification. The spatial distribution of glacier vulnerability and its temporal change in the 21st century for the SERS A1B scenario are analyzed and the factors influencing the vulnerability are discussed. The results show that mountain glaciers in China are very vulnerable to climate change, and the zones of heavy and extreme heavy levels accounted for 41% of the whole glaciated area for the period 1961-2007. This is mainly explained by topographical exposure and high sensitivity of glaciers to climate change. Trends of glacial vulnerability decline in the 2030s and 2050s, but in some regions glaciers are still quite vulnerable. For the 2030s and 2050s a change in precipitation is estimated to be a crucial factor, besides topographical factors.
  • WANG Ning-lian, HE Jian-qiao, WU Hong-bo, LI Zhen
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1088-1094. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0122
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    Based on the measured surface temperature data on the Qiumianleiketage Glacier in the Kunlun Mountains, Tibetan Plateau, in the spring of 2013, it was found that: 1) the glacier surface (covered by firn) temperature was lower in the clear day than in the cloudy or overcast day, which might be caused by that some parts of energy absorbed by the glacier surface were consumed for the firn surface melting rather than for the firn surface temperature increasing in the clear day;2) the glacier surface temperature decreased with increasing altitude with a lapse rate of 0.58 ℃·(100m)-1 in the clear day, which is slightly lower than the local free-air lapse rate;3) the depth of firn on the glacier surface could exert an important influence on the surface temperature in the clear day, and there was a significant positive relationship between them, which showed that the firn surface temperature increased by 0.46 ℃ while the depth of firn increased by 10 cm. By comprehensive analysis of the surface temperature data from the glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau, it was revealed that the diurnal amplitude of glacier surface temperature was small, only about several degrees, under the condition that the melting occurred on the glacier surface.
  • LOU Meng-yun, LIU Zhi-hong, LOU Shao-ming, DAI Rui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1095-1102. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0123
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    Based on MODIS snow cover data from 2002 to 2011, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the snow cover in Xinjiang are investigated. It is found that snow deposit starts in mid-October, and snow cover achieves the maximum depth in January and the minimum depth in July. In a year, snow-covered area (SCA) in winter is the largest, and that in summer is the least. The SCA in Xinjiang was decreasing from 2002 to 2011. Seasonally, there was a decreasing trend in spring and winter, no obvious changing trend in summer, and an increasing trend in fall. In summer, only permanent snow cover existed in high altitudes, which was rather stable. Spatially, distribution of SCA was uneven in Xinjiang. The SCA in North Xinjiang is more than that in the South Xinjiang. High frequency regions of snow cover were located in mountains, and low frequency regions in basins. The permanent SCA was the maximum in the Kunlun Mountains, followed by the Tianshan Mountains and was the minimum in the Altay Mountains. Looking along altitude, the permanent SCA was the maximum in the altitude from 5 000 m to 6 000 m, followed by that from 4 000 m to 5 000 m and then from 6 000 m to 7 000 m.
  • Pubu Ciren, Chuduo, Zhuoga, Lazhen, Laba
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1103-1111. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0124
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    In this paper, the temporal and spatial distribution of snow cover and its climatic influencing factors, such as annual mean air temperature, annual precipitation and annual evaporation, in the Qomolangma Natural Reserve of the Himalayas during 2001-2010 is investigated based on the 8 days composited MODIS snow cover dataset from Snow and Ice Data Center of America along with the meteorological observation at Tingri Station. The snow characteristics, including annual variation, seasonal variation and permanent snow variation, are analyzed. It is found that the snow cover exhibits an obvious decreasing trend, about 323 km2 decreased in the past ten years, especially from 2005. The coverage of permanent snow has great decreased, especially from 2006, with an area decrease of about 85 km2. The snow cover has evident seasonal variation, namely with a maximum in February and a minimum in August. Spatially, distribution of snow cover has become narrow gradually in the past decade and the narrowed areas are mainly located in the middle and eastern parts of the Qomolangma Natural Reserve. Furthermore, the snow cover is negatively related to annual mean air temperature.
  • WANG Duo-min, YANG Zong-ying, LI Chun-xiao, CHANG Pei-jing, ZHAMG Si-lian
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1112-1117. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0125
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    In this paper, the high quality surface meteorological data observed in Zhongshan Station during the polar day, 1989-2011, including air temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation, etc., are used to carry out some statistics and analysis for understanding the basic characteristics and variation trends of meteorological elements during the polar day at Zhongshan Station. Furthermore, the weather features during the polar day are summarized for understanding and analyzing the climate profile of Antarctica. It will be useful for Zhongshan Station summer scientific research. It is found that during the polar day, the annual average temperature is -0.6 ℃, with a changing rate of -0.2 ℃·(10a)-1, showing a slowly descend tendency. The annual average wind velocity is 5.4 m·s-1, with a changing rate of -0.5 m·s-1·(10a)-1. Totally there are 459 days of precipitation, accounting for 33.3% of the total days of the polar day;the annual average sunshine time is 763.8 h, with an increasing rate of 26.8 h·(10a) -1.
  • XU Hui, LI Zhong-qin, Nozomu Takeuchi, ZHANG Xiao-yu, ZHANG Guo-fei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1118-1125. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0126
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    5 ice samples were taken from the Ürümqi Glacier No.1, Tian Shan, China from July 2007 to June 2010. The samples were analyzed for the structure, formation process of cryoconite granules, cyanobacteria species and characteristics of mineral particles in cryoconite. It is found that granules were distributed over the entire ice surface of the ablation area, and ranged in size from 0.26 to 3.5 mm (mean 1.1 mm). It mainly consisted of organic matter, mineral particles and microbes. Microscopy of a thin section revealed four inner structures. Type Ⅰ, most granules had concentric layers of dense organic matter, which are probably derived from annual growth of the granules by the activity of cyanobacteria. Type Ⅱ, some granules contained two or more sub granules. Type Ⅲ, there were also granules that had no specific internal structure. Type Ⅳ, some granules had relatively large mineral particles at their center. The 16S rRNA genes were amplified from the total DNA by PCR with bacteria-specific primers and constructed a clone library. Positive clones were randomly selected from the library and identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP). The unique RFLP pattern corresponded sequences were sequenced, BLAST and then constructed phylogenetic tree. In total, 247 positive clones were screened and grouped into 10 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). 10 OTUs were divided into 3 phyla with Blast analysis and RDP classifer: Oscillatoriales, Chroococcales, Unclassified. Oscillatoriales(91%) was the absolutely dominant group. Mean mass concentration of mineral particles is d<3.5 μm. Volume size distributions of mineral particles showed single-model structures having volume median diameters from 3 to 25 μm. There have abundant organic matter and microbe in cryoconite. Thus, the main factor of lower albedo is organic part, include organic matter and microbes.
  • ZHAO Yong-hua, ZHAO Lin, YUE Guang-yang, LIU Guang-yue, DU Er-ji
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1126-1132. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0127
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    On the Tibetan Plateau, global warming causes more permafrost thawing out. How permafrost degradation impacts on methane emission from wetlands in permafrost regions and thus regulates the feedback effects of wetlands to global warming are mostly unknown. This study was designed to examine soil methane oxidation rate in swamp meadows of permafrost regions on the Tibetan Plateau under various temperature scenarios using an anaerobic incubation technique. The results show that there is significant exponential correlation between methane oxidation rate and incubation temperature. The methane oxidation rate under -5, 0, 5, 10 and 18 ℃ are 1.3, 26.5, 390.5, 1 644.7 and 4 926.4 times of that at -10 ℃. At 0, 5, 10 and 18 ℃, the distribution of methane production rates from various soil layers takes a "U" shape;it is higher at the depths of 0-20 and 20-80 cm, while the lowest methane oxidation rate presents at the depth between 20 and 80 cm. However, no obvious traits are observed at incubation temperatures of -10 and -5 ℃. The methane oxidation rates are significantly correlated with incubation time at temperatures of 0, 5, 10 and 18 ℃ (n=6, R2=0.91;n=6, R2=0.8;n=6, R2=0.88;n=6, R2=0.81), but the ranges of the average methane oxidation rates at different depths at all incubation temperatures during the entire 72 hours have obvious difference. The ranges of 0, 5, 10 and 18 ℃ are 0.019-0.097, 0.61-1.06, 4.01-9.78 and 7.4-13.25 ng·g-1·h-1, and the variation rates are 510%, 173%, 244% and 179%. In this study, the methane oxidation rate is not significantly correlated with soil organic carbon contents, but those from different soil layers are significantly correlated with soil pH-value at 0, 5, 10 and 18 ℃. At the same time, the results show that the methane oxidation rates are significantly correlated with grain distribution of soils.
  • MAO Rui-juan, WU Hong-bo, HE Jian-qiao, GUO Zhong-ming, WU Yu-wei, WU Xue-jiao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1133-1142. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0128
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    In this paper, albedo dataset retrieved from Landsat TM/ETM+ images and MOD10A1 daily albedo product are taken as the main data sources. Firstly, accuracy of the two albedo remote sensing data of Muztagh Glacier is verified. Then based on these two remote sensing data the temporal and spatial variations of surface albedo are analyzed. Finally, the relationship between albedo and dust is discussed. It is found that spatially, albedo of the Muztagh Glacier increases with altitude, ranging from 0.508 to 0.637. Overall albedo increases with altitude, but above 5 950 m a.s.l., due to the existence of bare rock albedo begins to decline. During the period of 2000-2009, albedo of the glacier appeared an obvious fluctuation, and increased slowly, with a rate of 0.0025 a-1. Albedo and particle number are negatively related, with a correlation coefficient r=-0.664 (P<0.01).
  • ZHANG Mei, CUI Zhi-jiu, LIU Geng-nian, CHEN Yi-xin, NIE Zhen-yu, FU Hai-rong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1143-1155. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0129
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    The glacier dynamics at the ice-bed interface form an important element of the glacier system. Hailuogou Glacier is located in a warm and humid environment with maritime characteristics. The bottom of the glacier rich in debris slides intensively and the temperature at the bottom approaches the pressure melting point. Therefore, research on subglacial environment of this glacier makes a significant sense. We have sampled a sequence of subglacial deposits in the shallow eroded depression on the polished surfaces of Hailuogou Glacier. The investigated site provides evidence of sediment deposition and deformation to understand subglacial processes. We used an integrated approach to demonstrate a subglacial deposition and deformation model based on field observation and laboratory analysis. The results of grain-size, geochemical and SEM analyses testify each other that the source materials of the subglacial deposits are derived mainly from the glacier basal layer. Micromorphological work reveals that the subglacial deposits exhibits a range of ductile deformation microstructures (rotation structures, folding structure) and brittle deformation ones (lineation, edge-to-edge crushing and grain stacking, faulting structure). A subglacial deposition model has been established and the model exhibits a complex process including subglacial meltwater deposition, lodging. Sediment deposition and deformation is controlled by fluctuations in basal-water pressure, which determine changes in subglaciall meltwater drainage. Therefore subglacial meltwater at the ice-bed interface plays an important role in glacier dynamics, glacier deformation and sediment deposition processes. The maritime feature of Hailouogou Glacier examines this well.
  • HUO Guang-yong, JIANG Yuan-an, SHI Hong-zheng, YU Xing-jie, WANG Hong, SHAO Wei-ling
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0130
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    Using the thunderstorm observation data from 89 meteorological stations of Xinjiang during 1961-2010 and the methods of mathematical statistics and linear trend analysis, in this paper, the temporal-spatial distribution and variation characteristics of thunderstorms in Xinjiang are analyzed. The results show that the distribution of thunderstorms in Xinjiang has significant regional features, and the annual thunderstorm days appear more in mountain regions, the northern Xinjiang and the western Xinjiang, rather than plains, the southern Xinjiang and the eastern Xinjiang. The distributions of annual thunderstorms in the west portion of the Tianshan Mountains and their two sides are zonal distribution, forming two areas with 46-84 and 25-35 days annually. Zhaosu in the Ili River valley has the most thunderstorms, up to 83.7 d per year. Temporally, the thunderstorm in Xinjiang is seasonal, primarily appearing in summer, accounting for 77% of the total. In cold winter, thunders are seldom heard. The monthly thunderstorm days show a distribution of single-peak. Most thunderstorm days are in July, with six days per month averaged over Xinjiang. The earliest thunderstorm often appears from February to April while the latest one appears from September to December. Recently, the average thunderstorm days decrease significantly, with the decreasing rate of 1.28, 1.53, 1.90 and 0.82 d·(10a)-1, respectively, in Xinjiang as a whole, in North Xinjiang, in the Tianshan Mountains and in South Xinjiang. Spatial distribution over most parts of the region presents a decreasing trend, especially, in North Xinjiang. However, in the Tianshan Mountains and their two sides and some places in the west part of South Xinjiang, there is a weak increasing trend. Decadal variation trend of thunderstorms is, in general, going down year by year. Thunderstorm days are all decreasing in spring, summer and autumn, with most outstanding decreasing trend in summer. The monthly thunderstorm days in Xinjiang and their subareas all show a decreasing trend.
  • GUO Hui, LI Dong-liang, LIN Shu, DONG Yan-xiong, SUN Lan-dong, HUANG Lei-nuo, LIN Jing-jing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1165-1175. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0131
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    Precipitation data from 225 meteorological stations in western China from 1954 to 2006 are analyzed through the empirical orthogonal function and the rotated empirical orthogonal function. Nine precipitation subregions in western China can be divided. Among them, the subregions of southern Xinjiang, western Hexi Corridor and western Inner Mongolia have prominent change in annual precipitation. The western Sichuan subregion has minor change in annual precipitation. As a whole, precipitation in western China had increased obviously, but in east of 110°E had decreased. It is concluded that there are 5 types of precipitation changing in western China. Precipitation increased evidently in Xinjiang. It is found that there are precipitation changing periods of 8 to 9 years and 4 to 5 years.
  • SUN Xian, WEI Na, WANG Shi-gong, JIANG Chuang-ye, WANG Qi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1176-1182. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0132
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    Variation characteristics of summer daily precipitation and its decadal trend are analyzed using the hourly recorded data during the summer from 1961 to 2010 in Xi'an City. It is found that the amount and frequency of summer daily precipitation have inconsistent change in the 50 years from 1961 to 2010. Usually, the summer daily precipitation peak takes place between afternoon and evening with a maximum hourly rainfall amount between 15:00 and 20:00, a maximum hourly cumulative rainfall amount at 17:00, a secondary high value between 15:00 and 20:00 and a minimum between 22:00 and 03:00. The hourly cumulative rainfall frequency, however, differs from the cumulative rainfall amount as follows: the cumulative precipitation frequency has a doublespeak pattern with a peak between 04:00 and 10:00 and a peak between 17:00 and 20:00. Low frequencies are observed between 19:00 and 24:00, indicating that rain fall is more frequent during the day than at night. Therefore, the summer daily precipitation in Xi'an is characterized by light rain during daytime (high frequency but small amount) and heavy rain in late afternoon (low frequency but large amount) with less frequency and amount at nighttime. Apparent decadal variations in the amount and frequency of the hourly precipitation are observed.
  • LI Kai-ming, LI Xuan, WANG Cui-yun, QIAO Yan-jun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0133
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    Based on the data of precipitation and air temperature from weather stations in the source regions of the Yellow River and data of runoff from Madoi, Darlag, Maqu, Tangnag and Lanzhou hydrologic stations, the changes of precipitation, air temperature and runoff during the past several decades are investigated. Meanwhile, changes in land use patterns and their reasons in these regions are studied. It is revealed that an obvious increase in air temperature and decrease in precipitation and runoff in these regions. Changes in land use indicate that the wetland is affected by human activity and climate change. The change is resulted from the combinations of nature factors and human activity. Thus the eco-environment in the source regions of the Yellow River will deteriorate further. Artificial intervention is needed to protect and to improve the eco-environment in the source regions of the Yellow River.
  • LUO Sheng-zhou, JU Ke-ying, Luo Yan-nian, WANG Qing-chun, LI Jiang-ying
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0134
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    Using Xining's daily air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and average sunshine hours and other meteorological data from 1954 to 2011, and using the models for calculating temperature humidity index, windchill index, index of clothing and human body comfort index, the probabilities of annual and daily tourism comfortable indexes and comfortable days in Xining are calculated. The beginning date, ending date and duration of comfortable days are calculated with various index models in Xining are also analyzed. Their decadal and annual variation characteristics and annual mutation are discussed as well. The calculation of comprehensive comfort index shows that for Xining City relatively suitable tourism comfortable period begins in mid-April, ends in mid-October, lasting for 184 days. There are no suitable and most suitable comfortable periods for tourism, reflecting the climate characteristics in Xining, where summer is cool. It is found that the relatively suitable comfortable period for tourism is increasing from the calculations of temperature humidity index, human body comfort indexes and other indexes, with a mutation (increasing), which is a favorable factor for the tourism industry in Xining.
  • MA Qin-yong, WU Jin-rong, QIN Kai
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1202-1208. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0135
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    Freezing-thawing damage to asphalt concrete pavement in saline soil areas is more frequent due to diurnal temperature variation, which affect pavement performance directly. So splitting tensile test for asphalt concrete in freezing-thawing condition is conducted. The splitting tensile strength and freezing-thawing corrosion factor are adopted to evaluate the strength variation of asphalt concrete under chlorine salt action. The results show that the splitting tensile strength of asphalt concrete decreases rapidly after chlorine salt erosion with several freeze-thaw cycles, and the decreasing amplitude increases with the times of freezing-thawing cycles. Freezing-thawingcorrosion factor shows the same changing tendency. Moreover, the higher the concentration of chlorine salt, the larger the influence on the splitting tensile strength and freezing-thawingcorrosion factor for asphalt concrete. The results would provide the scientific foundation for structural design of asphalt concrete in salt areas.
  • CHEN Zhao-yu, LI Guo-yu, YU Qi-hao, MU Yan-hu, GUO Lei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1209-1218. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0136
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    In permafrost regions, foundation stability and work performance is depended on thermal stability of the foundation. In this paper, finite element method is used and a 2-D numerical analysis model is established to research heat transfer characteristics and to predict long-term thermal stability of cast-in-place piles in permafrost regions, which belong to the 400 kV Qinghai-Tibet Electric Transmission Line, with different mean annual ground temperatures (MAGTs) and ice contents within permafrost and in consideration of climate warming. The results show that a range of 4-5 times radius of the pile will be disturbed thermally, and the thaw depth around the pile foundation will be increasing as time goes on, the maximum thawed depths in a warm and ice-poor permafrost area and in an ice-poor permafrost area with low temperature are 6.65 m and 3.05 m, respectively, after 50 years;the thawing rate of the permafrost table reaches 9.5 cm·a-1 and 3.6 cm·a-1, respectively, in warm and low temperature permafrost areas;the maximum thawing depth in warm permafrost areas and low temperature ice-rich permafrost areas is 5.25 m and 2.77 m, respectively, 50 years later;the thawing rate of the permafrost table in warm and low temperature permafrost areas reaches 6.7 cm·a-1 and 2.0 cm·a-1, respectively;frozen ground around the pile foundation is warming and thawing due to climate warming. The effective adfreezing lengths of piles in warm, ice-poor and warm, ice-rich permafrost areas reduce by 28% and 15%, respectively. The adfreezing force around the foundation is decreasing. This study provides a very important scientific base for pile design, maintenance and estimate of stability in cold regions.
  • WANG Cheng-wei, LI Dong-wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1219-1223. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0137
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    Based onmodified Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion (Zienkiewicz-Pande yield criterion), a viscoelastic-plastic damage coupling constitutive model, which could describe well the three stages of creep of frozen soil, have been establishedand aflexibility matrix of themodel has alsobeen developed. Embedding this constitutive model into a large-scale non-linear limit element procedure, ADINA,a series of curves about creepoffrozen soil were obtained. Comparing thesecurves with measured values found that the simulated values fit pretty to the measured ones, with amaximum error of4.8%. It means that the viscoelastic-plastic damage coupling constitutive model, based on Zienkiewicz-Pandecriterion, can accurately describe the shear and three-stagestrain properties of frozen soil. What's more, lots of shear and strain curves of frozen soil will be got by numerical simulation with a few mechanical parametersof frozen soil. It is believed that this study will be a very important theoretical direction for frozen-soil structure in long time stability analysis and forecast.
  • HAO Jia-qian, HE Rui-xia
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1224-1231. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0138
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    Focusing the studying area of the Mohe-Wuerqi section, where permafrost develops along the China-Russia Pipeline, the impact of the pipeline construction on the permafrost environment and the ecological environmental problems due to permafrost degradation were analyzed. The effect of environment change on the pipeline engineering is pointed out as well. Aiming at the problems in pipeline construction in permafrost regions, both pipeline construction technique and protection measure of permafrost environment is put forward, such as, cleaning up the working area, spoil management, preparation of the construction road and the determination of the embankment height, design of the construction campsite and stock yard, calculation of the exposure duration of excavation, pipeline construction in permafrost region. Since the China-Russia Pipeline is the first crude oil pipeline with large diameter passing through permafrost regions in China, the study is expected to be useful in permafrost environment protection, in the pipeline construction and other engineering in cold regions.
  • ZHOU Sheng-quan, CHEN Hai-ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1232-1236. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0139
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    Western China, where the strata of Cretaceous have been widely distributed, has become China's important coal producing area because of the large amount of coal resources. The frozen wall temperature field in Cretaceous soft rock strata is not clear, which brings some difficulties to the design and construction of freezing shaft sinking. The thermal physical parameters distribution, mechanical properties of the frozen soft rock and freezing and thawing rule of deep frozen wall in Cretaceous strata are able to gain by means of modern technical means, such as field measurement, laboratory test, numerical simulation and so on. Derived from the monitored freezing point and freezing temperature field, it is revealed that conductivity value of the frozen soft rock in Cretaceous strata is generally in 3.328~3.465 W·m-1·K-1. In-situ measurements show that the time ratios of thawing-freezing in Cretaceous strata are usually between 1.0 and 1.2.These results will be useful for design and construction of freezing shaft sinking in Cretaceous strata in western China.
  • DUAN Shui-qiang, CAO Guang-chao, LIU Tao, WU Qing, LI Yan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1237-1247. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0140
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    Based on remote sensing images in Qinghai Qiangtang Basin from 1976 to 2010, sixty-seven lakes with area larger than 1 km2were interpreted in this paper. The results show that from 1976 to 1994, most lakes were in shrinkage. The lake area had decreased 446.8 km2, accounting for 12.5%. From 1994 to 2001, the lake area increased from 3 132.6 to 3 395.2 km2, and then expanded to 3 641.7 km2in 2007 and 3 836.2 km2in 2010, respectively. The lake area in 2010 was 22.5% higher than that in 1994, even higher than that in 1976. The extent of expansion in the period from 2007 to 2010 was the maximum. Meanwhile, the climatic and hydrological variations of the investigated regions from 1959 to 2010 are also analyzed. It is found that the annual mean air temperature increased significantly, while the annual evaporation from 1959 to 1980 decreased and then tended to be stable. The yearly precipitation and the yearly runoff increased dramatically from 1998 to 1999. The features of the response of the lake area to the climatic and hydrological changes show that recent lake expansion is mainly resulted from abundant precipitation and runoff. There was no significant connection between the incensement of air temperature and the change of evaporation. The increased water caused by the shrinkage of glaciers has little influence on recent lake expansion. As a contrast, the change in climate and hydrology and in the lake area in Qinghai Qiangtang Basin occurred about seven years earlier than that in Qinghai Lake and the Yellow River source regions.
  • LIU You-cun, HUO Xue-li, HAO Yong-hong, JIAO Ke-qin, HAN Tian-ding, LIU Yan, LIU Zhi-fang, LIU Can
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1248-1258. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0141
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    Extreme value theory is the major means to deal with extreme events of small probability, which has been widely used in hydrology. In this paper, based on the theory and method of generalized Pareto distribution model, the extreme runoff in the upstream of the Ürümqi River, Tianshan Mountains was predicated. The results of different average runoff return levels, which contain 95% confidence intervals, indicate that the maximum average monthly runoff corresponding to 10 a, 25 a, 50 a and 100 a return period is 35.4 m3·s-1, 39.9 m3·s-1, 43.2 m3·s-1 and 46.3 m3·s-1, respectively, and the minimum average monthly runoff corresponding to 10 a, 25 a, 50 a and 100 a return period is 0.60 m3·s-1, 0.43 m3·s-1, 0.30 m3·s-1 and 0.18 m3·s-1, respectively, in the upstream of the Ürümqi River. Regarding the impact of present climate change, it is expected that the upstream of the river will dry up in the dry season around 2058. The results are only from the statistically significant associations. Of course, there are substantial uncertainties about the extreme runoff prediction.
  • LI Chang-bin, WANG Shuai-bing, YANG Lin-shan, YANG Wen-jin, LI Wen-yan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1259-1266. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0142
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    The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively detect the spatial and temporal characteristics of the hydrologic meteorologicalchanges from 1951 to 2010 in the four geographic-ecological sections in the Taohe River basin by using multiple methods including wavelet analysis, M-K test and the Sen's slope. It was found that the hydrologic meteorologicaloscillation over the basin presented a variety in time scales. Annual variations of air temperature, precipitation and runoff were mostly in time periods of 9-13 years and 2-5 years over the basin. Air temperature has increased since the middle 1990s with an abrupt change in the north earlier than in the south and in the west later than in the east. Precipitation has decreased overall since the early 1990s over the basin, except for the prairie pastoral areas in the upper reaches of the river, as a result, runoff has obviously decreased. Over the 60 years, temperature had averagely increased at a rate of 0.18 ℃·(10a)-1while precipitation had decreased at a rate of 0.03 mm·(10a)-1;runoff had decreased with a rate of 11.36 mm·(10a)-1. In the latest 30 years, the hydrologic meteorologicalchange over the basin has become more severe;air temperature has increased with a rate of 0.63 ℃·(10a)-1;precipitation has decreased with a rate of 8.86 mm·(10a)-1;runoff has decreased with a rate of 21.00 mm·(10a)-1. Amounts and amplitudes of the hydrologic meteorologicalelements changes are different among the four geographic-ecological sections, depending on the water-energy variations due to the changes in regional climate and underlying surface shift.
  • DENG Zhen-yong, ZHANG Qiang, WANG Run-yuan, GAO Wei-dong, XU Jin-fang, CAO Ling, LIU Ming-chun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1267-1275. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0143
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    The runoffs of the Shiyang River, Heihe River and Shule River from 1955 to 2008 were calculated and analyzed in order to understand the impact characteristics of climate change on the runoff of inland rivers. It is found that in the Shiyang River runoff had obviously decreased as a whole, in the Heihe River it had slightly increased and in the Shule River it had significantly increased. There was a decreasing tendency of the three rivers in the 1990s, but it has shifted to increasing in the early 21st century. The impacts of climate change on the three rivers are different. The Shiyang River basin is affected mostly by monsoon climate, where climate is warming, evapotranspiration is increasing and water consumption is increasing too, resulting in decreasing runoff. The basins of Hehei River and Shule River are mainly controlled by westerly, where runoff increasing is basically due to climate warming and precipitation increasing. In order to mitigate the adverse impact of climate change on river basin water resource utilization, an idea of adaptive management of water resources is put forward based on analyzing the impact characteristics of climate change on runoff of the three rivers. It is suggested that: 1) scientific management of water resources should be practiced and water use efficiency should be improved;2) the Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve project construction and the sustainable utilization of water resources should be improved;3) the model of production should be changed and the structure of plant should be adjusted, and the crop area should be controlled according to the amount of water resource;4) the cloud water resources in the air should be developed actively, and the Qilian Mountain's glaciers should be nourished. It is believed that these measures and countermeasures are able to provide scientific basis for comprehensive governance, scientific development and utilization of water resources in inland river basin.
  • SHI Zheng-tao, ZENG Jian-jun, LIU Xin-you, HUANG Ying, WANG Jie
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1276-1282. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0144
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    According to the vulnerability of water sources area in a plateau basin, a vulnerability indices system is built by choosing four aspects, including 14 representative indices, such as hydrologic meteorology of the water sources area, ecological environment, water source pollution and the situation of the earth's surface disturbance. Based on the complexity of urban water sources and the ambiguity of index evaluation criteria, an analysis model is built by using analytical hierarchy process to determine the weight, as well as principal component analysis. The model is used to assess the vulnerability of Songhuaba water sources of Kunming. It is found that the water sources are of moderate vulnerability. Wherein, the factor of hydrologic meteorology and water source pollution are of moderate vulnerability. Ecological environment are of mild vulnerability. Surface disturbance is in a stage between mild and moderate vulnerability.
  • FAN Sheng-yue, LAN Jian, XU Jun, CHEN Yu-ling
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1283-1291. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0145
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    In this paper, transaction cost analysis is introduced into ecological construction policy analysis process in desertification regions, and five costs are defined as transaction costs, which are information search cost, contract signing cost, construction and operating cost, supervision cost and seeking compensation cost, respectively. For each part, index decomposition is done according to the key nodes of the implementation of regional ecological policy and a total of 21 indexes of policy transaction cost analysis are designed. A transaction cost structure index is constructed in order to compare the performance between different ecological policies. The transaction cost structure index is constituted by three norms: the ratio of endogenous transaction cost to the total transaction cost, the ratio of farm inputs to the production cost of ecological construction projects, and the ratio of transaction cost to the sum of production cost and transaction cost of ecological construction projects. According to an investigation in Yanchi County, it is revealed that Return the Grain Plots to Forestry and Natural Forest Protection policy have good and relatively good implementation effects with transaction costs of 640.87 yuan·hm-2·a-1 and 41.49 yuan·hm-2·a-1 and transaction cost structure indexes of 0.1242 and 0.2292, respectively;the "Three-North" Shelterbelt policy has a general effect and its transaction cost is 806.08 yuan·hm-2·a-1 and transaction cost structure index is 0.4149;Grassland Grazing Prohibition policy has poor effect with transaction cost of 530.45 yuan·hm-2·a-1 and transaction cost structure index of 0.8575. Transaction cost and structure analysis of ecological policy is of great significance, providing a new perspective for comparison and performance evaluation of different ecological construction policies.
  • AN Bao-sheng, CHENG Guo-dong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1292-1300. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0146
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    The Qinghai-Tibet Railway operation began on July 1st, 2006, and becomes the first railway in Tibet Autonomous Region (Tibet). It brings great historical opportunities for Tibet in economic development. The ecological environment of Tibet is very vulnerable. Evaluation and assessment of ecological and environmental changes, especially those brought by the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, are critical in promoting sustainable development of Tibet. In this paper, the method of ecological footprint is applied to calculate and analyze these changes and trends brought by the Qinghai-Tibet Railway during 2006-2011, and the ecological footprint during 2006-2010, without consideration of the railway's effect. A comparison of the results shows that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway stimulates economic and social development of Tibet and, at the same time, has a great impact on the ecological environment of the region. The paper assesses the impact of the railway from the perspectives of both passenger and freight transport. Results show that the ecological footprint of passenger transport is mainly brought by tourism, specifically by tourists' accommodation, food service and shopping. Ecological footprint of freight transport is mainly produced by inbound and outbound cargo. It is found that accommodation, followed by shopping and food service, accounts for the highest percentage of the ecological footprint of tourism produced by passenger transport. The overall ecological footprint of tourism by railway accounts for only 1% of the total ecological footprint of Tibet, ignoring the railway's effect. Carrying capacity brought by freight transport is increasing year by year and accounts for a large percentage in the total ecological footprint of Tibet, 51% at the highest. Freight transport, therefore, has a great contribution to the ecological footprint of Tibet. For Tibet, ecological footprint brought by the railway is far smaller than the ecological carrying capacity increased due to the railway.
  • Anwaer Maimaitiming, DAI Rui
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2013, 35(5): 1301-1307. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0147
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    Tarim Basin is the China's largest semi-closed inland basin. The basin suffers from natural disasters frequently, such as drought, wind, dust storm, flood and earthquake.To study how to improve the ability against natural disasters in the basin, Aksu Prefecture was taken as an example. By extensive reference of the evaluation index systems and evaluation models of disaster vulnerability at home and abroad, on thebackground of multi-disasters, evaluation index systems about regional natural disaster vulnerability for the cities in the basin were established. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was applied to evaluate the vulnerability of natural disaster. In this paper, various indexes were computed and contrastively analyzed.The result shows that Aksu City, Xinhe County and Awat County own the high level of vulnerability; Wensu County and Xayar County own the moderate level of vulnerability; Kuqa County, Baicheng County, Wushi CountyandKalpin County own the low level of vulnerability. In the meantime, combining regional characteristics, countermeasures and suggestions against the disasters are put forward,which are useful for reducing the vulnerability and mitigating the effectsof natural disasters in the basin.

  • LIU Chun-la, WANG Peng, XU Mei, LIU Pei-lin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2013, 35(5): 1308-1318. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2013.0148
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    The counties are taken as study units in this paper. Based on the statistics in the period of 2001-2010 of each administrative unit, ten indicators from three aspects (cultivated land resources, intensive levels of land use, elastic coefficient of grain farming) are selected and an evaluation index system of cultivated land utilization efficiency is constructed. The concepts and methods of annual variation rate are introduced, and a study is made on the analysis of cultivated land utilization efficiency's spatial difference in the minority nationalities mountain areas in West Hunan from 2001 to 2010. The following conclusions can be drawn. As a whole, the cultivated land utilization efficiency of minority nationalities mountain areas in West Hunan is relatively low, but a signal of improvement has presented in recent years, such as the cultivated land utilization efficiency has risen a lot, about 21%, together with oscillation in the annual change rate of individual indexes. The coordination degree between various indicators is getting better, but still in the state of uncoordinated or basic coordinated. From correlation analysis, it is found that among the factors influencing the cultivated land utilization efficiency, grain yield and output value are highly association factors (the degree of association are all greater than 0.9), but the degree of association of total cultivated area is the last one (the degree of association is less than 0.5). Spatial variation of cultivated land utilization efficiency is small in northwestern and eastern Hunan, but is great in western, middle and southern Hunan. Accordingly, six areas can be divided. They are high efficient and high harmony area, high efficient and basic harmony area, high efficient but inharmonious area, middle efficient and basic harmony area, middle efficient and inharmonious area, and low efficient and inharmonious area.