25 February 2016, Volume 38 Issue 1
    

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  • Tundra natural zone spectrum and multiple three-dimensional zonality mode of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    SUN Guangyou
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0001
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    Landform is an important role in the formation of natural zone. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau landform may be divided into five types: the outside high mountains, the edge high mountains, the high mountain on the plateau surfaces, plateau surface and the plateau basin. Joining the early analysis of the tundra on the Tibetan Plateau, it is found that the zonal system of the plateau tundra should divided into tip cone type, band type and plane type. The idea that Changbai Mountain tundra is the south limit of Northeast Asia tundra is corrected in this paper; a new idea that the plateau tundra is a special type of the tundra in the world is given, which is the real south limit of Northeast Asia tundra. It is incorrect that the plateau has no latitude natural zone, because the plateau has a good factor for the formation of latitude zone. A Three-Dimensional Vertical Natural Zone (3DVNZ) is found, which a complex three-dimensional zone model in the world is. In the paper, a tundra map in the Northern Hemisphere can be seen, and the relation between north polar and Qinghai-Tibetan polar (third polar) is found.
  • Monitoring recent surging of the Karayaylak Glacier in Pamir by remote sensing
    ZHANG Zhen, LIU Shiyin, WEI Junfeng, JIANG Zongli, XU Junli, GUO Wanqin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 11-20. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0002
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    Karayaylak Glacier, located in the northern slope of Kongur Mountains, eastern Paimr, surged in May 2015. The fast moving glacier ice destroyed pasture and killed many livestock. In this paper, the process of the glacier surge was studied using Remote Sensing technologies. ASTER stereopair data (2013-2015) were employed to monitor the change of surface elevation of Karayaylak Glacier, and Landsat OLI image on April 13, 2015 to July 11, 2015 were employed to monitor the change of glacier surface velocities. The distributions and changes of the Glacier surface velocities indicated that the western tributary of Karayaylak Glacier moved more fast than any other tributaries and the glacier trunk, which was accelerating on May 8, 2015 to May 15, 2015, and the maximum velocity reached up to (20.40±0.42) m·d-1. The total volume of glacier ice about 2.4×108 m3 were transferred from the upstream which is below of equilibrium line of the west branch of Karayaylak Glacier to the downstream which is located on the confluence of the west and the glacier trunk (3 100-3 500 m a.s.l.). This lead to increase of the surface maximum thickness (130.58±0.70) m on the confluence. The changes of surface elevation and velocity from quiescent phase to the surging or active phase were obtained in this study, which will be the basis of further research in mechanism of the glacier surge.
  • The snow disaster zoning and the snowfall impact pre-assessment in Liaoning Province
    HAN Xiujun, JIA Xuxuan, SHEN Yuan, YU Huiqing, XU Changzhe, SUN Xiaowei, LI Shuang, WANG Minghua, LI Guangxia
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0003
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    According to the economic loss caused by snow disaster and the frequency of snow disaster from 1951 to 2014 in Liaoning Province, the average loss and meteorological disaster index, the meteorological disaster loss of the prefectures and counties of the province were calculated as a snow disaster index for zoning. Based on the data from 58 national weather stations (daily snowfall ≥5 mm) in Liaoning Province and Liaoning Province snow disaster information from 1951 to 2014, snow disaster was zoned, the thresholds for various zones were determined and snowfall impact pre-assessment was done by using statistical analysis and other methods. The results show: (1) Severe disaster areas and moderate disaster areas are mainly located in urban clusters or economically developed regions in the center of the province, with annual average loss of 2.8 million yuan or more, which should belong to severe loss area. Mild disaster and micro disaster areas are mainly located in eastern mountainous and northwestern mountainous of the province, with annual average loss of 0.68 million yuan or lesser, which should belong to milder loss area. Highways is most damaged by snow disaster, followed by agricultural facilities. (2) Using snow disaster hazard threshold and the snow damage rank in the disaster zones to pre-assess the snowfall impact, together with the quantitative precipitation forecast pre-assessment results generated automatically, will improve the decision-making meteorological service.
  • Ice depth and glacier-bed characteristics of the Laohugou Glacier No.12, Qilian Mountains, revealed by ground-penetrating radar
    WANG Yuzhe, REN Jiawen, QIN Xiang, LIU Yushuo, ZHANG Tong, CHEN Jizu, LI Yawei, QIN Dahe
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 28-35. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0004
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    The bed elevation and ice depth of a mountain glacier are important boundary conditions for numerical ice flow modelling, which can be used to project future glacier evolution under a changing climate. In the ablation seasons of 2009 and 2014, ground-penetrating radar sound was carried out on the Laohugou Glacier No.12, Qilian Mountains. The glacier depth and bed topography along the centerlines and glacier cross-sections were obtained. The characteristics of ice depth change along the centerlines were studied and the shapes of cross-section profiles were quantitatively analyzed. The sound results show that the average ice depths along the centerlines of the eastern tributary (ET) and the western tributary (WT) were about 190 m and 150 m, respectively. The ET's bed topography was in general more rugged than that of WT, while surface slopes of both tributaries were gentle. When tributaries entered the confluence area, the ice depths of ET and WT were 122 m and 157 m, respectively. Due to transverse compression and convergence from the two tributaries, the ice depth increased to 162 m at the center of the confluence area. The form of glacial valley had spatial variation and were in general closer to V-shape. However, the valley of the confluence area had widened, and the glacial troughs developed more asymmetric.
  • Response of seasonal extreme temperatures in China to the global warming slow down
    WANG Dai, YOU Qinglong, JIANG Zhihong, LI Qingxiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 36-46. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0005
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    Based on the homogeneity-adjusted and quality-controlled monthly maximum and minimum temperatures from meteorological stations in China from 1979 to 2014, the changing trends of 806 meteorological stations are analyzed and compared, and the contribution rate of each season to warming slow down are calculated. The result shows that the extreme temperatures in China have undergone warming slow down or cooling, while the responses of seasonal extreme temperatures to global warming slow down are quite different. Compared to that in 1979-1999, extreme temperatures in spring and winter in most regions in China had warming slow down or cooling phenomena in 2000-2014, and the magnitude of warming slow down or cooling in summer was obvious in the north of the Yangtze River basin, while there was an apparent warming phenomenon, especially, for the minimum temperature in most of areas of China in autumn. The most regions in spring have significant tendency for warming slow down or cooling of the extreme temperatures, but in autumn, summer and winter only parts of regions occur warming slow down or cooling. What's more, autumn is the dominant season, when warming of the minimum temperature occurs in a lot of regions in China. The trend of warming slow down or cooling may be regulated by the cold phase of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in most regions in 2000-2014, but the cold phase of PDO may have more influence range on the minimum temperature.
  • Climate change trend in future and its influence on wetlands in the Greater Khingan Mountains
    GAO Yonggang, ZHAO Huiying, GAO Feng, ZHU Haixia, QU Huihui, ZHAO Fang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 47-56. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0006
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    The study of climate change in future and its influence on wetlands in the Greater Khingan Mountains has significance for the region to deal with and adapt climate change. Based on the air temperature and precipitation predicted by RCM-PRECIS under the IPCC Scenarios A2 and B2, with the methods of Mann-Kendall (M-K method) nonparametric test and linear tendency rate, climate change trend and its influence on wetlands were analyzed from 2015 to 2050 in the Greater Khingan Mountains. The results show that under the Scenarios A2 and B2, yearly average air temperature will increase significantly, the warming rate of Scenario A2 will be higher than that of Scenario B2, the warming rate for Scenarios A2 and B2 will be 0.54 ℃·(10a)-1 and 0.41 ℃·(10a)-1, respectively, and the warming rate of Scenario A2 will be consistent with that of Northeast China (0.56 ℃·(10a)-1), the warming rate of Scenario B2 will be lower than that of Northeast China from 2015 to 2050. Since 2032, air temperature will appear an abruptly warming, especially in the Greater Khingan Mountains. For seasonal average air temperatures under the two scenarios, the warming rate in descending order will be summer, winter, spring and autumn, respectively; the warming rate in descending order for Scenario A2 will be 0.59, 0.56, 0.56, and 0.52 ℃·(10a)-1, respectively; that for Scenario B2 will be 0.48, 0.47, 0.42 and 0.37 ℃·(10a)-1, respectively. Temporally, the warming mutation points will be different; the significant warming periods will be different too in different seasons. Under the two scenarios, yearly precipitation will be slightly decreasing from 2015 to 2050, but there will be no significant change through the M-K testing. Overall, the precipitation in summer will be nearly all the same, accounting for about 60% of the annual precipitation, followed by spring and autumn, accounting for about 18%-19% of the annual precipitation, for the future 36 a in the Greater Khingan Mountains. The future climate will be warming and drying in the Greater Khingan Mountains. The wetland ecosystem in the Greater Khingan Mountains will be heavier stress by the future climate warming and drying in the 2020s and 2040s. The warming and drying climate trend will be one of the main cause for atrophy and degeneration of the wetland ecosystem in the Greater Khingan Mountains. The wetland ecosystem will still be under great threat from climate warming and drying, and atrophy and severe degradation will be occurred in the Greater Khingan Mountains.
  • Variation of tropospheric specific humidity upon the middle-lower reaches of the Heihe River during 1981-2010
    XU Baorong, ZOU Songbing, DU Deyan, XIONG Zhe, LU Zhixiang, RUAN Hongwei, XIAO Honglang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 57-68. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0007
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    Based on the time series of temperature and dew point depression from the four radiosonde stations in the Heihe River basin during 1981-2010, the climate characteristics of specific humidity along vertical profile and the annual and decadal changes of seasonal and annual specific humidity at each standard isobaric surface were studied, and the seasonal contribution to the decadal changes were analyzed. The results showed that the water vapor mainly concentrated in the lower troposphere, the maximum specific humidity appears in summer, with the average specific humidity accounting for only 0.4 to 0.77 of the average in China, and the specific humidity over 200 hPa was approximately to the average in China, with less seasonal change. Except that the summer specific humidity at the 700 hPa was rising, the annual and seasonal ones were on the decline, and its relative decreasing rate along the profile was increasing gradually. The annual and seasonal specific humidity at typical isobaric 700 hPa, 500 hPa and 200 hPa had risen first and then dropped, experiencing the "dry-wet-dry" process, taking the middle of the 1980s and 2002 as boundaries. The maximum over the period from 1981 to 2010 appeared in 2002 and the change amplitude decreased with height. The winter humidity anomaly changed very stably and specific humidity in summer fluctuates very intensely. The specific humidity in the study area all increased in the 1990s, but decreased in the 2000s. In the 2000s, there was a sharp decline of specific humidity mainly resulted from the contribution in summer but statistically the most significant contribution in autumn and it was 10 times as much as the increase in 1980s mainly contributed in autumn and 5 times as much as 1990s, mainly in summer and autumn.
  • Changing characteristics of potential evapotranspiration, air temperature and precipitation in Ebinur Lake basin from 1957 to 2013
    Reziwanguli Maimaitiyiming, YANG Jianjun, LIU Wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0008
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    Meteorological data (average atmosphere pressure, average temperature, average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature, average relative humidity, average wind speed, percentage of sunshine and precipitation) from 1957-2013 were collected from six weather stations in Ebinur Lake basin. Monthly and annual potential evapotranspiration were calculated by Penman-Monteith model. The linear regression, cumulative anomaly and Mann-Kendall test were used to analyze the characteristics of potential evapotranspiration, temperature and precipitation changes. The results show that the annual average potential evapotranspiration had decreased with a rate of 25.05 mm·(10a)-1 during 1957-2013; the average potential evapotranspiration during the later seven years decreased 77.36 mm as compared with that in the former 50 years. Annual average temperature had increased with a rate of 0.33 ℃·(10a)-1 during 1957-2013; the average temperature during the later seven years increased 1.0 ℃ as compared with that in the former 50 years. Annual precipitation had increased too, with an increasing rate of 7.97 mm·(10a)-1, and average precipitation during the later seven years increased 32.45 mm as compared with that in the former 50 years.
  • The error analysis of the long term air temperature and precipitation in Northwest China simulated by WRF model
    MA Yi, BAI Lei, LI Qian, YIN Gang, ZHAO Xin, LI Lanhai
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 77-88. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0009
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    In Northwest China, a little change in temperature and precipitation would lead into a dramatically adverse disaster in the vulnerable ecological environment. However, due to the scarcity and uneven distribution of the meteorological stations in Northwest China, it is difficult to accurately assess the regional climate change in time and space. The Regional Climate Model (RCM) in state of art provides a powerful tool to simulate with highly horizontal resolution, which may supplement the existing observation. However, the poor performance of the model has slowed down the progress of regional climate change research in Northwest China. With the gridded dataset (CN05) and observation in situ, in this paper, simulation ability is assessed of the High Resolution WRF model's output in the spatial pattern, extremes, and anomaly and so on. On the assumption that the temperature and precipitation's biases keep in constant, the data in situ are used to train the Classification Regression Tree Model (CART) for the Bias Predication Model. The results show that the spatial patterns of annual mean temperature and annual precipitation from CN05 dataset consist with WRF model's output, and WRF's outputs illustrate more features in spatial pattern. However, the WRF overestimates precipitation in alpine and lakes. The temperature and precipitation anomalies in the Xinjiang perform more homogenously as compared with other regions. WRF's 95% of the simulated precipitation in Gansu and Xinjiang is better than that in Ningxia, Qinghai and Shaanxi. For 5% and 95% points of the temperature, the WRF simulation has warm bias in most sites, while the CN05 simulation has cold bias. Temperature and precipitation's bias have a certain relation among the five different geomorphic units. It is impossible to establish a uniform Bias Predication Model to apply in whole Northwest China, because of the height and terrain complexity, which has a large weight in Bias Predication Model.
  • The relation between soil moisture over the Tibetan Plateau in spring and summer precipitation in the eastern China
    LI Dengxuan, WANG Chenghai
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 89-99. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0010
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    The relation between soil moisture anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and the summer precipitation in eastern China was analyzed using SVD method. The results show that the correlation between soil moisture over the plateau and summer precipitation in eastern China is various, which depends on location and depth. The surface soil moisture in the northeast and northwest of the Tibetan Plateau is positively related to the summer precipitation in North China and Northeast China, while it is negatively related to that in the South China. There is a strong negative correlation between the surface soil moisture in the central and southern part of the plateau and the summer precipitation in North China. The deep soil moisture in the northern and eastern Tibetan Plateau is negatively correlated with the summer precipitation in North China and Northeast China, while it is positively correlated with the soil moisture in South China. The deep soil moisture in the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau has a negative correlation with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and most parts of South China. The changes of soil moisture in different regions and different depths over the plateau have a significant effect on the summer precipitation in eastern China.
  • The formation and age of the Karakul Lake, eastern Pamir
    WU Yunfei, ZHAO Jingdong, ZHENG Huijun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 100-106. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0011
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    The Karakul Lake is located in the upper reach of Kangxiwa River, eastern Pamir, China. Geologic structure data show that a large fault system has developed in the Muztag Ata and the Kongur Mountain areas, the depression formed by fault activities is the basis of the Karakul Lake. Investigations and observations in- situ indicate that glaciers had advanced dramatically from the eastern slope of Muztag Ata and the western slope of the Kongur Mountain, and the upper reach of the Kangxiwa River had occupied by glaciers for several times during Quaternary. According to the geomorphic and stratigraphic relationships, it is believed that the Karakul Lake is a moraine-dammed lake. The date of the hummocky moraines could be used to constrain the age of Karakul Lake. Field investigations demonstrate that an extensive piedmont glacier had developed and formed the hummocky moraines to block the Kuokesayike River. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques were used to date the glaciofluvial deposits that collected from the man-made sections along the China-Pakistan Highway. The dating results range from (26.8±1.3) to (41.7±4.4) ka. Combining with previous published electron spin resonance (ESR) data (37.8±3.6)~(48.2±4.6) ka, the palaeo-climatic data in the vicinity areas and the Quaternary Glaciations pattern in Western China, it is concluded that the Karakul Lake was formed in the middle period of the last glacial cycle, corresponding to mid-MIS 3.
  • The study of using WRF 3D-Var to assimilate the retrieval wind fields from Doppler radar data
    YANG Lili, WANG Ying, YANG Yi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 107-114. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0012
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    In order to apply the wind data of C-Band Doppler radar to numerical weather prediction model better, a two-step variational method is utilized to retrieve the wind field of Doppler radar, and then the retrieval wind is processed into a normal form of radiosonde observation. The retrieval wind is assimilated by the WRF 3D-Var system and the forecast is implemented by WRF model. A heavy rainfall process occurred in Tianshui on 19 June 2013 is chosen and four experiments were designed to evaluate the performance of the assimilation of radar retrieval wind. The results show that: assimilation of retrieval wind can extend the positive impact on rainfall forecast up to 12 h, especially the improvement is very significant in the 3-9 h after the assimilation and 9-12 h forecast has a positive effect to some extent. However, the 0-3 h accumulation precipitation forecast after the assimilation is not very well when compared with Experiment CTL. In addition, the cycle assimilation is better than only assimilate once but not the more the better. Therefore, assimilation the retrieval wind data from C-Band Doppler radar is very significant in rainfall forecast.
  • Study on insulation measures of high-speed railway subgrade in seasonally frozen soil region
    LÜ Fei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 115-120. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0013
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    In order to reduce the influence of embankment frost heaving on high-speed railway unballasted track smoothness in seasonal frozen soil regions, a laboratory model test was conducted using embankment insulation measure. Different thicknesses of insulation boards were covered by fillers of Groups A and B, and tested under freeze-thaw cycles, then deformation and temperature of the fillers were measured and analyzed. The laboratory model test results indicated that the thermal insulation effect of XPS insulation board was excellent, and the thicker the board, the better the effect. The insulation measure not only can decrease the frost heaving deformation of the filler in Ha-Qi railway passenger dedicated line effectively, but also can reduce the residual deformation. According to the laboratory test results, using heat preservation measure with 20-cm thickness insulation board, a field test was carried out in an embankment section of Ha-Qi Railway passenger dedicated line. The test results show that the heat preservation measure would be able to effectively control the frost heaving deformation in the track plate region of the left and right lines, which would guarantee the railway surface smoothness.
  • Discussion of anti-freeze and frost resistance of shallow buried tunnels in high latitude cold region
    ZHOU Xiaohan, ZENG Yanhua, YANG Zongxian, YANG Changxian, FANG Wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 121-128. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0014
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    Study of freezing injury forming mechanism in shallow buried tunnel in high latitude cold region is lacked. The temperature field of cold region tunnel was measured locally. The freezing injury forming mechanism and antifreeze and frost resistance of shallow buried tunnel in high latitude cold region were discussed. The observations show that the shallow buried tunnel in high latitude region can't keep out of freezing injury using traditional heat preservation measures. The waterproof and drainage measures are the main anti-freezing methods of shallow buried tunnel in high latitude cold region. Full-length deep center ditches, sub-drains and side insulation ditches are advised to be used, with the diameter of above 80 cm of the deep center ditches. Pipe jacking method is advised to construct the center deeply buried ditches. The proper anti-freezing measures of the water outlet port should be chosen according to the terrain of the tunnel portal.
  • Automatic observation experiment of icing on wires and analysis of icing processes
    CHEN Bailian, HU Xinxin, CHEN Lin, ZHENG Libing, WANG Chunlei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 129-139. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0015
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    Based on the automatic observation experiment data of icing on wires in Guizhou Province (from 2011 to 2013), a number of continuous process of icing and meteorological condition were thoroughly analyzed. The results showed that a complete process of icing includes five distinct phases, namely beginning, increasing, stable, decreasing and ablation or ending. In a long icing process, the phases of icing increasing, stable and decreasing usually appear alternately and repeatedly. Icing starts when temperature falls below 0 ℃ and relative humidity rises above 90%, and temperature keeps below 0 ℃ and humidity preserves high within the entire icing process. Ice-coat grows with temperature declining and rainfall or fog emerging, and turns to stable when temperature goes steady, rain ends and fog dissipates. Ice-coat decreases when temperature rises without any precipitation, and ablates when temperature rises above 0 ℃. The beginning and growing of icing are slow processes, while the melting and ending are relatively fast. The icing observed at meteorological stations is mainly caused by glaze and rime, with rainfall playing a key role. Whereas, those observed at field of high elevation are more caused by rime only, and effect of freezing rain is not as significant as those in low locations.
  • Monitoring and studying the freezing temperature field in deep fractured rock mass with high confined water
    LI Dongwei, ZHOU Yan, JIN Pengwei, LI Yang, ZHANG Han
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 140-144. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0016
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    Through the in-situ measurement of the mine sunken by freeze sinking in deep high-pressure water stratum, the temperatures of fractured rock mass monitored by thermometers allocated in various horizons and the variation of looping brine temperature were obtained. In the initial, temperatures in the monitoring holes dropped almost linearly. When temperature continuously decreased to the freezing temperature of the rock, the cooling rate gradually increased. When the frozen wall reached the design temperature, the monitored temperature changed gently. Cooling rate of the outside of the outer ring changed most slowly, and that between the two rings changed most fast. Cooling rate at different horizons and in different locations were inconformity, for example, cooling rate was 0.9 ℃·d-1 at the temperature monitoring hole C3# of sandy mudstone at 209 m deep and cooling rate was 0.54 ℃·d-1 at the temperature monitoring hole C1# of pebble bed at 92 m deep. Therefore, the design parameters such as the circle shift time, thickness and average temperature when frozen wall composed can be inferred from the monitored temperature. The monitored data have significant practical significance for guiding the design and construction of freeze sinking in deep fractured rock mass.
  • A research on the method of deriving high precision snow parameters from AMSR2 passive microwave remote sensing data
    Sayran Wayli, MAO Weiyi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 145-158. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0017
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    This study aims to establish a model of deriving high-precision snow parameters from passive microwave remote sensing data, taken Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as a case. In this paper, firstly high-resolution spatial and temporal data in the research region by means of AMSR2 passive microwave remote sensing were collected from November, 2010 to March, 2015. Then terrain features, such as altitude, slope, aspect, desert and surface roughness, had also been investigated. Other factors, such as variation of surfaces ranging from glacier, paddy field and forest, and microwave radiations of new snow, dry snow and wet snow in various seasons had also been taken into account. After that, a variety of threshold values to assess snow depth were worked out by classifying the collected samples. Finally, a deriving model of snow depth from AMSR2 high-precision sensing data was set up on the basis of decision tree threshold method. The model was then adopted to analyze and classify unstable snow cover and glaciers to establish a deriving method from AMSR2 data targeting at the snow depth of no more than 60 cm. The result of the test was reexamined with those data which were collected from stations or expeditions. The research approves the workability of the new model in identifying the snow depth ranging from 1 to 60 cm in the areas with complicated landforms, with multiple correlation coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.88, root mean square error ranging from 2.92 to 6.14 cm, the mean absolute deviation index ranging from 3 to 4 cm. When the snow depth error less than 5 cm, the accuracy of the test ranges from 91% to 94%; when the snow depth error less than 2.5 cm, the accuracy ranges from 81% to 87%.
  • The validation of MODIS daily snow-cover products after cloud removal in Tibet Autonomous Region
    Laba Zhuoma, QIU Yubao, Cidan Basang, ZHENG Zhaojun, Laba, CHEN Tao, ZHANG Huan, Chu Duo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 159-169. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0018
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    In this paper, the method of cloud removal applied to MODIS/TERRA and AQUA snow products was validated in Tibet Autonomous Region, the leakage measurement error L (%), more measurement error M (%), overall accuracy O (%) and kappa coefficient (Khat) was chosen as evaluation index; cloud removal of combination of TERRA and AQUA products (Ⅰ), cloud removal of combination of snow products for three days (Ⅱ) and Snowl cloud removal based on DEM (Ⅲ) were the three methods of cloud removal work. In addition, five typical regions of Tibet were chosen to be researching places, so as to make the study more convincing. The results show that Methods (Ⅰ) and (Ⅱ) are suitable to use in this research areas for cloud removal, and there are many uncertainties in Method (Ⅲ). After cloud removal by the three methods, for the five regions, it is found that the overall accuracy O rising to 60%-98%, the snow classification precision S rising to 60%-95%, and the Kappa coefficient ranging from 0.10 to 0.56 in general.
  • Calculation methods of resistances of the Shuttleworth-Wallace model
    GAO Guanlong, ZHANG Xiaoyou, YU Tengfei, ZHAO Hong, QIU Yan, LI Yuchun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 170-177. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0019
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    Evapotranspiration (ET) is the key component of water cycles and energy balance. However, ET measurement is time-consuming, of which the long series of data is not easily obtained, and thus mathematical modeling ET has been developed as a solution. Among the many models that have been developed and validated for ET estimation, Shuttleworth-Wallace model, in which the interactions between fluxes from the soil and canopy are taken into account, is physically sound, rigorous and suitable for estimating ET from complicated or seasonally variable vegetation covers, which has been widely used in modelling evapotranspiration. In this paper, the structure and the resistance parameters of the model are introduced, all calculation methods of each resistance are summarized, and the structure, amount of parameters and complexity of different formulas are analyzed. The results show: (1) the formula that based on the shortwave radiation, saturated vapor pressure deficit and the leaf area index is suitable for calculating the canopy stomatal resistance during a long period of time; (2) the depths for measuring the actual and saturated soil water content should be considered more for determination of the soil surface resistance; (3) the appropriate formula should be chosen on the basis of considering the free and forced convection or not for calculating canopy boundary-layer resistance; (4) the parameters of traditional formulas are easy to obtain and they are more applicable for calculating aerodynamic resistances.
  • Microscopic deformation mechanisms of triaxial test of frozen clay analyzed by discrete element method
    YIN Nan, LI Shuangyang, PEI Wansheng, ZHANG Mingyi, DONG Yun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 178-185. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0020
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    Based on three dimensional discrete element method (DEM) of particle flow, all particles are assigned to corresponding microscopic parameters and the cementation of ice between two contacting particles is simulated by a bonding model, which is effective in a limited radius, a three dimensional numerical model of frozen clay is established. A series of triaxial experiments on frozen clay are simulated under different temperatures and confining pressures, which shows that the simulated stress-strain relation agrees with experimental data very well. Numerical simulation results show that the adhesive contact will gradually fail with increase of confining pressure, together with expanding destruction area of the cement ice in shear zone. But an opposite phenomenon will appear with decreasing temperature. All these microscopic changes will have a great impact on macroscopic mechanical deformation of frozen clay. It is also found that the microscopic parameters of particles heavily depend on temperature. The idea and method of this paper may help to simulate mechanical behaviors of frozen clay by discrete element method (DEM).
  • Effects of freezing-thawing on soil aggregates of Pisha sandstone and sand compound soil
    ZHANG Hai'ou, HAN Jichang, ZHANG Yang, WANG Huanyuan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 186-191. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0021
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    In order to study the effects of freezing-thawing on soil aggregates of Pisha sandstone and sand compound soil, this paper adopted laboratory simulation of freeze-thaw test method, setting up different frequency and clay content. The effect of freezing and thawing cycles, clay content and interaction of the two on soil aggregates of Pisha sandstone and sand compound soil was significant or extremely significant in all fractions. Under freezing-thawing frequency, reduce the rate of large soil aggregates first decreased and then increased with the increase of sand percentage in compound soil, and 1:1 compound soil to reduce the rate of the minimum; It was found that freezing-thawing reduced the stability of soil aggregate structure, effectively breaking larger aggregate breakdown into small aggregate, so improving Pisha sandstone and sand compound soil.
  • Analysis of the factors affecting the mechanical properties of cement concrete-stabilized soil in cold regions
    ZHOU Hailong, SHEN Xiangdong, XUE Huijun, FAN Haolun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 192-199. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0022
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    In order to spread and application of cement-stabilized soil to build heat retention houses and facility agriculture in cold regions, cement-stabilized soil has been prepared with Portland cement and typical silty soil, which is widely distributed in the Yellow River irrigation regions located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Two specimens, Φ50 mm×H50 mm and Φ39.1 mm×H80 mm, were made by static mechanical compaction and artificial layered compaction, respectively. A series of laboratory tests on the cement-stabilized soil were carried out, with consideration of the factors such as cement mixing ratio, curing age, specification, molding method and so on. The strength variation of cement-stabilized soil under different conditions were obtained by comparison. The result shows that the strength of cement-stabilized soil increases with cement mixing ratio and curing age, and among the strength of cement-stabilized soil, cement mixing ratio and age there is a relation following the space plane model. Partial regression analysis shows that cement mixing ratio contributes more than age. There is logarithmic relationship between the strengths of the specimens with different specification and molding method; the specimens from different specification and molding method have different effect. There are critical cement mixing ratio and critical curing age for Φ39.1 mm× H80 mm specimen. Once exceeding the two critical values, the strength growth rate would decrease.
  • Response of the hydrological process to land-use/cover change in Taohe River basin
    WANG Ying, ZHANG Lei, WANG Jinsong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 200-210. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0023
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    Land-use/cover change is the important reason for water resource changing in a basin. The Taohe River basin in Northwest China is studied with the distributed hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Land-use/cover scenarios are constructed based on comprehensive consideration of the variation characteristics of the land-use/cover change from 1985 to 2000. Then the hydrological processes are simulated and the hydrological response in different scenarios at basin scale are discussed. The results show that: (1) After successful calibration verification, the correlation coefficient (R2), relative error (Re) and Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient (Ens) of SWAT model are 0.83, -8% and 0.68, respectively. It is demonstrated that the calibrated SWAT model can well simulate the monthly runoff, and is thus applicable to study the Taohe River basin. (2) The main types of land-use/cover in Taohe River basin are pasture, forest and farmland. When the interflow, soil moisture and water yield in forest land reach the maximum, runoff and evapotranspiration of farmland reach the maximum. As compared with the land-use/cover scenarios in 1985, under the land-use/cover scenarios in 2000 the annual runoff increased 1.72%, but the underground runoff and water yield decreased by 0.8% and 0.4%, respectively. The annual runoff of farmland expansion scenario and urban expansion scenario significantly increased surface runoff, but the annual runoff and water yield decreased under ecological restoration scenario. (3) The forest and grassland can reduce the amplitude of monthly runoff between maximum and minimum, while farmland shows an opposite result. As compare with the land-use/cover in 1985, the land-use/cover in 2000 scenario shows that the runoff increased by 1.67%, while underground runoff and water yield decreased by 0.83% and 0.36% in flood season; in non-flood season the surface runoff increased by 1.86%, while underground runoff and water yield decreased by 0.63% and 0.46%. The results demonstrate that forest and grassland area reduction has more influence on hydrologic cycle in non-flood season.
  • Using snow remote sensing data to improve the simulation accuracy of spring snowmelt runoff: take Babao River basin as an example
    YAN Yuna, CHE Tao, LI Hongyi, QIN Yue
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 211-221. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0024
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    With the development of hydrologic simulation in cold regions, the large simulation error of spring snowmelt runoff has become one of the largest uncertainties. In this study, Babao River basin was selected as the study area which is regarded as the representative alpine catchment and GBHM (Geomorphology Based Hydrological Model) was established to simulation the watershed hydrological process. Then, the maneuverability of the GBHM was discussed and analyzed. On this basis, the snow cover extent (SCE) product with cloud reducing which retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to update GBHM snow water equivalent(SWE) for a more accurate description of the spring snowmelt runoff process. A simple snow depletion curve model was used for the necessary SWE-SCE inversion. And, the model's calibration period (2005-2007) and validation period (2008) was chosen. The results show that: the model can basically reflect the trend of the runoff and achieve good simulation accuracy with the average annual Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient(NSE) reached 0.64. However, the model doesn't work well during spring snowmelt process. After applying snow remote sensing data into GBHM, this situation has been improved. The NSE and Bias of spring snowmelt runoff respectively from -1.0, -0.45 become 0.58, 0.06, the SWE of grid gets more accurate, and water balance is more reasonable after adding remote sensing data between March and June 2008.
  • Evaluation of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the hydrological environment in Central Asia
    YAO Junqiang, YANG Qing, MAO Weiyi, XU Xingbin, LIU Zhihui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 222-230. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0025
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    Central Asia is the upstream of synoptic of China, and has significant strategic importance in relation to the safety of the region ecological environment and resources, especially water resources safety. Research and assessment of climate change and human activities affecting the hydrological environment in Central Asia has vital significance. Over the past century, in Central Asia there was a tendency of wetting and warming, with temperature increase of long duration and large amplitude. In the last 50 years, temperature has increased with the rate of 0.47 ℃·(10a)-1, and faster in winter. It was estimated that the warming will continue. After the 1980s, precipitation has increased wavelike. Climate change and human activities have a huge effect on the space-time distribution of water resources in the region, human activities have aggravated the water resources and changed lakes. In the last 50 years, Syr Darya and Amu Darya have reduced the runoff into the Aral Sea. Since the 1970s, water conservancy project construction has increased, coupled with the increase of irrigation water, resulting in sharply decrease of the water from the two rivers into the Aral Sea. After 1987, water from the two rivers into the Aral Sea has risen again, mainly because of precipitation increasing and temperature warming, which accelerates snow and ice melting, and then runoff increasing. At the same time, lake surface has gone down, lake area has shrunk, and water quality has deteriorated. Ice is a main water resources. In recent 50 years, glaciers in Central Asian have retreated in a speed of 0.2%~1% a year, and those in Pamir have retreated 14%~30%; glacier retreat is mainly controlled by significant increase in summer temperature. According to the regional climate changing characteristics, medium and small glaciers would retreat more. Central Asia water problems are mainly international allocation of water resources and international struggle against water environment deterioration. It is necessary to do a good job in water resources assessment, water planning and to establish water environment monitoring network for the whole region. Central Asian countries need to participate to set up a set of complete strategy framework, comprehensive considering population, social economy and ecological environment factors, such as political legislation decision-making system of water management, to build a harmonious coexistence of Central Asia new order of water resources, sustainable utilization of water resources to support economic and social sustainable development.
  • Dynamic estimation for vegetation ecological water demand in Shule River irrigation district during 2000-2014
    YE Hongmei, CHEN Shaohui, SHENG Feng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 231-240. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0026
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    Shule River irrigation district located in arid region of northwest China, was selected as the study area in this study. Firstly, time series vegetation database was established based on MOD13Q1 images during 2000 to 2014. The dynamic change of vegetation's area was evaluated by GIS. Secondly, the vegetation ecological water demands were estimated by Aviriyanover formula. The results showed that the average annual growth rate of total vegetation ecological water demand increased by 2.64%, and the average annual growth rate of artificial vegetation ecological water demand increased by 3.65%, which showed a steady growth trend. While the average annual reduction of natural vegetation ecological water demand was 1.58%, showing a gradual decrease. Finally, according to the average annual runoff data of Shule River, the dynamic responses to the changes of runoff and irrigation engineering construction were analyzed, so as to provide the scientific proposal for the irrigation water resources allocation.
  • Groundwater table dynamics in Golmud piedmont plain of Qinghai Province
    WANG Shengbin, XIAO Yong, WANG Wanping, QI Zexue, ZHANG Tingting, ZHAO Wenqiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 241-247. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0027
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    Based on the study of hydrogeological condition in Golmud piedmont pain, the annual groundwater level and its control factors were analyzed. The temporal-spatial variations of groundwater level from 1990 to 2013 were analyzed and the groundwater dynamic types were summarized. Due to the different storage conditions and exploitation degrees, the groundwater types are remarkably different in the three study subregions. The groundwater flow direction is from south to north, which is consistent with the terrain, and the regional flow field has varied less during the last five years. The annual groundwater variation in the upper and middle regions of the alluvial-proluvial fan remains in equilibrium state, while the groundwater level has decreased sharply due to the over-exploitation in the last few years, and the groundwater dynamic type is hydrological-runoff type. The groundwater level in the lower part of the alluvial-proluvial fan has decreased and the groundwater dynamic type is evaporation type mainly. The groundwater level in the western part of the alluvial-proluvial fan has remained stable and increased in some parts due to the strong regulation and storage capacity of the aquifer, the groundwater dynamic type is hydrological-exploitation type.
  • The application progress of hydrological model in quantifying the contribution of glacier runoff to total watershed runoff
    YIN Zhenliang, FENG Qi, LIU Shiyin, ZOU Songbing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 248-258. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0028
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    Glaciers are the most visible indicators of global climate change. The climate change resulted in glacier retreat in most of the world's mountainous area. Glacier variation will have an extensive and profound influence on ecological and environmental security and the social economy in the future. Because of glacier retreat, hydrological processes have changed observably in lots of watersheds, especially for snow and glacier watershed in high mountainous area. However, the spatial and temporal variations of snow and glacier melt water as well as the contribution of glacier runoff to total runoff are uncertain. Accurate calculation of glacier melt water's contribution to total runoff is part and parcel of risk assessment of climate change and sustainable management of water resources in glacierized basin. Calculating the contribution of glacier runoff to total runoff is a challenging work for the reason that the glacial ablation process and hydrological process are complicated and the terrain as well as the elevation and the gradient of glacierized basin are complex. Detailed meteorological, hydrological, glacial observation data are usually limited to a few accessible and well-studied basins. There are various approaches for quantifying the contribution of glacier runoff to total runoff. Here we examine five different methodological approaches: direct discharge measurement, glaciological approaches, hydrological balance equations, hydrochemical tracers, and hydrological modeling. Hydrological modeling represents the most frequently applied approaches to quantifying the proportional contribution of glacial melt water. Because the temperature is usually easiest to acquire and more suitable for interpolate, the glacier melt module in hydrological model is mainly based on the temperature-index approach and the enhanced temperature-index approach. The energy balance model based on the physical mechanism, which needs more input parameters and has more complex structure, is difficult to couple with hydrological model so far, however energy balance model coupled with distributed hydrological model will be research emphasis in the future. Expanding the regional scale research achievement to remote areas and establishing the physical distributed large scale hydrological model coupled with glacier melt module could be a research prospect.
  • Summarizing the runoff simulation models in Hexi inland river basins
    GAO Liming, ZHANG Yaonan, FENG Qi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 259-269. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0029
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    Runoff simulation is one of the most basic and important step of hydrological research in Hexi inland river basins, and also the basis for studying other hydrological problems. The current models used widely in Hexi inland river basins can be divided into system theory models, conceptual models and distributed models. But it is still lack of understanding about what are these models' characteristics and the problems which should be paid attention to in the application. In this paper, the representative research results of the application of the three kinds of models in Hexi inland areas are summarized. Considering the problems in the current models, the possible development direction of the future hydrological simulation is discussed in the study area.
  • Analysis of the impact factors of urban heat island effect based on the intensive land use level
    HA Shangchen, Alimujiang Kasimu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 270-278. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.isnn.1000-0240.2016.0030
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    Landsat TM/ETM+ thermal infrared remote sensing data of Ürümqi on August 6, 1990, July 11, 2001 and July 4, 2013 are used to derive brightness temperature and classify the temperature using mean-standard deviation method.In 1990, 2001 and 2013, the maximum heat island effect intensity was 11.48 ℃, 12.06 ℃ and 14.01 ℃, respectively; the weighted average heat island effect intensity was 1.033 ℃, 1.603 ℃ and 1.236 ℃, respectively; the urban heat island ration index was 0.1054, 0.3945 and 0.4328, respectively. The results showed that in the study years, the average level of urban heat island effect in Ürümqi was first increasing and then decreasing; the maximum urban heat island intensity and development degree were both increasing, which illustrated that heat island had preliminarily formed in the city, the temperature of city's hot zones was continuously increasing and the hot areas had expanded. Using the PSR model to construct an index system to evaluate the level of urban intensive land use, it was obtained that during the same period, Ürümqi's intensive land use level and its coordination were in raising. From the evaluation results, one can see that the urban heat island effect factors based on urban intensive land use can be drawn by a lot of correlation analyses, which include population density, the green space coverage, the GNP per land area, the construction land area per capita, the road surface area per capita and the fixed assets investment per land area.
  • Association study of the relation between urbanization and urban construction land structure change in Aksu City
    Bumairiyemu Maimai, DING Jianli, Zibibula Simayi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(1): 279-290. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0031
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    In this paper, based on the statistical data of urbanization and urban construction land, the characteristics and change trends of urbanization process and urban construction land structure in Aksu City were analyzed, then the relationship between the above two factors during 2000-2013 was examined by using grey relation analysis method. The result indicated that (1) the annual average weight of population, social, economic and environment urbanization index were 0.1327, 0.0309, 0.0794 and 0.0260, respectively, indicating the influence of population was significant, economic and social factors were the second, and social factors were not obvious comparatively; (2) the main construction land was residential land, accounting for 36.96%~45.29% in the beginning study period and for 14.17%~10.38% in the ending study period. The annual average change rates of warehouse land, special use land and intercity transportation land were obvious, accounting for -19.06%, 6.27% and 5.36%, respectively, and the other six land use types were less changed; (3) there was a significant interconnectedness between urbanization index and urban construction land index, with a many year average correlation coefficient greater than 0.65, showing between urbanization developing and urban construction land index there was a tight relation, which was mutual, bidirectional, complex and dynamic process. This demonstrates that the chosen 17 urbanization index are major dynamic factors affecting the urban construction land change in Aksu City. Aimed at the above mentioned characteristics, in this paper, some problems of urbanization process in Aksu City are pointed out and some measures are put forward, such as adjusting population structure, control population size, increasing investment in public service facilities and effective using the limited land resources and so on.
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