25 August 2015, Volume 37 Issue 4
    

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  • Development of Chinese high resolution land cover data for the RegCM4/CLM and its impact on regional climate simulation
    HAN Zhenyu, GAO Xuejie, SHI Ying, WU Jia, WANG Meili, Filippo Giorgi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 857-866. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0095
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    Based on the 1:1 000 000 Vegetation Atlas and 1:6 000 000 Vegetation Regionalization Map of China, a high resolution land cover dataset (VEG) with the CLM classification was developed, which can be used in CLM and RegCM4. Compared to the default land cover data (ORG), the VEG data produced a decreased coverage of bare ground and crop, but an increased coverage of shrub. With higher resolution, this new data can represent the local characteristics of land cover more accurately. A 3-yr continuous integral simulation was used to study the impact of land cover data on surface air temperature, precipitation, and surface energy budget. The results show that the simulation with the VEG data shows a general good performance in describing surface air temperature and precipitation in winter. Most of these improvements are located in South China, which can reduce the dry and cold biases. Using the VEG data not only changes the surface albedo and roughness but also the cloud fraction, and then consequently makes the surface energy budget change. Regional climate change differs by region, as does its mechanism. The temperature change in Tibet Plateau is the result of increasing turbulence flux and downward net long-wave radiation. The increase in surface roughness will enhance surface drag, leading to the increased turbulent heat exchange, and the cloud fraction variations will cause increased thermal warming. However, in Central and South China, the main factor affecting surface air temperature is surface short-wave radiation. It is hopeful that this high resolution land cover dataset will be widely applied in the CLM simulations over China.
  • The meteorological characters of icing-change in Guizhou Province
    TANG Yanjing, SONG Dan, LIAO Bo, LIU Yanxiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 867-875. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0096
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    To study icing change and corresponding meteorological factor in continues icing processes, the article estimated icing thickness from 2008 to 2014 in Guizhou Province. Study showed that the harm of icing doesn't increase with lasting-day in continues icing processes. In different icing change situation of several continues icing processes, statistical analysis on meteorological character showed: icing thickness correlated better with temperature, while the icing-change correlated better with temperature-change. Daily-rainfall and humidity affected separately on icing. Meteorological factors were different between icing-ablation and icing-increase. Icing-increase was distinct with icing-maintaining on temperature change, while rise on highest temperature was the key factor to icing-ablation. When icing-increase, temperature decreased gentle, with rainfall in past 24 hours, high humidity and small evaporation. In a typical process, we found that temperature decrease was beneficial for icing-increase and maintain; there were no rainfall in icing-ablation situation, while obvious rainfall was beneficial for icing-increase, but not linear correlated to it. At last, the article defined and analyzed extreme icing change: icing-increase and icing-ablation happened in different stage of continues process. Extreme icing change was distinct on highest temperature's daily variation. Extreme icing increase requires more rainfall, higher humidity and less evaporation.
  • Variation characteristics of extreme temperature events in Liaoning Province, 1961-2012
    ZHOU Xiaoyu, ZHAO Chunyu, WANG Ying, CUI Yan, ZHANG Xinyi, HU Chunli, LIN Rong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 876-887. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0097
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    Based on the daily average, maximum and minimum temperature from 52 meteorological stations in Liaoning Province, the variation characteristics of the extreme temperature events are analyzed using ten extreme temperature indices, which are commonly used abroad. The results show that the distribution of the annual average extreme temperature events have obvious regional differences. Temporally, the extreme warm events (warm days, warm nights, summer days, tropical nights, heat wave last indices) have increasing trends and the extreme cold events (cool days, cool nights, freeze days, frost days, cold snap last indices) have decreasing trends during 1961-2012; the extreme warm events had markedly increased in the mid-1990s and the extreme cold events had markedly decreased in the late 1980s; the changing rates of extreme warm events are less than that of the extreme cold events; the diurnal temperature range has an increasing trend in the province; the increasing (decreasing) trends of the extreme warm (cold) events are more significant in autumn (winter). Spatially, the extreme temperature events almost are increasing or decreasing coincidently in the province. Most extreme temperature events have about 8-years period of oscillation. Abrupt change had taken place in the mid-1980s to the late 1990s. In Liaoning Province, after the climate warming beginning from the late 1980s, the extreme warm events and cold events have all significantly increased and decreased.
  • Characteristics of thunderstorm and lightning disasters in Qinghai Plateau in 1961-2013
    KONG Shangcheng, DAI Sheng, WANG Min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 888-897. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0098
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    Using the thunderstorm and lightning disaster data monitored in 48 stations in Qinghai Province, the characteristics of thunderstorm and lightning disasters during 1961-2013 were analyzed in this paper. The results show that there are 2.3-73.8 thunderstorm days in the province, with higher value in Nangqian and Datong, and lower value in Lenghu and Xinning, and with more lightning events in Sanjiangyuan area and the most parts of northeast; the Qaidam basin is the less thunderstorm area; Thunderstorm day gradually reduces significantly from the southeast to northwest with increasing latitude, especially in Sanjiangyuan area; In most regions the stages of increasing, decreasing, increasing and then decreasing has experienced one by one. The number of annual thunderstorm day has a single peak, mainly from June to August, with the first one in January and the last one in November; On average, the beginning thunderstorm day is on April 16 and the ending thunderstorm day is on September 15, and the earliest and latest ones are on September 1 and November 28; lightning disaster has increased a little, direct economic losses, casualties, house and office appliances equipment losses also have increased, but the power equipment, building, transportation, finance and other industries losses have decreased.
  • Temporal and spatial distribution features of hail disaster in Xinjiang from 1961 to 2014
    SHI Lianmei, ZHAO Zhipeng, WANG Xu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 898-904. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0099
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    Through studying the hail events during 1961-2014 in Xinjiang, sequences of hail event frequency, damage area, and economic loss are obtained county by county in this paper. Then, a dimensionless number (loss index) is define to represent the degree of hail damage. Statistical analysis shows that hail damage mainly concentrates in Aksu, Bozhou and Shihezi Prefectures from May to August, especially in June. Annual variation of hail damage has vibrated with a short cycle of 2~5 years and a long cycle of 7~8 years. The 1960s and the 1970s were the less hail damage periods and 1980-1994, 2001-2014 were two frequent hail damage periods. Hail damage may be divided into five grades according to the cumulative hail damage loss index. They are severe hail grade (Aksu Prefecture), heavy hail grade (Kashgar Prefecture, Tacheng Prefecture and Yili Prefecture), middle hail grade (Shihezi, Bozhou, Changji, Bazhou and Keramay Prefectures), light hail grade (Altay Prefecture, Kizilsu Kergez Prefecture, Hotan Prefecture, and Hami Prefecture) and seldom hail grade (Turpan Prefecture and Vrümqi City).
  • Different regional animal husbandry in Xinjiang snow disaster losses time-frequency characteristics
    WANG Qiuxiang, LIU Weiping, LI Yuanyuan, Guligena, KONG Ting, HOU Jun, YAO Yanli
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 905-915. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0100
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    Analyzing 707 snow disaster records from 75 counties in Xinjiang region from 1952 to 2013, by means of grey association degree model, the region can be divided into extra-heavy disaster area, heavy disaster area, normal disaster area and less disaster area. Climate trend coefficient and five-order function were used to analyze the long-term variation tendency of livestock mortality in various disaster areas. It was found by Morlet Wavelet analysis that the disaster oscillation cycle had generally a long cycle of about 23 years, a medium cycle of 14~17 years and a small cycle of about 10 years, in addition to a mini fluctuation of 5~7 years, with different harmful intensities and durations, in Xinjiang region as a whole and various disaster areas. Tendency analysis showed that in Xinjiang region as a whole and especially in extra-heavy disaster areas there was a decreasing tendency of livestock mortality in a long time span, but in heavy disaster areas and normal disaster areas there was a slightly increasing tendency of livestock mortality in a long time span. Analysis shows that the long-term change in livestock mortality in extra-heavy disaster areas determines the long-term change in livestock mortality in Xinjiang region; in a long-term, the livestock amount killed by snow disasters is decreasing at a rate of 0.4%; in extra-heavy disaster areas the amount is 98.6% of that in last year. Due to the planned implementation of herdsmen settlement program on a large scale since 1980 in Xinjiang region, the capacity of animal husbandry of the region against natural disasters has been improved greatly; in addition, winter and spring temperature rising nowadays, livestock mortality is going to decrease greatly everywhere. However, because of difference in start time of implementing herdsmen settlement program in different pasturing areas, the peak time of livestock mortality differs in different snow disaster areas.
  • Study of surface energy budget over alpine wetland in Longbao, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province
    LI Fu, ZHOU Bingrong, QI Donglin, ZHOU Wanfu, XIAO Hongbin, XIAO Ruixiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 916-923. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0101
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    Based on the observation from October, 2011 to September, 2012 on Longbao alpine wetland, using the synthetic method, the sensible heat fluxes and latent heat fluxes were calculated, and then the energy budget on the surface was analyzed. The results indicate that the annual total radiation is abundant (6 770.8 MJ·m-2), among them, more than 550 MJ·m-2 is gotten from March to September. The highest albedo is 92.9% in winter, when new snow cover form. There are 1 705.6 MJ·m-2 of reflect radiation annually and 5 065.7 MJ·m-2 of annual shortwave radiation. There is more than 90% of shortwave radiation absorbed into ground surface transmitting to atmosphere by radiation in November and December, less than 30% in June. Surface absorbs energy into deep soil from October to March but radiates energy from April to September. On the whole, the surface absorbs energy by net radiation and soil heat annually, and of the income energy, 77% is spent through latent heat and 23% through sensible heat. However, the monthly energy budget changes from month to month.
  • Analysis of the characteristics of radiation budget upon the complicated underlying surfaces in southeastern Tibet
    TANG Xinying, HAN Lin, WANG Ge, WANG Shunjiu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 924-930. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0102
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    Observation data from the land-atmosphere exchange experiment conducted in Nyingchi Prefecture, southeastern Tibet were applied to analyze the characteristics and differences of surface radiation on various underlying surfaces in typical sunny and cloudy days. Results showed that in typical sunny days, there is a obvious daily variation of total radiation on different underlying surfaces; the daily peak of total radiation is nearly the same between typical sunny days and typical cloudy days, with a significant lower daily mean total radiation in typical cloudy days; the daily variation of reflection radiation in typical sunny days and cloudy days is similar to total radiation but dispersed; reflective radiation in typical cloudy days is dominated by both total radiation and underlying surfaces; the daily mean value and daily variation amplitude of upward long-wave radiation is greater than the downward one; the underlying surface type has not effect on the downward long wave radiation; net radiation has obvious diurnal variation with the same phase as the total radiation; upon the farmland it always appears the maximum daily peak and maximum daily mean value of net radiation.
  • Study of the black soil plow layer moisture changing with temperature in freeze-thaw cycle period in the seasonal frozen soil regions
    ZHAO Xianbo, LIU Zhenping, XU Shiguo, LIU Tiejun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 931-939. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0103
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    Soil moisture in the black soil plow layer changing with temperature in freeze-thaw cycle period was studied in a seasonal frozen soil area. There is a Water Conservancy Comprehensive Experimental Research Center of Heilongjiang Province of China in the outskirts of Harbin, where a typical middle-deep seasonal frozen soil experimental observation field was run from November 2011 to April 2012. The measured data of soil moisture and soil temperate within the black soil plow layer were analyzed. The analyzed items included the characteristics of plow layer of black soil moisture on the sunny slopes changing with the freeze-thaw cycles and soil temperature in the process of freeze-thaw cycles in the depths of 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm. It is found that the plow layer of black soil moisture is significantly different at different depths in the freeze-thaw process, depending on precipitation and soil temperature. The results show that at 08:00 am, 14:00 pm and 20:00 pm (Beijing time), moistures of plow layer of black soil on sunny slopes at the depths of 15 cm, 10 cm, 5 cm and 1cm in the freeze-thaw cycle period change with the soil temperature with a linear correlation coefficient of determination of 0.9298, 0.9216, 0.5989, 0.7281, respectively, with a slope average standard deviation of 0.017, 0.019, 0.095, 0.056, respectively, and with an intercept average standard deviation of 0.17, 0.25, 1.31, 0.83, respectively. On sunny slopes, plow layer of black soil moistures at the depths of 10 cm and 15 cm change with freeze-thaw soil temperature with a linear relationship remarkably. On sunny slopes, plow layer of black soil moisture at the depths of 5 cm changes with the soil temperature with a linear relationship significantly a bit. Due to the influence of solar radiation, precipitation and evaporation, between moisture and temperature of plow layer of black soil at the depth of 1 cm on sunny slopes is linear correlation still throughout the freeze-thaw period. However, the linear correlation between moisture and temperature at the depth of 1 cm is not as good as those at the depth of 10 cm and 15 cm, but better than that at the depth of 5 cm. Besides, it is necessary to further study the black soil plow layer moisture changing with temperature in the winter when there is a plenty snowfall winter.
  • Detecting the Antarctic melting zones based on generalized Gaussian model threshold
    WANG Xingdong, WANG Cheng, LI Xinguang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 940-945. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0104
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    On the basis of the simple snowmelt physical model for microwave scatterometer, a new automatic threshold segmentation algorithm for detecting Antarctic ice-sheet melting zones was proposed, which did not depend on field observation. That is the histogram with the data of the physical model by using generalized Gaussian model to automatically get Antarctic melting zone distribution. The algorithm improves the computational efficiency, usability and operability of the melting zones, because the algorithm does not rely on the actual melt information and can automatically select more samples. The algorithm can also be applied to other regions, providing methodological support and supplement for the global melting zone detection.
  • Comparing the interpolation algorithms and analyzing the accuracy of a digital elevation model of the Antarctic ice sheet based on ICESat data
    YUAN Lexian, LI Fei, ZHANG Shengkai, XIAO Feng, YANG Yuande, E Dongchen
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 946-953. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0105
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    The Antarctic digital elevation model (DEM) is an important data set for the Antarctic geosciences and environmental change research. The interpolation algorithm is the core issue in the data processing of DEM. There are several interpolation algorithms. DEMs in two small regions in Antarctic ice sheet were created by using five different interpolation algorithms, including Kriging (KRI), Inverse Distance to a Power (IDP), Triangulation with Linear Interpolation (TLI), Minimum Curature (MC) and Moving Average (MA) algorithm. The DEMs were validated against the sample data which was reserved from the survey data for comparison. The results indicate that Kriging algorithm has the best reliability and the highest stability. A new DEM of the Antarctic Ice Sheet has been derived from ICESat Data using Kriging algorithm. The uncertainty of the DEM was assessed using GPS data collected by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition to Inland. The results show that the precision of the DEM is closely correlated with the slop and coverage; the DEM is in good agreement with the GPS data over the small slope areas and the areas nearby the satellite orbit.
  • Land surface temperature retrieved from HJ-1B satellite data in the upper reaches of the Shule River
    CHANG Yaping, CHONG Dan, LI Haojie, QIN Jia, ZHANG Shiqiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 954-962. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0106
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    Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the important parameters for describing material exchange and energy balance between land surface and atmosphere. Based on the HJ-1B satellite data in the upper reaches of the Shule River on July 25, 2010, LST of the upper reaches of the Shule River was derived with the modified Jimenez-Mufloz & Sobrino (JM&S) generalized single-channel algorithm. Compared with MODIS LST product, the algorithm has high accuracy. Analyzing the LST of different land use types indicates that LST of different land use types have some differences. The LST from HJ-1B of sparse grassland has the highest average LST, following by bare rock. It is found that the modified generalized single-channel method may overestimate LST on glaciers and rivers. In addition, sensitivity analysis has performed for major land surface parameters, and found that LST is not sensitive to land surface emissivity within a certain range (0-0.01); once beyond the range, it becomes more sensitive; and LST is more sensitive to water vapor content. Therefore, to some degree, the accuracy of land surface emissivity and water vapor content plays a remarkable role to the veracity of LST derived from HJ-1B satellite data.
  • Vegetation in the Harten River basin in the alpine and arid regions of Northwest China: variation and response to climate change
    HE Hong, NIU Shuwen, QI Jinghui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 963-972. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0107
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    Based on ArcGIS software, the Landsat5-TM remote sensing images of the Harten River basin in 1990, 2000 and 2010 were interpreted according to six land cover types. The results indicate that in the twenty years, the non-vegetation areas had decreased 2 192.37 km2; in the high altitude upstream areas, grassland had obviously increased, with an increased area of 1 938.15 km2, about 10% of the total basin area. As a result, the basin had significantly greened. The glacierized area had increased by 210.39 km2, mainly due to glacier advancing. The non-vegetation land had mainly converted into the other five land types, with a rare reverse transformation. Conversion among high, medium and low coverage grasslands had usually be seen, but mostly one could see the low coverage grassland converted to medium and high coverage grasslands. The rising temperature and the increasing precipitation were the main factors of the land cover type change. Climate change has significantly improved the upstream vegetation. However, “The Water Diversion Project from Harten River to Danghe River”, which will transfer 1.0×108 m3 (interbasin) water from the Harten River to the Danghe River, would further affect the ecological system in the Dasugan Lake in the downstream area. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring and evaluation.
  • Climatic record in the loess-paleosol sediment in the Ili basin and comparative analysis with the Heinrich events
    ZHANG Wenxiang, SHI Zhengtao, LIU Yong, SU Huai, NIU Jie
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 973-979. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0108
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    The loess-paleosol deposited in the Central Asian is a sensitive indicator for studying the evolution of the Quaternary paleoclimate in the westerly regions, providing additional insight into the Quaternary climate history and its relationship with global climatic changes. Based on the analysis of grain size, low frequency magnetic susceptibility and geochemical elements of the Talede loess-paleosol sequences, the characteristics of environmental proxies and the records of global abrupt climatic events were discussed in this paper. The results show that the values of environmental proxies in paleosol are significantly higher than those in loess of section; particles of grain size (<10 μm) in paleosol are more than those in loess. However, in paleosol low frequency magnetic susceptibility, Zr/Rb and Ti are less than those in loess, and the content of Ti has a rather high correlation with Zr/Rb. The Heinrich (H) events and Younger Drays (YD) event have been clearly recorded in the proxies of Talede deposition. However, the changing amplitudes of H1, H2, H5, H6 and YD were much more significant than those of H3 and H4. Meanwhile, the climatic records of Talede section are in accord well with the δ18O of Greenland ice core, the grain size of Lijiayuan and the Zr/Rb of the Loess Plateau (LP). But the abrupt climatic events (e.g. Heinrich and YD events) in the record of Talede section are clearer than those in Lijiayuan and LP sections. The increasting temperature during MIS3 and the influenced by westerly are the key factors to affect the climatic and environmental characteristics in the study regions all the year round; the signal of Heinrich events are possibly passed from the westerly regions to Asian monsoon regions.
  • Heterogeneity analysis of soil particle size distribution in the process of degradation of alpine meadow in the permafrost regions based on multifractal theory
    SUN Zhe, WANG Yibo, LIU Guohua, GAO Zeyong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 980-990. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0109
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    The study purpose was to investigate the changes of the heterogeneity of the soil particle-size distribution (PSD) in the process of degradation of alpine meadows of permafrost regions in the Tibetan Plateau and to develop a precise quantitative analytical method of quantitative research on the evolution of soil properties in the developing process of alpine meadow ecosystem. In this paper, alpine meadows in the source regions of the Yangtze River were divided into five stages (no degradation, slight degradation, moderate degradation, severe degradation and extreme degradation). Three soil samples were collected from every degradation stage area. PSD, saturated hydraulic conductivity, porosity and organic matter content of the soil samples were measured. Multifractal theory was used combined with the correlation analyses between physical and chemical characteristic parameters of soil and soil particle size distribution. The result showed that with increasing degradation degree of alpine meadow in the Tibetan Plateau permafrost regions, the soil particles trend to coarsen and increase dimension (D0) in multifractal parameter, which means PSD width increasing; information dimension (D1), ratio of information dimension to capacity dimension (D1/D0), correlation dimension (D2), the singular spectrum width Δα could represent the trend of soil PSD inhomogeneity changing with degradation degree of alpine meadow, first increasing and then decreasing; in moderate degradation area the inhomogeneity is the maximum. The study also found that the multifractal parameters of soil in the study region are obviously correlated with fine sand content, soil porosity, soil organic matter content. The multifractal parameters could accurately describe the subtle changes in soil particle size distribution in the process of degradation of alpine meadow and could be used as potential indicators of soil properties.
  • Numerical analysis on the thermal regime around an anti-frost ballast subdrain within roadbed in deep seasonally frozen regions
    ZHANG Wei, HE Yuanqing, LIU Jing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 991-1001. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0110
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    An important anti-frost engineering measure applied on deep cut sections of the Harbin to Dalian High Speed Railway is longitudinal subdrains constructed with ballast layer wrapped with permeable geotextile. Convective heat transfer process, which takes place when the top temperature of the ballast layer is lower, will strengthen the cooling effect on the bottom of the subdrains, and affect its anti-frost effect. The thermal regime of the subdrain and the effect of engineering measure against frozen damage to the subdrains are analyzed by using numerical simulation software. It is found that the bottom of the subdrains will freeze up, and its anti-frost effect will be affected under the environment temperature along the Harbin to Dalian High Speed Railway and ignoring snow cover. Adding an insulation board of 0.1 m thickness in the soil above the subdrains can raise the minimum temperature at the bottom of the subdrains, postpone the starting time of frost and shorten the frozen period, but cannot completely avoid the subdrain frost. The temperature of the ballast will not increase apparently by replacing the lower part of the ballast with sand, in addition to an insulation board of 0.1 m thickness added to the top of the ballast, but it can effectively raise the temperature at the bottom of the subdrains. This compound measures are able to satisfactorily solve the frost problem of subdrains.
  • Experimental study on the factors influencing the uniaxial compressive strength of frozen soil
    CAI Zhengyin, WU Zhiqiang, HUANG Yinghao, HOU Wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1002-1008. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0111
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    The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is a typical salty cold region, where the conveyance channels are severely damaged by the frost heave and salt expansion of the channel bed soil. To study the soil properties and solve this problem, a series of uniaxial compressive strength tests at-5 ℃,-10 ℃,-15 ℃ and-20 ℃, with salt content of 0.2%, 1.6%, 3.0% and 4.4%, under the dry density of 1.89 g·cm-3, 1.85 g·cm-3, 1.80 g·cm-3and 1.70 g·cm-3, respectively, have been conducted. The test results show that the uniaxial compressive strength is sensitive to temperature; the uniaxial compressive strength increases with temperature decreasing at different salt contents and there is a power function relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and dry density; moreover, uniaxial compressive strength of this saline soil with Na2SO4is different from that with NaCl. The experiment data at the four temperatures and the four dry densities indicate that the more the Na2SO4, the higher the strength.
  • Study of the freezing-thawing damage and life prediction of aeolian lightweight aggregate concrete
    DONG Wei, SHEN Xiangdong, ZHAO Zhanbiao, HE Jing, YU Tingting
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1009-1015. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0112
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    In this paper, taking pumice lightweight aggregate concrete as basis and taking different aeolian sands as fine aggregate to replace part of river sand, freezing-thawing damage mechanisms and service life of the aeolian sand light weight aggregate concrete were investigated. Antifreeze durability of aeolian sand pumice lightweight aggregate concrete was investigated through freezing-thawing cycle test at various ambient temperatures. In the whole freezing-thawing cycle period, the relative dynamic elastic modulus has straight line decline phase, straight line plus curve downward phase and curve decline phase, which became the basis of establishing a double segments (a straight one and a curve one) of relative dynamic elastic modulus attenuation equation. Besides, the equation was verified and the concrete lifetime in West China was predicted according to five tests of freezing-thawing cycles. Results demonstrated that the double segments of relative dynamic elastic modulus attenuation equation could accurately describe the variation of concrete freezing-thawing damage. What's more, the optimal substitution rate of aeolian sand was 20%, the lifetime of aeolian sand pumice lightweight aggregate concrete could meet the application for more than 25 years. The damage model is a theoretical basis for applying concrete in desert areas.
  • Performance research on the calcareous soil foundation with TG curing agent under freeze and thaw cycles
    YANG Lin, ZHU Jinlian, JIAO Houbin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1016-1022. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0113
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    In order to further study various properties of calcareous soil with TG curing agent under freeze and thaw cycles, unconfined compressive strength test, split test and dry shrinkage test were carried out on the soil before and after freeze-thaw cycles. It is found that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the unconfined compressive strength and splitting strength decrease gradually; after eight freeze-thaw cycles, the strength attenuation reaches the maximum. The residual values of unconfined compressive strength and splitting strength increase with the moisture content and the degree of compaction after freeze and thaw cycles; the antifreeze performance index due to freeze and thaw cycles is above 51%, which is consistent with the final residual strength of unsaturated water experimented freeze and thaw cycles. Dry shrinkage strain and dry shrinkage coefficient of the calcareous soil with TG curing agent decrease after freeze-thaw cycles, and the dry shrinkage performance has been improved. Freeze-thaw cycles have an opposite effect to the strength and dry shrinkage performance of calcareous soil with TG curing agent. Calcareous soil with TG curing agent has good frost resistance under freeze and thaw condition, which can be applied to pavement foundation.
  • Study of reasonable distances between metal pipes buried in road-surface which able to melt snow with running warm water
    LI Xia
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1023-1027. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0114
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    In order to study the reasonably pipe spacing in the road-surface able to melt snow with running warm water, a finite element analysis model was established based on heat transfer theory. The ability of the metal pipes was analyzed and computed for different air temperatures and laying distances. The results show that when air temperature is in between 0 ℃ and-10 ℃, the pipe system is able to melt snow efficiently; when air temperature is below-10 ℃ the pipe should be buried in the central section of the road-surface as far as possible. The optimal heat pipe spacing is 100~200 mm; when the spacing becomes more than 200 mm, the isotherm of 0 ℃ will no longer be continuous, even if the pipe water temperature reaches 40 ℃ or more.
  • A review of the quantified analysis methods of glacial trough and its influential factors
    YAO Pan, WANG Jie
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1028-1040. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0115
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    Glacial trough (U-shaped valley) is the result of the interaction between glacier and its underlying bedrock. It is a typical glacial erosion landform. Quantified description of trough is an important way to understand the process of glaciation and the evolution of the glacial trough. It is also helpful to distinguish the valleys formed by different processes (mainly differentiate V-shaped valleys formed by fluvial process and U-shaped valleys formed by glaciation). The quadratic equation (y=A+Bx+Cx2) and the power function (y=axb) are two models widely used to describe the morphology of glacial trough cross-section, of which each has some advantages and limitations. The quadratic equation can describe the overall form of the glacial trough in one function irrespective the altitude-datum, but it can't be used for form comparison and it can just describe the forms close to parabolic. The power function is used more widely than the former, because of that it cannot only reflect trough formed by different processes, but also be used for form comparison. However, it will generate bias due to selecting coordinate origin, logarithmic transformation, post-glacial deposition and the asymmetry of cross-profile, which lead to more complexity in application. In addition, considering the same b value may indicate different valley forms, introduction of a form ratio (FR) is of great importance, and thus FR and b together can comprehensively describe the valley morphology. The major factors influencing the valley morphology include glaciation time, erosion resistance (mainly, rock mass strength (RMS)), distribution and fracture of bedrock, ice volume, climate, tectonic and the properties of glacier. The quantitative impacts of the former three factors on glacial trough are very explicit, whereas the latter three ones need to discuss further. Based on morphological parameters in different regions, a b~FR diagram is drawn to further study the development of mountain glaciers. It is found that the glacial troughs exist roughly two opposite types of cross-profile, corresponding to two different glacier properties. However, sometimes the corresponding relationship does not work due to the impacts of other factors, such as bedrock property, climate, etc.
  • Study of the method of partitional hail forecast in Xinjiang region
    Rasul Abla, NIU Shengjie, Ablimitjan Ablikim, Bahargul Wahap
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1041-1049. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0116
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    The circulation and weather conditions of hail events in Kuitun-Manas River basin in the north of the Tianshan Mountains and the Aksu River basin in the south of the Tianshan Mountains were analyzed by using the meteorological data from 1981 to 2011. The major circulations of hail events were summarized into four types in the two basins, i.e., Central Asia trough type, Balkhash Lake trough type, Western Siberia trough type and frontal shortwave trough type. According to the 3-dimensional spatial patterns of circulation and background conditions, six hail conceptual models were developed. Meanwhile, eight significant stable convention factors were chosen to be hail predictor variables. Thereby, the quantitative prediction methods for hail zone were established by circulation multi-index superposition in the two basins. This method is significant in practical application, which can be extended to other hail areas in Xinjiang region.
  • Estimating the soil salt content and electrical conductivity in semi-arid and arid areas by using hyperspectral data
    LI Xiang, DING Jianli, HOU Yanjun, DENG Kai
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1050-1058. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0117
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    The objective of this study is to ascertain the mechanisms of hyperspectral remote sensing monitoring soil salinization, which is of great importance for improving the accuracy of hyperspectral remote sensing monitoring. The soil samples were collected from the delta oasis between the Weigan River and the Kuqa River in the north rim of the Tarim basin, which were taken to laboratory for measuring the salt content (SC) and electrical conductivity (EC). Hyperspectral images were obtained via ASD FieldSpec Pro FR and were regarded as basic data sources. Hyperspectral images were deal with Savitzky-Golay filtering for noise smoothing, and were transformed via 15 different approaches, including logarithm, inversion, root mean squares, continuum removed and first order differential, etc. Through comparative analysis of correlations with SC, EC and different approaches, it is found that the following four approaches have better correlations: first order differential, log-inverse first order differential, continuum removed and continuum removed first order differential. Relationship between SC and EC were studied. Correlations between hyperspectral indices and SC and EC were analyzed. The estimation accuracy of SC through hyperspectral technique was compared with that of EC. Results show that there is significant correlation between SC and EC in delta oasis between the Weigan River and the Kuqa River. The correlations between EC and first order differential, log-inverse first order differential, continuum removed, and continuum removed first order differential are better than those of SC, which is significant in some sensitive bands with soil salinization. The coefficient of determination (R2) of model is established by using stepwise multivariate linear regression, which is better than that established by using simple linear regression. Therefore, the responses of high spectral information to EC are more sensitive than those of high spectral information to SC. Accuracy of EC predicted from high spectral data is higher than that of SC estimated from high spectral data. This study will provide a theoretical basis to improve hyperspectral remote sensing estimating accuracy of soil salinization.
  • Retrieval of snow cover area based on NDSI-NDVI feature space
    CHEN Wenqian, DING Jianli, SUN Yongmeng, WANG Jinjie, ZHANG Zhe
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1059-1066. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0118
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    Snow is one of the important water resources of most rivers in high altitudes of Xinjiang region. It is not only the direct cause of spring flood due to snow and ice melting, but also plays an important role in local water resource management, prevention disasters, forecast and simulation of snowmelt. Therefore, the extraction of snow cover information seems to have become one of the most important basic works at locally. In this paper, in allusion to the advantages and disadvantages of other extraction methods of snow information at present, a retrieval model of snow information is built, and compared the accuracy of extracting snow information with that from the support vector machines. The comparison shows that, relative to other snow information extraction methods, the NN model is better, which is constructed on the basis of the two-dimensional feature space by using of normalized difference snow index (NDSI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). It is confirmed that NN model is able to extract snow information in northern Xinjiang region with correlation coefficient of up to 0.837, better than support vector machine (SVM) method. It is useful to flood control, disaster simulation, and prediction of the local ecological and environmental protection effects and other aspects of social and economic development.
  • Study of soil thermal conductivity: research status and advances
    DU Yizhen, LI Ren, WU Tonghua, XIE Changwei, XIAO Yao, HU Guojie, WANG Tianye
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1067-1074. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0119
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    Soil thermal conductivity plays an important role in the transmission of surface soil heat into underlying soil, and also is a key parameter in the regional climate model or land surface model. In this paper, an overview of advances on soil thermal conductivity is tried to provide, and its impact factors and schemes are introduced. The thermal conductivity is significantly affected by soil texture, temperature, moisture and soil porosity, and what's more, the research of frozen soil needs to focus on the change of ice content. Then the parametric processes and the advantages and disadvantages of various models are also analyzed. However, these schemes are mostly used in simulating thermal conductivity under normal temperature, which are difficult to be applied in research of frozen soils in the Tibetan Plateau. For researching the frozen soils in the plateau, observation data or parameterized scheme of the land surface model is necessary. Due to the impact of soil freezing and thawing cycles, the thermal conductivity in the plateau still needs to be further studied.
  • Changing characteristics and cause analysis of the runoff in the source regions of the Yangtze River under the background of climate change
    QI Dongmei, LI Yueqing, CHEN Yongren, ZHAO Xuan, ZHOU Changyan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1075-1086. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0120
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    Using the monthly hydrological and meteorological observational data in the source regions of the Yangtze River and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly data from 1960 to 2011, the variation characteristics of the runoff in the source regions of the Yangtze River and its climate cause have been analyzed by a variety of analytical methods in this paper. Results show that the annual mean runoff and runoffs in summer, autumn and winter had a persistent declining trend in the source regions of the Yangtze River before 2005, and the annual mean runoff and seasonal mean runoffs have a notable increasing trend in the source regions of the Yangtze River after 2005; especially in summer, the increasing trend is very obvious. In a long-term, the annual mean runoff in the source regions of the Yangtze River varies obviously, with quasi-periods of 4-year and 12-year. The plateau summer monsoon, the surface sensible heat in the source regions from July to August, precipitation, evaporation, temperature and the meltwater from snow and glaciers have evident contribution to the variation of runoff. After 2005, the annual and seasonal precipitations in the regions have increased notably, but the annual and seasonal evaporations in the regions have decreased significantly; the meltwater from snow and glaciers has increased due to temperature increasing notably; all of these have caused runoff sharp increase in the source regions of the Yangtze River since 2005. Under the above background of climate change, the runoff has sharply increased in the source regions of the Yangtze River since 2005.
  • The analysis of the levels characteristics in Lake Nansi in the Shandong Province and its related variation of meteorological elements from 1981 to 2013
    WU Ke, CHEN Guohao, CAI Peng, LI Bing, ZHANG Cuicui, ZHAO Xian
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1087-1093. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0121
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    The impact of climate change on water resources is an important item of research in hydrological field. The correlation analysis between water level and climate factors has an important significance to predict the lake level. In this paper, using the data of monthly average air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, evaporation and so on from five meteorological stations along the Nansi Lake, together with water level data, from 1981 to 2013, the changing characteristics of the Nansi Lake and climate factors during the 33 years were analyze by statistical methods of climatic trend rate, abrupt change test, nine point two times smoothing, stepwise regression and so on. The result proves that the water level of the lake had risen obviously in the 33 years, with the average rate of 0.46 m per 10 years. The variation in water level can be divided into two stages: a going down stage before 1989, followed by a going up stage; an abrupt change was found in 1994. The average highest level (33.04 m) appeared in March, and the lowest level (32.03 m) appeared in December. The climate factors, especially precipitation, had distinctly seasonally impacted on the water level. Precipitation had impacted obviously in summer; when annual precipitation rose 100 mm, water level would rise 0.21 m. Evaporation in summer and autumn significantly negatively correlated with water level, so did wind speed in summer and relative humidity in winter.
  • Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in Southwest China: progress and prospects
    ZHANG Guiling, JIAO Yuanmei, HE Liping, LIU Xin, LIU Chengjing, YAN Xiaojing, WANG Mei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1094-1103. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0122
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    Southwest China belongs to typical monsoon climate region, where precipitation moisture sources and influencing factors are very complicated. Based on the documents in relation to hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in Southwest China, the study situation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in Southwest China, including Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Chongqing Provinces (Municipality), are summarized, including the study areas and sites, the main sampling ways, means of analysis and the primary study contents, mainly including isotopic composition, atmospheric precipitation lines, deuterium surplus, moisture sources, factors and spatial differences within the region and in other aspects. Future prospect of the study of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in Southwest China is made, which provides a guidance for the study of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of precipitation in this region.
  • Effect of wind speed on transpiration rate of Populus euphratica in extreme arid deserts
    ZHAO Chunyan, SI Jianhua, FENG Qi, YU Tengfei, LI Peidu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1104-1111. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0123
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    The transpiration rate of Populus euphratica in relation to wind speed was measured simultaneously in an extreme arid region of Northwest China during 2014 by heat ratio method in an automatic meteorological station. Response of transpiration rate of Populus euphratica to wind speed in extreme arid desert region was analyzed. It is found that the effects of wind speed on transpiration rate of Populus euphratica exist differences. Wind speed not necessarily increase transpiration rate. When wind speed reaches 0-2 m·s-1 wind speed has a little effect on transpiration rate. When wind speed reaches in between 2 m·s-1 and 8 m·s-1 the transpiration rate increases remarkably: compared with the wind speed of 0-2 m·s-1, it will increasing 4.51% as the wind speed at 2-4 m·s-1; compared with the wind speed of 2-4 m·s-1, it will increasing 7.03% as the wind speed at 4-6 m·s-1; compared with the wind speed of 4-6 m·s-1, it will increasing 16.19% as the wind speed at 6-8 m·s-1. Once the wind speed exceeds 8 m·s-1, the transpiration rate does not increase but decrease and decrease with weed speed increasing. It will decrease 8.08% and 32.91% when the weed speed exceed 8-10 m·s-1 and 10 m·s-1, respectively. In addition, it is found that the transpiration rate of Populus euphratica decreases more quickly under strongly wind speed. A correlation analysis show that time lag effect does not existent in most of date. Only under strong wind time lag effect exists owing to a slow transpiration recovery. Moreover, it is found that transpiration rate has an exponential correlation to wind speed
  • The analysis of influencing factors of virtual water flow in major crops in China based on the BP-DEMATEL model
    CHE Liangliang, HAN Xue, QIN Xiaonan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1112-1119. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0124
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    The virtual water has become one of the hot spots in the research field about water recourses and water safety. How to predict and control the virtual water flow pattern has become an important precondition for implementing the virtual water strategy with Chinese characteristics, so identifying the key influence factors of virtual water flow pattern is very important. Virtual water interregional flows for major crops in China were explored and virtual water flow during 2008-2010 was estimated. It is found that the virtual water flow for major crops is still from North China to South China. In order to quantificationally research the influence factors of the virtual water flow pattern, a BP-DEMATEL model is built, which is commonly used by the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory in the field of recognizing the influential factors. And the BP-Neural Network is introduced, which can replace the expert scoring to obtain the direct correlation matrix. The method is used to analyze the main influence factors of China's virtual water flow of the major crops and to reveal the mechanisms of each influence factor. It is necessary to further divide the influence factors into four types, i.e., strongly driven, driven, strong feature type and characteristics, which provides a theoretical support for scientifically and rationally adjusting the virtual water flow pattern. The influence factors are further divided into four types, i.e., strongly driven, driven, strong feature type and characteristics, which provides a theoretical support for scientifically and rationally adjusting the virtual water flow pattern. The influence factors of the virtual water flow pattern of the major crops in China are analyzed from the following six aspects: population, agricultural resources, agricultural ecological environment, economy, technology and transportation and logistics. The results show that population factors, agricultural resources factors and technology factors are the principal influence factors; fertilizer input is the strong driving factors, the proportion of the first industry accounted for the GDP is the strong feature type factors. Finally, the following three measures are suggested to be taken: (1) optimizing and adjusting the population structure and intensifying the favorable policies; (2) transforming the mode of agricultural development and developing recycle agriculture; (3) improving the level of agricultural technology and developing high-efficiency agriculture.
  • Analysis of the dynamic change and spatial difference of cultivated land pressure in Gansu Province
    SUN Guojun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1120-1126. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0125
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    The changing features of cultivated land area were analyzed based on 64-a statistical yearbooks, the minimum per capital cultivated land area and pressure index of cultivated land in Gansu Province were calculated, and the tendency of pressure index of cultivated land in the future 15 years was estimated using the GM(1, 1) model. The results show that cultivated land had increased 1.67×104hm2, the minimum per capital cultivated land had reduced 0.526 hm2, and the pressure index of cultivated land had reduced 0.951. It is found that the pressure index of cultivated land has difference among the 14 prefecture: lower than the warning line(k=1) in the most of the Hexi Corridor, east and south of the province, higher in the central sub-region of the province, highest in Gannan Autonomous Prefecture. It is estimated that pressure index of cultivated land will decrease slowly in the future 15 years, showing a serious cultivated land pressure.
  • Common problems and processing strategy in preparing geoscience manuscript
    TAO Hua
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2015, 37(4): 1127-1130. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0126
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    Geoscience is a multidisciplinary science. Some interdisciplinary mistakes are easily made due to carelessness in writing manuscripts. In this paper, some common problems found in daily editing works are gathered and classified, such as miswriting, misconception, chaos description of experiment process, errors in units and symbols, undesirable formation of tables, figures and quotations and so on. Some advices are also given to avoid the similar mistakes in preparing manuscripts, so as to improve the quality of a manuscript and to attract reviewers' interest in order to obtain his useful comments, and then have more opportunity for paper being accepted.
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