25 April 2016, Volume 38 Issue 2

    

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  Characteristics and effects of the extreme maximum air temperature in the summer of 2015 in Xinjiang under global warming

  MAO Weiyi, CHEN Pengxiang, SHEN Yongping

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 291-304. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0032

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  Meteorological datasets from 105 meteorological stations in Xinjiang were utilized to analyze the characteristics of extreme maximum air temperature in the summer of 2015. The extreme maximum air temperature more than 35℃ firstly occurred in early July in southeastern and eastern Xinjiang region, and then spread westwards and northwestwards in mid-July. In the late July, the range of extreme maximum air temperature reached up to the top, both in northern and southern Xinjiang regions. The extreme maximum air temperature mainly occurred in late July in 89 meteorological stations, accounting for 84.8% of total meteorological stations. There were 55 meteorological stations, accounting for 52.4%, had the longest durations of maximum air temperature, ranked first in the historic record. There were 23 meteorological stations, accounting for 21.9%, had the extreme maximum air temperature ranked first in the historic record. An extreme maximum air temperature, 47.7℃, took place in Turpan. This extreme maximum air temperature resulted in summer average air temperatures in eight meteorological stations ranked first in the historic record. Average air temperature in July ranked first in the historic record in southern Xinjiang region and the Tianshan Mountains, and average air temperature in July exceeded the highest records in 57 meteorological stations, accounting for 54.3%. During air temperature rising process, 0℃ level height in July reached up to the top since 1991. For example, 0℃ level over the Kaidu River basin of the Tianshan Mountains had higher than the value averaged from 1991 through 2015 for 33 days. High-pressure ridge in 500 hPa level over the Iranian Plateau moved eastwards was the direct cause of extreme maximum temperature occurred in Xinjiang in July. The form, center location and intensity of the high pressure at 100 hPa level height in Southern Asia also reflected the evolution of high air temperature in summer of 2015 in Xinjiang. The high air temperature resulted in quick melting of snow and glaciers, causing snow and ice melt flood in the Tarim River basin in 2015.
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  Causes of the outburst of Zonag Lake in Hoh Xil, Tibetan Plateau, and its impact on surrounding environment

  LIU Baokang, LI Lin, DU Yu'e, LIANG Tiangang, DUAN Shuiqiang, HOU Fujiang, REN Jizhou

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 305-311. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0033

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  In recent years, there is a warm and wet tendency over the Tibetan Plateau, as a result, the lake levels extensively rise up and dike burst happens occasionally. In this study, the TM(ETM+)history document data and environmental mitigation satellite(HJ-1A/B)CCD data in the Zonag Lakes(including Kusai Lake, Hedin Noel Lake and Yanhu Lake), combined with the air temperature, precipitation data from Wudaoliang Meteorological Station, were used to analyze the variation of lake surface area. The results showed that from 1961 to 2012, precipitation had increased in Hoh Xil, which was the basis of the Zonag Lake outburst. Two strong precipitation processes occurred before August 22, 2011 and then followed by a continuous precipitation, which led to a substantial leakage of the lakes, and finally led to outburst. There were two earthquake events before the dike burst, which may have a certain influence on the basin structure of the lakes, accelerating the dike burst process. Outburst of the lake led to shoreline retreat and land desertification, which deteriorated the Tibetan antelope farrowing environment and resulted in adverse impact on the surrounding grassland ecology environment and major engineering projects.
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  An investigation of the relationship between meteorological elements and the variation of ion concentration in snowpack:as an example of Ürümqi Glacier No. 1 in eastern Tianshan

  YOU Xiaoni, LI Zhongqin, WANG Lixia

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 312-322. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0034

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  We examine the impact of air temperature and precipitation on the chemical ionic concentration from successive snowpacks on Ürümqi Glacier No.1 in eastern Tianshan, central Asia. Data suggest that the arrival of high temperatures has more impaction on ionic concentration in snowpack. Therefore, we establish the correlation between positive accumulated temperatures and ionic concentration. The results indicate that ion concentrations are exponential decline along with positive accumulated temperature in strong elution periods. During this process, ionic concentration reduced sharply at first, then, generally decreased as temperature rising proceeds until it dropped to the minimum. Elution Factor shows most of ions were leached out from snowpack after summer melting at Ürümqi Glacier No.1. The continuous precipitation could increase the ions concentrations in snowpack through enhancing them in surface snow. However, the relationship is weak.
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  Analysis of water and heat transfer in snow layer during snowmelt period in Irtysh River Basin based on energy balance theory

  GAO Liming, ZHANG Yaonan, SHEN Yongping, ZHANG Lele

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 323-334. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0035

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  In order to quantitatively describe the melting process of snow cover in Irtysh River Basin, a single layer energy and water balance model was constructed for modeling the snow accumulation and ablation processes during January 4 and March 28, 2014 in Kuwei station of the basin. The results showed that the model can well simulate the changing process of the net radiation, and the simulation results of snow water equivalent was also very good, the Nash coefficient between the observed snow water equivalent and simulated values had reached 0.989. The net radiation, sensible heat, absolute value of latent heat flux and the surface heat flux in the snow accumulation period were significantly lower than accumulation period. In the accumulation period, the sensible heat and latent heat flux and soil heat flux is affected by the thickness of the snow, when the snow water equivalent was less than 10 mm, sensible and the absolute value latent heat fluxes is higher, and the volatility of the soil heat flux was larger. In the accumulation period, the material loss of snow cover was all sublimation loss, and the sublimation amount was 2.74 mm. During the ablation period, the amount of snow melting was 66.26 mm, and the sublimation amount was 2.04 mm. The contribution of net radiation to snow material loss reached 83.1%, the contribution of the turbulent flux was 16.9%. Because the soil heat flux was positive during the melting period, the contribution of soil heat flux on snowmelt was zero.
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  Validation of WRF model on simulating forcing data for Kayiertesi River basin, Xinjiang

  WU Xuejiao, PAN Xiaoduo, SHEN Yongping, ZHANG Wei, HE Jianqiao, HE Bin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 335-340. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0036

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  With the improvement of hydrological simulation studies and the rapid development of distributed model, the need for high resolution meteorological forcing data were urgent. Based on the WRF model, this study simulated meteorological forcing data with 1km resolution in spring for the Kayiertesi River basin in the headwater of Irtysh River, Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China. The results were validated by hourly meteorological observation data in AWS to prepare for spring distributed snowmelt runoff model. The following conclusions were obtained:The average MEB(Mean Bias Error)of hourly 2-m surface temperature, 2-m relative humidity, 10-m wind speed, downward shortwave radiation and downward longwave radiation were 0.43℃, -2.9%, 3.7 m·s^-1, 28.2 W·m^-2 and -36.2 W·m^-2, respectively, the average RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)of them were 3.81℃, 18.2%, 4.8 m·s^-1, 163.5 W·m^-2 and 52 W·m^-2, and the average R² of them were 0.84, 0.32, 0.03, 0.7 and 0.3. Simulation results of hourly 2-m temperature and incident short-wave radiation were ideal and can be uses in hydrological simulation in high time resolution.
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  Simulating one dimensional water-heat processes in a typical permafrost region in the Tibetan Plateau

  MA Qimin, HUANG Yingbing, NAN Zhuotong, WU Xiaobo

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 341-350. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0037

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  Understanding of water and heat processes of permafrost is crucial for engineering planning and construction in the cold regions. Moisture migration in the frozen soil is closely related to temperature changes. However, traditional empirical models take insufficient account of water-heat physics. Land surface models need a lot of driving data and are difficult to accurately simulate deep soil temperature. Numerical models have been widely applied to engineering in cold regions but rarely to the evolution of the permafrost. This study developed a numerical simulation model coupling the soil moisture and temperature field of permafrost, based on the water flow theory of unsaturated soil and the heat transfer theory. To verify the model, a case study was carried out at the Tanggula site where complete permafrost observations are available. The result shows that the model performs well in soil temperature simulation, 15 m within an R² above 0.88 and an RMSE less than 1℃. The performance of soil moisture simulation is acceptable, with an R² above 0.7 and an RMSE less than 7.65%. The estimated active layer thickness is about 3.6 m, and the depth of zero amplitude of soil temperature is approximately 15m and consistent with the measured depth. The developed model is concluded to be applicable to study the changes of soil water flow and heat transport in permafrost underlain areas.
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  Investigating the influence of soil moisture on albedo and soil thermodynamic parameters during the warm season in Tanggula Range, Tibetan Plateau

  ZHANG Lele, ZHAO Lin, LI Ren, GAO Liming, XIAO Yao, QIAO Yongping, SHI Jianzong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 351-358. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0038

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  In order to study the effects of soil moisture on surface thermal state of permafrost in warm season on the Tibetan Plateau, meteorological and active layer data during May and September from 2010 to 2012 in Tanggula meteorological field on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were selected for analyzing the relationship between the surface soil moisture and surface albedo well as the soil thermal parameters. The results show that the soil moisture were between 0.15 and 0.27, surface albedo values were between 0.14 and 0.24, daily average soil thermal conductivity were 0.9~2.0 W·m^-1·K^-1, the soil heat capacity mainly concentrated between the 0.8×10⁶ and 1.8×10⁶ J·m^-3·K^-1, and soil thermal diffusivity was mainly concentrated between the 0.6×10^-6 and 2.2×10^-6 m²·s^-1 in the warm season of the Tanggula station. The effect of soil moisture on surface albedo was great, with the increase of soil moisture, and the surface albedo shows a clear increasing trend. The effect of soil moisture on the surface albedo was also affected by the vegetation growth cycle, the relationship between soil moisture and surface albedo were significantly different between the withered and the growth periods. Soil thermal parameters was also influenced significantly by the changes of soil moisture, with the increase of soil moisture, soil thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity also showed increasing trend, but the effect of soil moisture on soil thermal conductivity was significant, while the influence on soil thermal diffusivity was not significant.
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  The impact of mountain range orientation on the lapse rate of precipitation δ¹⁸O in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin in the Qilian Mountains

  HE Jianqiao, ZHANG Wei, ZHOU Jian, WU Yuwei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 359-367. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0039

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  The precipitation δ¹⁸O-elevation gradients is great significant for paleoclimate, hydrologic, paleoelevation studies. The field setting for this research is the mountain area within the Qilian Mountains, northern Tibetan Plateau. Three stations are contained within the upper reaches of Heihe river basin in the eastern Qilian Mountains. Three stations are Yingluoxia and Qilian hydrologic stations, Yeniugou meteorological station, respectively, and Yingluoxia hydrologic station is the dividing point between the upper and middle reaches of the Heihe river basin. The altitudes of these plots range from 1600-3300 m. Summer precipitation is predominance in the annual precipitation budget, and a maximum regional winter/summer precipitation ratio(W:S)is 0.24. By analysis of variance(ANOVA), the precipitation δ¹⁸O data collected from three plots was analyzed, which the data set span a year of precipitation sampling from October 2007 to September 2008. The results show that δ¹⁸O-elevation gradient is not significant(α=0.05)at a seasonal or yearly scale in this region, and precipitationweighted mean δ¹⁸O is -7.1‰. Mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this result consider the role of two processes, including(1)mixing of moisture sources, a process common in an arid and semiarid region, (2)lacking of a process of water vapor climbing along slope in the precipitation system because of atmospheric water vapor mainly traveling along the Qilian Mountain range and its transport pathway being parallel to the Qilian mountain orientation, as a result of this region dominated by westerlies and the west-east direction of the Qilian mountains. We demonstrate that spatial relationship between water vapor transport pathway and mountain range orientation is the important factors associated with the characteristic of stable isotopes in precipitation besides water vapor source. As a result, consideration of the altitude effect on precipitation δ¹⁸O of this study is necessary in order to re-recognize timing and location of groundwater recharge in the Heihe river basin.
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  Reconstruction of the January and July temperature sequences of the Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene

  WANG Qingbo, HOU Guangliang, LI Fan, YANG Yang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 368-378. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0040

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  The human's interference on the natural environment in the Tibetan Plateau is relatively small, which provides a possible for reconstructing the climate factors by using the ancient sporo-pollen record. The reconstruction of climate factors on the plateau in the past has important significance for predicting future climate variation. In this article, 29 fossil sporo-pollen records on the plateau were selected to transform into the ancient temperature records and reconstructed the January and July temperature sequences of the Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene by using modern analogy method and the function relation between of the fossil sporo-pollen sites and holistic plateau temperature. The reconstructed results show that in terms of January and July temperature, the early Holocene(11.5~8.5 ka BP)was a period of temperature rising undulately;the mid-Holocene(8.5~4.6 ka BP)was megathermal, with temperature warmer than that in present;the late Holocene(4.6 ka BP~)can be divided into two stages, one was 4.6~2.4 ka BP, when the January and July temperatures had decreased;another one was from 2.4 ka BP to now, when temperature has been abnormal.
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  Multiple-time scale variations and impact factors of regional cold air in Liaoning Province

  YAN Qi, TIAN Li, LI Shuang, CUI Jin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 379-387. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0041

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  Based on the observational data of temperature and climate monitoring index from the national climate center and NCEP, the multiple time scale variations and impact factors of regional cold air in Liaoning Province are analyzed. The analysis shows that the frequencies of regional strong cold air and cold wave have significantly decreased, but the frequency of moderate intensity cold air has increased. Cold air strength has weaken. There are changing periods of 11-year, 6-year and 3-year for regional cold air. The frequency of the regional cold air had an abrupt change in 1964. The season with most frequent cold air activity is autumn and the season with strongest cold air is winter. The average first regional cold air date is on September 23 and the last date is on April 5, and the first and the last dates are going to shift to an earlier date. The polar vortex area index in the northern hemisphere has a significant positive correlation with the frequency of the regional cold wave. In more cold wave months, the polar vortex will shift south as compared with that in normal month, and the zonal wind between 70°-180° E and near 50° N is larger than normal. The polar vortex and the zonal wind are the pronounced factors of increasing regional cold air in Liaoning Province.
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  Prediction model and its application for glacial lake outburst in the Himalayas area, Tibet

  WANG Zhoufeng, ZHANG Tingshan, WANG Chengwu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 388-394. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0042

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  Taking the glacial lakes as research object in the Himalayas area, Tibet, this paper firstly extracts three critical points in the process of making a glacial lake outburst prediction model, that is, the prediction index must be able to reflect the dynamic characteristics of the glacial lakes, the uncertainty mathematics theory should be employed to model in the quantitative analysis, and the grade classification of the probability of the glacial lake outburst need to be validated. After that, we choose the prediction variables as following, lake crest width, ratio of the lake freeboard to moraine crest height, lake area, and glacier area, and propose a prediction model based on the logistic regression analysis of 29 glacial lake samples. we found the model is effective with the cross-validation. According to the curve of the cumulative percentage of drained lakes versus outburst probability, the glacial lake outburst probability is divided into four grades. In the case of the Yellow Lake, we analyzed the variation of the glacial lake outburst probability when the ratio of the lake freeboard to moraine crest height is considered as the precipitating factor. Finally, in view of the existing qualitative methods, we have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of our model.
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  The risk pre-estimation of the flood casualty loss caused by heavy rainstorm in Jilin Province

  XI Zhuxiang, ZHANG Chenchen, LÜ Zhong, LAN Feifei, RAO Weiping

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 395-401. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0043

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  Utilizing daily precipitation data from 50 weather stations from 1951 through 2013, information of the casualty loss caused by the heavy rainstorm flood, 1:50 000 DEM and hydrological data, TM images and relative social economic information, the main factors of flood disasters caused by heavy rainstorm in Jilin Province were analyzed, and the weight coefficients of each factor on the flood risk assessment was established. By using GIS technology, heavy rainstorm disasters risk in Jilin Province was assessed and regionalized by the indicators relating to the amount and intensity of rainstorms, sensitivity of environment to floods, prevention and resistance ability to disasters. Using the forecasted precipitation, risk of the heavy rainstorm flood disaster in August 14-17, 2013 in Jilin Province was estimated preliminary, and the damaged zones of all levels were divided. The results show that the high risk zones were located mostly in Siping, Liaoyuan and the urban areas of Changchun, Jilin, Tonghua cities; spatially, the higher risk zones were located in the center and south of the province, followed by the west, and then the northeast. The risk pre-estimation of the flood casualty loss caused by heavy rainstorm has better feasibility, which can be used in practice. Thus the flood risk zones of all levels can be rapidly framed. It is useful for prevention and avoiding flood risk of heavy rainstorm and is significant for improving the ability against heavy rainstorm flood disasters and the capacity of disaster mitigation.
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  Study of the constitutive model of interface between frozen Qinghai-Tibetan silt and reinforced plastic fiberglass

  CHEN Liangzhi, WEN Zhi, DONG Shengshi, YU Qihao, XUE Ke, ZHANG Mingli

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 402-408. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0044

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  The mechanical properties of interface between frozen soil and structure are very important for analyzing the interaction between structures and frozen soil and for evaluating the safety and stability of engineering structure. To prevent the frost heave damage, glass fiber reinforced plastics was put forward and applied to the foundation engineering of Qinghai-Tibetan electric transmission line. To describe the fundamental behaviors of frozen soil-structure interface reasonably, a series of laboratory direct shear tests of the interface between frozen silt and glass fiber reinforced plastic plate were performed. Based on the stress and shear displacement relation of the interface and the analysis of the interface strength and deformation characteristics, a stress-displacement-temperature constitutive equation of the interface has been established. Comparing the predicted result and the test result shows that the predicted result is in good agreement with the test result. Namely, the constitutive model is validated to reasonably describe the mechanical properties of the interface.
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  Experimental study of the development characteristic of frost heaving ratio of the saturated Tibetan silt under one-dimensional freezing

  WANG Yongtao, WANG Dayan, GUO Yan, LEI Lele, GU Tongxin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 409-415. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0045

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  Based on one-dimensional freezing test under five different cooling temperature gradients in an open system, the frozen depth and frost heaving ratio of the saturated Tibetan silt are studied experimentally. Some conclusions are showed as following. Firstly, although the top cooling temperatures are different, but the freezing front in sample reaches stability near 25 hours. In the freezing process, the frost heaving rate undergoes four stages, which are rapid decrease stage, stable stage, rapid increase stage and another stable stage. The frost heaving ratio is related to the development of the frozen depth and the frost heaving rate. The frost heaving ratio become to increase when the frozen depth tends to stable. The last stable stage of frost heaving rate contributes mostly to the increasing of frost heaving ratio. The mechanics of the development of the frost heaving ratio is induced by the combined effect of the unfrozen part consolidation and frozen part frost heave of soil sample.
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  Study on collapse characteristic of compacted loess subjected to cyclic drying and wetting

  WANG Fei, LI Guoyu, MU Yanhu, WU Yahu, FAN Shanzhi

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 416-423. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0046

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  Collapsible loess are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of North China. As an inexpensive filling material, it can serve as a kind of foundation soil and be used in some infrastructures such as the highway, railway, airport, etc. However, cyclic drying and wetting usually occurs in loess subgrade/foundation due to periodic variation of rainfall and draught. A series of Oedometer tests are performed to measure the collapsibility coefficients after cyclic drying and wetting and to study its influence on collapse characteristic of compacted loess. The test results show that the collapsibility coefficient rapidly decreases with the increase of degree of compaction, but it changes very little when the degree of compaction is above 90%. Compared with the initial specimens, collapsibility coefficient of the specimens under five drying and wetting cycles are all increased to some degree, the variation in collapsibility coefficient increases with the increase in the initial degree of compaction. For the loess sample with a degree of compaction of 95%, after five drying and wetting cycles, the collapsibility coefficient exceeded 0.015 at 200 kPa stress, which shows that the compacted loess sample exhibited the secondary collapse.
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  Experimental study on triaxial compressive strength and deformation behaviors of frozen silty clay

  NIU Yaqiang, LAI Yuanming, WANG Xu, LIAO Mengke, GAO Juan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 424-430. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0047

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  In order to study the deformation and strength behaviors of frozen silty clay, a series of triaxial compression tests were conducted under confining pressure from 1 MPa to 9 MPa at -6℃. The results show that the shapes of stress-strain curves are similar under different confining pressures, while the hardening rate at the initial phase and the softening degree are different. According to Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the variation of generalized cohesion and internal friction angle with confining pressures are calculated from the experimental results, meanwhile, a nonlinear strength criterion is put forward based on the envelope theory to describe the strength of frozen silty clay increases at first then decreases with the increasing of confining pressure.
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  Experimental study on the influence of cooling rate on salt crystallizing in sodium sulfate solution

  WAN Xu sheng, LAI Yuanming

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 431-437. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0048

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  Based on the pull down test of sodium sulfate solution, the crystallization law of sodium sulfate decahydrate was studied to explore the mechanism of sodium sulfate saline soil. In our experiment, the initial crystallization temperatures of different concentration of sodium sulfate solutions were observed under three kinds of cooling rate, which are 1℃·min^-1, 0.1℃·min^-1 and 0.02·min^-1 respectively. The results show that the crystallization of sodium sulfate decahydrate is affected by the cooling rate, the initial crystallization temperature increases as the cooling rate decreases. The effect of value of cooling rate on concentration changing is very little, but it would affect crystal morphology, the lower the cooling rate, the more stable the crystal morphology. Moreover, salts begin to crystallize under the effect of the phase transformation driving force, it is proportional to the value of cooling rate, the higher the cooing rate, the larger initial crystallization force.
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  High-strength and heat insulation foam concrete:developing and applying in cold region tunnel

  YUAN Kekuo

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 438-444. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0049

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  Because of the characters of high compressibility and ductility, foam concrete can be used as filling material of the preset deformations layer in deep soft rock tunnel. While the filling material of cold regions tunnel in complex strata requirements the properties of cold-proof and heat insulation, anti-seismic, and optimization of support. So in order to solve the deficiencies of ordinary foam concrete, a new type of high-performance foam concrete is developed and the optimum mixture ratio of foam concrete are obtained via an orthogonal experiment firstly. Then, the heat insulation performance and deterioration under frost cycles are studied through indoor tests. Lastly numerical analysis is used to analyze the temperature evolution on the Galongla tunnel in Tibet after adding a foam concrete layer between initial lining and secondary lining. The test results show that the high-performance foam concrete which has just been developed owns outstanding properties of cold-proof and heat insulation, and the strength, ductility and water tightness of foam concrete have been significantly improved. The numerical simulation results show that temperature fluctuation is changed from 4.5℃ with foam concrete layer to 2℃ without the layer, the lowest temperature is increased from 1℃ to 3℃ meanwhile, it indicates that the highperformance foam concrete can remarkably prevent the cold air interference in cold regions tunnel.
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  DEM generation and analysis using CryoSat-2 data along the expedition route in PANDA transection, East Antarctica

  QIANG Qiang, ZHOU Chunxia, ZHAO Qiuyang, WANG Zemin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 445-452. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0050

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  Satellite altimetry over the continental ice sheets was proven to be a valuable tool for studying the Digital Elevation Model(DEM)by providing elevation measured over past decades. The polar scientists have released ICESat DEM and Bamber DEM based on satellite altimeter data. Compared with the traditional altimeter, the long orbit cycle(369 days)and larger orbital inclination of CryoSat-2 can provide a larger and denser network of ground tracks. In addition, the SARIn model can also provide a higher-accuracy in the margin of Antarctica. In this paper, the method of data filtering, the interpolation parameter selection and the accuracy of DEM are discussed for the DEM. The DEM with a pixel spacing of 1 km along the PANDA expedition route of Antarctica is then extracted using ordinary Kriging interpolation with a search radius of 5 000 m. Toretrieve the accuracy of the DEM for PANDA expedition route, the DEM was compared with ICESat surface elevation points gained from the laser campaigns. The accuracy assessment shows that the accuracy of the DEM is(1.57 ±3.30) m. However, the analysis of local area demonstrates that the accuracy and stability of DEM decrease gradually with slope.
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  Quartz grains SEM surface microtextures of Quaternary glacial sediments along the Diancang Mountain in Yunnan, Southwest China

  CHEN Andong, GU Jiani, ZHAO Zhizhong, QIAN Fang, WANG Hailei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 453-462. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0051

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  Diancang Mountain is the place where the concept of Dali Glaciation was put forward, and it is synonymous with the Last Glaciation in China. In this study, we applied Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)to the samples of Quaternary glacial sediments from the Diancang Mountain. According to the SEM analysis, the main surface microtextures of quartz grains from the Quaternary glacial sediments in Diancang Mountain are as follows:the quartz grains are mainly subangular and sharp angular outline, subedge ridge, high relief in shape; mechanical characters are mainly conchoidal fractures, parallel cleavages, crevasses, adhering particles, striations, V-shaped percussion cracks;chemical features are dissolution pits and grooves, honeycombed solution surface, SiO2 precipitates and silicon film. The features most related to glacial genesis are striations, with its frequency of 8%-32%;adhering particles, with its frequency of 16%-40%;cracks with its frequency of 12%-32%. According to the SEM of glacial sediments of Diancang Mountain, we obtained the microtextures and its frequency of maritime cirque glacier and hanging glacier. The quartz grains of the glacial sediments are characterized by original features, and glacial mechanical microtextures are not well developed.
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  Conceptual Models and physical quantity feature analysis of short-term heavy precipitation during dominant flood season in Tangshan Prefecture, Hebei Province

  HUA Jiajia, ZHANG Wanying, CHEN Guiwan, ZHONG Fangqian, ZHOU Renjun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 463-472. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0052

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  Based on the precipitation data from regional automatic weather stations and NCEP reanalysis data from 2006 to 2013, EOF analysis and meso-scale weather analysis were performed and used to explore the temporal-spatial distribution of short-term precipitation, and to study synoptic conceptual models and physical parameters of the dominant flood season in Tangshan. It is found that the northeast of Tangshan Prefecture is an active region of short-term precipitation while the southwest of the prefecture is inactive, but the southwest of it has more extreme short-term heavy precipitation;there are five types of spatial distribution of precipitation in the prefecture:unanimous, northwest abundant, southeast abundant, northeast abnormal abundant and northeast abnormal scarce. Distribution of precipitation depends on whether shear line on 700 hPa breaks or not, and on the positions of the subtropical high and high-low jet streams, and the configuration of high-low arid-humid regions; Short-term heavy precipitation has a common features in physical parameters:ample vapor, thick warm cloud layer, weak wind shear, instable energy, low SWEAT and high 0℃ isotherm. Most types have strong vapor convergence, but northeast anomalous abundant type has weak vapor convergence, where the vapor mainly comes from this locality.
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  A new large-diameter ice-core drill:the Blue Ice Drill

  WANG Shimeng, HE Guangjun, XIE Aihong, REN Jiawen, QIN Dahe

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 473-479. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0053

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  The Blue Ice Drill(BID)is a large-diameter agile drill system designed by the Ice Drilling Design and Operations Group of the University of Wisconsin-Madison to quickly core-clean 241 mm diameter ice samples from near-surface sites. It consists of a down-hole motor/gear reducer rotating acoring cutter and core barrel inside an outer barrel for efficient cuttings transport in solid ice. A variable-frequency drive and custom control box regulates electrical power to the drill. Torque reactionis accomplished on the surface via handles attached to a torsion stem. Core recovery is achieved with either core dogs in the sonde or with a separate core recovery tool. All down-hole tools are suspended on a collapsible tripod via ropes running on a capstan winch. The BID is operated by a minimum of twopeople and has been used successfully during two seasons of coring on a blue ice area of Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. An updated version of the drill system, BID-Deep, has been designed to recover cores to depths up to 200 m.
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  Features of the snow and ice meltwater flood caused by high temperature in the Southern Xinjiang Region during the summer of 2015

  SHANG Li, HUANG Yuying, MAO Weiyi

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 480-487. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0054

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  Begun in mid-July through early August of 2015, Xinjiang was controlled by the eastward shift of the Iran high pressure and the Tarim River basin and its surrounding areas were suffered a rare high-temperature weather, when in Southern Xinjiang Region and the Tianshan Mountains the average temperature in July reached 27.9℃ and 17.8℃, respectively, 2.3℃ and 2.6℃ higher than that in normal year. In that time, in Southern Xinjiang Region and the Tianshan Mountains there were a total of 42 stations occurred July average temperature breaking through historical extreme, from high altitude to the ground air temperature increased at the same time and the 0℃ layer height was higher than snowline altitude, leading to many rivers occurred snow and ice meltwater flood and causing different flood disasters. Owing to high temperature, the plurality of snow and ice meltwater flood with plenty of water and heat made the southern rivers exceeded the warning flow and ensure flow. For instance, the Niya River appeared the second flood in the measured record, the Kumalake River appeared the third flood in the measured record. River flood range was wide, flood duration was longest in history record, for example, in the Yarkant River, Yulong Kashi River and Karakash River the hyper alert flow time had more than half a month and in the Yarkant River reached 25 days. Analyzing the historic snow and ice meltwater flood found that between peak flow and daily flow(flood)has good correlation with high temperature, based on which snow and ice meltwater flood forecasting model can be established, which has applied to the 2015 summer flood, showing obvious good effect and useful in future forecast of such flood.
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  The effect of climate change and human activities on runoff in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

  DAI Wen, LÜ Dianqing, LI Jingbao, WANG Jinfeng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 488-497. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0055

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  The impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were investigated with four approaches:the cumulative anomaly method, Mann-Kendall test, ordered clustering method and multiple linear empirical model. It is found that runoff has slowly decreased linearly for many years with precipitation change. 1968 and 2006 were the runoff abrupt change years.From 1969 through 2005, the human activities in the catchments controlled by Zhicheng, Shashi, Jianli, Chenglingji and Luoshan stations had contributed 85.68%, 50.89%, 84.78%, 89.81% and 68.39%, respectively, to the runoff decrease.From 2006 to 2014, the human activities in the catchments had contributed 88.40%, 59.47%, 82.86%, 80.03% and 63.63%, respectively, to the runoff decrease. The contribution ratio of human activity is higher than that of climate change.
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  Response of water resources to climate change in Zoige, Tibetan Plateau

  LIU Jia, CHEN Chao, QING Ningsheng, LI Xiaolan, LAI Jiang, GUO Bin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 498-508. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0056

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  By using the hydrological and meteorological observation data, the variations of flow and its climate causes are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the surface water resources shown a decreasing trend at the rate of 1.4×10⁸ m³·(10a)^-1, the conversion of abundant and rare year is fairly balanced. The annual distribution of runoff was homogeneous. Annual runoff concentrated mainly in June-September in Zoige region, accounting for 60% of the annual runoff. Hydrological process has a bimodal phenomenon in year, mainly related to the plateau climate characteristics. At the same time the domain runoff concentration degree and concentration period all showed a trend of decline. Precipitation is the primary factor to impact the flow of the Zoige. It shows that precipitation in summer determines the runoff, and the autumn runoff response to rainfall is the most sensitive. The ascending of air temperature, causes the enlargement of snow melting of high mountain, and therefore makes flow increase during the non-flood period, which accelerates the river basin evaporation, and also makes the depletion of ground water resource increasing, and has a elimination function for the annual flow increasing caused by the precipitation.
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  Grain size features and sedimentary environment of the sediments caused by outburst of barrier lake:a case study of the ancient barrier lake (Xuelongnang Lake)

  CHEN Song, CHEN Jian, LIU Hong, MA Junxue

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 509-516. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0057

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  Active Neotectonic movement in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, collapse, landslide, lake dammed and other geological disasters are widely developed in ancient and modern eras. In this paper, the sediments caused by outburst of Xuelongnang Lake, a barrier lake in the upper reaches of Jinsha River, is taken as an example to study the grain size features and sedimentary environment. The grain size of the sediments was tested and analyzed by the methods of indoor particle size screening and sedimentation method. The results show:(1) The grain size frequency curves of the upper, middle and lower segments of the accumulation body resulted from dam break, have single peak, multi peaks and double peaks, with the grain size having an obvious thining tendency; (2)The sorting coefficient of the dam break accumulation decreases from the upper segment to the middle segment and then to the lower segment, showing that the sorting gradually becomes gentle; (3)The dam break accumulation curve has two sections in the upstream segment and three sections in the middle and lower segments. Hydrodynamic condition is weakening gradually from the upper to the middle and then to the lower segments. The grain size features of the sediments reflect a sedimentary environment of rapid accumulation and under strong hydrodynamic conditions.
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  Hydrogeochemical effects during leaching of sediments in Wei River basin:an experimental analysis

  YAO Meng, SUN Yaqiao, LI Wanpeng, DOU Lin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 517-527. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0058

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  Based on the leaching experiment of the sediments in Weihe River at Xianyang section(midstream) and Weinan section(downstream)under the condition of water renewal and the hydrogeochemical simulation, three eigenvalues, the change rule of eight water chemical constitutes and the change characteristics of the saturation indexes of five mineral substances were analyzed in this research. The results showed that the conductivity, Eh and Ph of the lixivium presented fluctuant ascending trend with the increase of water renewal volume. Concerning the change trend of the conductivity, Xianyang section was more significant than that of Weinan section, and the change trend of Eh, Weinan section was more significant than that of Xianyang section, indicating that the sediments at the downstream of Weihe River have finer grains and higher reducibility. The lixivium gradually transformed from weakly acid to weakly alkaline. The concentrations of HCO₃^-, Cl^-, SO₄^2- presented a changing process from fast increase and gradual decrease and then to the stable state with the increase of water renewal volume, and the rangeability at Xianyang section was much higher. The concentrations of CO3 2-showed a decreasing trend. With the increase of water renewal volume, the concentrations of Ca²⁺;Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ quickly increased firstly and then to the stable state, and the initial concentrations and the rangeability of these substance at Xianyang section were higher than those at Weinan section. The saturation indexes of anhydride and gypsum in the lixivium presented the same change trend with the increase of water renewal volume, and the saturation indexes were less than zero. When the water renewal volume was less than 22.5%, Xianyang section had the strongest dissolving capacity;when the water renewal volume was more than 22.5%, it began to saturate and precipitate. When the water renewal volume was by 12.5%, Weinan section presented the lowest saturation index; when it got to more or less than 12.5%, the saturation index presented the slow increasing trend. The saturation indexes of calcite and dolomite also presented the same change trend with the increase of water renewal volume, and the saturation indexes were more than 0. When the water renewal volume was less than 12.5%, Xianyang section had the stronger dissolving capacity;when the water renewal volume was more than 12.5%, it began to saturate and precipitate. When the water renewal volume was less than 5%, Weinan section had the stronger dissolving capacity;when the water renewal volume was more than 5%, it began to saturate and precipitate. When the water renewal volume was more than 10%, the saturation index of NaCl got to the maximum;and when the water renewal volume was more than 15%, it began to precipitate. The saturation indexes of the five mineral substances in the sediments of Xianyang section were higher than those of Weinan section respectively, indicating that the dissolving capacity of the mineral substances at the midstream of Xianyang section in Weihe River was lower than that of the downstream Weinan section under the condition of water renewal, and the precipitation capacity and volume of Xianyang section were much higher.
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  The physiological characteristics of culturable bacteria in Muztag、Yuzhufeng and Zadang Glaciers on Tibetan Plateau, China

  XING Tingting, LIU Yongqin, WANG Ninglian, SHEN Liang, GU Zhengquan, GUO Bixi

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 528-538. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0059

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  In order to reveal the characteristics of glacier-microorganism, we assayed the culturable bacteria isolated from Muztag Glacier, Yuzhufeng Glacier and Zadang Glacier at different temperatures. Besides, culturable bacteria isolated from Muztag Glacier was observed at different salinity and pH. Salinity endurance of 52% of Muztag Glacier culturable bacteria was 0%, and 38% bacteria could grow in the medium of NaCl density with 0%~4%/6%, while the other bacterial salinity tolerance range was 0%~1%/2%. Muztag Glacier culturable bacteria had wide range pH tolerance(5~9) occurring 62%, while bacteria only grew in weak acid(5%) or weak alkaline(33%) medium accounting for 38%. Growth-temperature range of bacteria in these three glaciers was 0~35℃. The Muztag bacterial optimum temperature which was below 20℃(including 20℃) accounted for 86%, while Yuzhufeng Glacier and Zadang Glacier were 69% and 53%, respectively. The percent of different optimum temperatures in different glaciers were different. Culturable bacteria belonged to one genus isolated from same glacier had similar growth-temperature range, salinity and pH tolerance in different depths.
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  Pollen record and paleovegetation and paleoenvironment in Kobresia tibetica alpine wetland

  LIU Demei, YANG Qian, CHEN Zhiguo, ZENG Fangming, WEI Haicheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 539-548. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0060

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  Alpine wetland is an important water conservation region in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and its sediment is a geological carrier to study palaeoenvironment global changes. This study chosed two typical alpine wetlands on the Quoluo Tibet Autonomous Prefecture in the three rivers source region(GLS)and north shore of Qinghai Lake(QHHS) as study sites. Pollen analysis and OSL(optically stimulated luminescence)dating have been applied to discuss paleovegetation evolution process since the late Pleistocene on the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The main results are summarized as follows:dominance index of dominant species(Kobresia tibetica) are 24.43 and 14.74 in GLS and QHHS sections, respectively. Pollen results show that the dominant vegetation family is Cyperaceae since alpine wetland development; the pollen concentration at the depth of 50-80 cm is obviously lower than at the depth of 0-50 cm and 80-140 cm in the GLS section. Below 20 cm of sediment core, pollen concentration and TOC show positive relationship; but pollen concentration and δ¹³C show negative correlation. Cyperaceae pollen data are well-represented for its dominance degree, according with modern vegetation community.
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  Impact of characteristic variable with labor transfer on livelihood capitals for farmers:based on survey data from Gansu Province

  SU Fang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 549-557. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0061

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  The construction of new urbanization helps to accelerate a progress of transferring to cities for rural surplus labor, while a continuing development of transferring for rural surplus labor steppes up an effort with construction of new urbanization. Because of the presence of lower overall quality for workers and the low level in the field of workers, there is certain vulnerability in the process of transfer for rural workers. The problems that lower level of urbanization, a significant gap between urban and rural areas and other problems are still prominent. Farmers are the most important economic activity body and basic decision-making unit. Labor flows affect the livelihood of farmers and ecological security directly. Based on data from 14 prefecture-level cities in Gansu Province, the article evaluates a status of livelihood capitals quantitatively for farmers of labor transfer by a framework of sustainable livelihood. On this basis, this research discloses a change in the course of labor circulation and an impact of labor transfer on livelihood level. Finally, this article presents policy recommendations in order to improve development capacity of farmers in the Gansu Province in the context of labor circulation.
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  Land use/land cover changes and their driving factors in Dunhuang City of Gansu Province during 2010-2013

  YANG Qili, HE Zhengwei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 558-566. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0062

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  In this paper, by using the land use type data of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2013, combining with GIS technology, the dynamic change characteristics of land use type in Dunhuang City in recent years are obtained. The driving factors of land use type change since 2000 were analyzed, combined with the data of social economy and natural environment. It is found that in the period from 2000 to 2013, urbanization had rapidly developed, cultivated land, construction land and water area had increased significantly in the city, with the increasing rates of 10%, 42.2% and 2.5%, respectively. Grassland and unused land areas had decreased, with the decreasing rates of 2.1% and 0.1%, respectively. The change in forest land and sandy land had be minor. There was mutual transformation of land use types with the major transfer directions of grassland and unused land transferring to cultivated land and unused land transferring to construction land and water area. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the main factors which controlled the land use change. It is revealed that economic development, national policy and other human activities are the dominating factors, followed by natural factors.
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  Construction of the evaluation system of water asset price with fuzzy comprehensive assessment indexes:taking Zhangye Prefecture in Heihe River basin as an example

  JIAN Fuhui, SONG Xiaoyu, YU Wenbao

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2016, 38(2): 567-572. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0063

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  In view of the fuzziness and uncertainty of the water resource asset value, in this paper, based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, 18 evaluation indicators are selected from the five aspects(water quantity, water quality, population, social economy and ecological environment), in order to evaluate the value of water resources from 2010 to 2014 in Zhangye Prefecture. The entropy weights and AHP are combined to determine the index weight. Water price calculation model is made up with two parts(from the water resource value evaluation model and the water resource rice calculation model). It is found that:(1)the fuzzy comprehensive index of water resource value in Zhangye Prefecture is 3.0226 in 2010, showing water resource value in the prefecture belongs to lower-middle; (2)considering many factors of water price, the price had a substantial upward trend, from 2.12 Yuan·m^-3 in 2010 to 4.96 Yuan·m^-3 in 2014; (3)the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on combination entropy weight with AHP is objective and reasonable, which provides the theory and method support for compiling the next water balance sheet.