25 February 2019, Volume 41 Issue 1
    

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  • Study on glacier mass balance in the Karlik Range, East Tianshan Mountains, 1972-2016
    YANG Xiaohui, ZHAO Jingdong, HAN Hui
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0004
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    Hami Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region is one of the most arid areas in the world. The glaciers developing in the Karlik Range of Hami Prefecture are an available and reliable “solid reservoir” that sustain the existence and development of the oasis nearby. The response of glaciers to global climate change could be obtained by observing and studying them. The relative information could also be used to evaluate water resources and reconstruct eco-environment, and finally to maintain the sustainable development of the oasis economy in Hami Prefecture. In this study, geodetic measurement was used to study the glacier mass balance during 1972-2016 in the Karlik Range by using the data from topographic maps, SRTM and Resource-3 satellite images. It was revealed that a continuous shrinkage of glacier has occurred during this period with a velocity about (9.15±0.98) m ice per year, i.e., (-0.18±0.02) m·a-1 w.e.. However, the glacier mass loss was about (-0.04±0.01) m·a-1 w.e. during 1972-1999, i.e., (-0.36±0.05) m·a-1 w.e. during 1999-2016. In addition, there were different glacier mass losses between northern and southern slopes. The glacier mass balance was about (-0.05±0.01) m·a-1 w.e. on the northern slopes and (-0.02±0.01) m·a-1 w.e. on the southern slopes during 1972-1999, indicating that the glacier loss on the northern slopes was slight more than that on the southern slopes during this period. However, the glacier mass balance was about (-0.27±0.04) m·a-1 w.e. on the northern slopes and (-0.45±0.05) m·a-1 w.e. on the southern slopes during 1999-2016, demonstrating that the glacier mass loss had accelerated on both slopes and the glacier mass loss on the southern slopes was much higher than that on the northern slopes. In order to analyze these differences, the meteorological data of Hami and Yiwu Meteorological Stations have been analyzed. The results demonstrate that the glacier mass balance was strongly correlated with temperature; precipitation has slightly increased form 1950s, whereas, increasing temperature has exerted greater impact on glacier mass balance. After 1999, the temperature in winter and summer had increased more on southern slopes than that on the northern slopes, therefore, it is reasonable to infer that this is main cause for significant glacier mass loss on the southern slopes since 1999.
  • Flow velocity of the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, derived from Sentinel-1 SAR data
    ZHAO Jiarui, KE Changqing
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 12-18. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.0506
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    The flow velocity of outlet glaciers in Antarctica is of great significance for understanding mass balance and sea level rise. Based on the Sentinel-1 SAR data, the flow velocity of Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica from 2015 to 2017 was extracted by using the feature-tracking method; the annual and seasonal variations of the velocity were analyzed. The results showed that the Pine Island Glacier had flowed at a high-speed, with a maximum velocity up to 4 400 m·a-1. Along the mainstream line AB, the average velocity in February (summer) of 2015-2017 were 3 502 m·a-1, 3 529 m·a-1 and 3 498 m·a-1, respectively. The average velocity in August (winter) of 2015-2017 were 3 473 m·a-1, 3 498 m·a-1 and 3 478 m·a-1, respectively. All the average velocities were between 3 450~3 550 m·a-1, with less fluctuation from 2015 to 2017. Also there was no obvious seasonal variation of flow velocity in 2015-2017, and almost the same in summer and in winter. The error analysis based on bare rock as control point shows that the velocity error margin ranges between 22~39 m·a-1, thus the extracted glacier flow velocities is credible.
  • Change of surface elevation and mass balance in Antarctic ice sheet based on CryoSat-2 radar altimeter data
    HAN Shaoshuai, KE Changqing, XIA Wentao
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.0505
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    Antarctic ice sheet is one of the dominate factors in Global sea level rise. Measuring surface elevation changes is one of the important approaches to monitor ice mass balance in Antarctica. Based on the European Space Agency (ESA) CryoSat-2 radar altimeter data, elevation changes of Antarctic inland ice sheet (ice sheet mass balance) is monitored by extracting the ground crossovers between ascending satellite tracks and descending satellite tracks. It was found that the backscattered power influences elevation measurements of Ku-band CryoSat-2 radar altimeter. As this backscatter correction is applied, the elevation changes time series are smoothed, elevation changes compared with available snowfall data, which accords better with practical senses. From November 2010 to November 2017, overall trend of elevation changes in Antarctic inland ice sheet was (-1.1±0.2) cm·a-1. Elevation change rate were (38.7±1.1) cm·a-1 in Kamb ice stream of West Antarctica, (-10.3±1.2) cm·a-1 in Moeller ice stream, and (-13.4±1.8) cm·a-1 in some areas of Thwaites Glacier region, respectively. There was a significant descent area in Wilkes Land of East Antarctica, with a maximum elevation change rate of -20 cm·a-1. In Dronning Maud Land, there was no significant elevation change, except for a few abnormal points. There were no abrupt mass fluctuations across Antarctic inland ice sheet, with an overall change rate of (-10.6±6.2) Gt·a-1. There were a few exceptions in some areas: change rate of mass reached (17.9±0.5) Gt·a-1 in Kamb Ice Stream, (-3.4±0.4) Gt·a-1 in Moeller Ice Stream, and (-3.7±0.5) Gt·a-1 in some areas of Thwaites Glacier, respectively.
  • DEM extraction and precision evaluation of mountain glaciers in the Qianghai-Tibet Plateau based on KH-9 data: take the Purog Kangri Glacier and the Jiong Glacier as example
    ZHANG Xin, ZHOU Jianmin, LIU Zhiping
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 27-35. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0005
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    Early on the Qianghai-Tibet Plateau mountain glacier area, there was lack of DEM data. At that time, many problems had troubled, such as low precision and small coverage. Now, taking the Purog Kangri Glacier and the Jiong Glacier as cases, using the declassified early high-resolution spy satellites KH-9 stereo image pairs, the technical process of DEM extraction of mountain glaciers based on KH-9 data was established, and the accuracy evaluation and precision impact analysis of the extracted DEM were conducted based on ICESat GLAS elevation data. The evaluation results show that: the precision of DEM obtained from this research is quite satisfied for its precision in long-term mass balance of mountain glacier, whatever for the Purog Kangri or for the Jiong Glacier. The KH-9 data has the characteristics of high spatial resolution, wide surface coverage and able to get the early images (1971-1980), which can provide good basic data for studying mountain glacier mass balance.
  • Comparative analysis of the snow coverage products of Soumi-NPP and MODIS in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
    ZHOU Minqiang, WANG Yunlong, LIANG Hui, ZENG Tongyao, HUANG Wenjie, WANG Jianshun, HUANG Xiaodong
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 36-44. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.0320
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    The Soumi Polar-orbiting Partnership (Soumi-NPP) satellites have served as replacement of Terra and Aqua satellites. The accuracy of its snow coverage products on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has not yet been evaluated. In this study, the meteorological station data and higher resolution data of Landsat-8 OLI are used to evaluate the accuracy of the Soumi-NPP and MODIS snow coverage product. The results show that the total accuracy of the three snow coverage products, NPP, MOD10A1 and MYD10A1, are all higher when the observation is using to verify, but the errors of the three snow coverage products are all large, and the omission error of MYD, 64.2%, is the largest. The snow classification accuracy of the three snow coverage products is low when the snow depth is lower than 5 cm, and the snow classification accuracy of NPP snow coverage product is the highest, which is 82.3% when the snow depth is greater than 5 cm, and those of MOD10A1 and MYD10A1 are 77.1% and 69.4%, respectively. The Kappa coefficient of Soumi-NPP snow coverage product is the highest, 0.707 in average, which is highly consistent with Landsat-8 OLI data. The Kappa coefficients of MOD10A1 and MYD10A1 are 0.476 and 0.557, respectively. The Kappa coefficients of the two MODIS snow coverage products have moderately consistency with that of Landsat-8 OLI data. The Kappa coefficients of Soumi-NPP are above 0.6 mostly, with the accuracy relatively stable, while the Kappa coefficient of the MODIS snow coverage fluctuates greatly, with poor accuracy stability. To sum up, compared with MODIS snow coverage product, the accuracy of Soumi-NPP snow coverage product has been greatly improved, which may be a better choice for accurately monitoring the snow-coverage of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
  • Temporal and spatial dynamic mornitoring of desertification in Maqu County based on Albedo-NDVI features space
    ZOU Mingliang, HAN Yamin, ZENG Jianjun, YANG Chao, XU Xiaofeng, GUO Jianjun, YUE Dongxia
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 45-53. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0101
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    The dynamic monitoring of desertification is an important basic work of desertification control. The Landsat TM images of 2001, 2005, 2010 and the HJ-1 image of 2015 in Maqu County is taken as the data sources. Using the Albedo-NDVI feature space method, the space-time succession of desertification in Maqu County in the nearly 15 years are analyzed overall and locally. The results showed that: (1) Albedo-NDVI feature space can be used to extract and classify the desertification information conveniently, effectively and accurately; (2) overall, the area of deserted land was consistently decreasing, and the desertification degree reduced consistently in Maqu County in the nearly 15 years; (3) in a belt by the Yellow River about 5 km width, the desertification was much more serious than that in the entire county, and the change tendency was opposite to the entire county, showing a transfer of land from non-desertification to mild desertification.
  • Analysis of the near-surface micrometeorology and CO2 flux over the Maqu alpine meadow in summer#br#
    ZHANG Yi, WEN Xiaohang, WANG Shaoying, SHANG Lunyu, ZHANG Yu
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 54-63. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0057
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    For a better comprehension of the characteristics of the micrometeorology and CO2 flux in Maqu alpine meadow in the Yellow River source regions during summer, in-situ measured data in Zoige Plateau Wetlands Ecosystem Research Station were collected. The continuous and integrated surface and near surface meteorological elements, such as ground surface radiation and albedo, energy balance and closure ratio, CO2 flux and density from July 4 to 13 in 2015 were collected, and their daily variations were analyzed. The analyses show that: The variation tendency of specific humidity is almost converse with that of air temperature, and both have significant difference between daytime and nighttime. Wind speed in daytime is larger than that in nighttime, and east wind is the dominated wind direction. Soil moisture shows a sustainable decrease during fine days. The peak value of downward shortwave radiation reaches up to about 1 200 W?m-2, close to that in Lake Ngoring lakeside and larger than that in Nagqu. The daily averaged albedo is 0.22, close to those in Lake Ngoring lakeside alpine meadow and Northern Tibetan Plateau, and larger than those in Litang and Haibei alpine meadow. The peak value of the net radiation is about 850 W?m-2. There are negative ground heat flux, latent heat flux and sensible heat flux during nighttime. The energy transfer between land surface and atmosphere is dominated by latent heat. Otherwise, the averaged energy closure ratio is 0.56. The averaged CO2 flux and density over the Maqu alpine meadow are -0.20 mg?m-2?s-1 and 530.7 mg?m-3, respectively. 
  • Quaternary glaciation remains and glaciation sequences around the Kunlun Pass
    WANG Gang, FENG Ziguang, GU Jiani, ZHAO Zhizhong
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 64-74. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0058
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    The Kunlun Pass is one of the great glaciated areas in the East Kunlun Mountains, where there is a sequence of glacial moraines. The Kunlun Pass is located in the Tibetan Plateau, between the Qangtang Plateau and the Qaidam Basin. In this paper, based on the principles of cause-environmental and multi-index comprehensive, combined with the glacial geomorphology, characteristics of moraine, sporopollen information, the paleoenvironment in the study area is reconstructed. Among them, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of quartz in the moraine provides the origin of moraine and the influences of flowing water, wind and other geologic forces. Sporopollen analysis has restored the vegetation types at that time. According to the characteristics of glacial geomorphology and sedimentation in Nachitai, it is revealed that the deposition in Nachitaihougou is an outwash fan, and the age of Nachitai Glaciation is 400-600 ka B.P. According to ESR and OSL ages of the two lateral moraine bars on the Yuxu Peak glacial valley, it is believed that their age is in the early-middle stage of the Last Glaciation. Combined with the previous research results, the glaciation sequence in the Kunlun Pass can be determined as Wangkun Glaciation (700-500 ka B.P.), Nachitai Glaciation (600-400 ka B.P.), Yakou Glaciation (300-260 ka B.P.), Yuxu Peak Glaciation (115-44 ka B. P.) and Bentou Mountain Glaciation (20-13 ka B.P.).
  • Review, progress and prospect of the Quaternary glaciations in eastern China (east to 105o E)
    ZHAO Jingdong, WANG Jie, YANG Xiaohui
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 75-92. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0054
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    A detailed understanding of Quaternary glaciations in eastern China (east to 105o E) is of critical importance in attempts to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment of eastern China and East Asia. However, for almost a century there has existed a controversy with regards to the extent of Quaternary glaciations. In particular, whether or not palaeoglaciers developed in moderate to low elevation mountains. This lack of consensus impedes our ability to better understand and reconstruct the palaeoenvironment in eastern China and East Asia. Over the past two decades, the extent of Quaternary glaciations across Mts. Laoshan and Mengshan (moderate to low altitudes) in Shandong Province, and even the hilly regions (with only several tens or hundreds meters relief) in coastal provinces has been highly debated. One of the difficulties in studying Quaternary glaciations in eastern China is that there are no modern analogues. No active glaciers or modern moraines exist for reference. Therefore, an understanding of the necessary favorable conditions for glaciers to develop, and the standard criteria and indexes to identify the glacial landforms, is fundamental in studying palaeoglaciers and their evolution in eastern China. With the development and application of dating techniques, including radiocarbon (14C), thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides (TCN 10Be), we have obtained some robust dating results from glacial landforms within the Taibai, Changbai, and Helan mounts and in the alpine mountains of Taiwan. In this paper we review previous work studying Quaternary glaciations in eastern China with a focus on the favorable conditions for glacier development, the distribution of glacial landforms produced by alpine glaciers, the identification criteria for, and evidence provided by glacial landforms. This is combined with the chronology of glacial events obtained from the dating of the glacial landforms within the Taibai, Changbai, Helan mounts and the alpine mountains in Taiwan. The resulting reconstruction of the Quaternary glacial history in this region is considered together with the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental records from eastern China and surrounding areas. From this study we conclude that only within the Taibai, Changbai and Helan mounts and in the alpine mountains of Taiwan is there any evidence of extensive glacier growth during the Last Glacial Cycle. There is a lack of evidence supporting extensive glaciations during the Quaternary in the mountainous areas of eastern China at altitudes less than 2 500 m. We infer from this that the glacial landforms which have previously been identified in these moderate-to-low altitude mountains and hilly regions with only several tens or hundreds meters relief are a systematic misunderstanding.
  • Characteristics of the permafrost from Qilian to Mole of the Highway 204 in Qinghai Province
    PANG Weijun, CHANG Gang, GOU Harui, WANG Yuxin
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 93-99. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0102
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    Based on field exploration, testing, drilling and ground temperature monitoring, permafrost characteristics have been studied in the paper, such as permafrost distribution, permafrost table, annual mean ground temperature, water content and permafrost terrain and so on. As a result, it is clear that permafrost in the study area is mainly distributed above 3 600 m a.s.l. In various morphological forms, the relationship between permafrost table and annual mean ground temperature and altitude are nearly linear. Controlled primarily by the terrain and affected by snow cover, evaporation and soil structure, the permafrost table in the north slopes of Dadongshu Mountain is deeper and the annual mean ground temperature is higher as comparing with that in the south slopes. The higher ground water content is more conducive to the development and preservation of permafrost, in addition to affect the type of permafrost, it is the main factor for distribution of patchy permafrost in the edges of permafrost. And to a certain extent, the development degree of freeze-thaw grass mound and freeze-thaw slump reflects the basic characteristics of permafrost. In the end, according to the characteristics of regional permafrost, the corresponding engineering measures of permafrost subgrade treatment in the construction of 204-Provincial Road are discussed.
  • The cooling effect of power tower thermosyphon foundation in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
    ZHOU Yalong, WANG Xu, GUO Chunxiang, JIANG Daijun, HU Yuan
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 100-108. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0006
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    The thermosyphon foundation formed by pouring concrete around the thermosyphon is often used in power tower in frozen soil regions. The working power of the thermosyphon varies with atmospheric temperature and soil temperature by the evaporation section. A three-dimensional finite element model of thermosyphon foundation was established in this paper, which based on the knowledge of frozen soil heat transfer and the field test of ground temperature of power tower foundation in the Wangkun-Budongquan Section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Considering the global warming, frozen soil phase change, hydration heat release of concrete and the change of thermosyphon power, the thermosyphon power and the soil temperature around the pile are calculated by iterative method. The calculation results show that the calculated results are in good agreement with the measurement and can reasonably simulate the actual situation in the field well. The power of the thermosyphon varies with discontinuous wave, and the power in the initial stage is up to maximum 160.6 W, and the average working power in the second year is 7.0 W lower than that in the first year due to the influence of the temperature of the concrete entering mold and the hydration heat releasing. The thermosyphon pile foundation can effectively increase the cold reserves of the foundation; the maximum reduction of soil temperature may reach 2.1~3.0 ℃ and the average annual ground temperature can decrease 0.8~1.5 ℃. It also can shorten the soil refreezing time by 34% and will increase the permafrost table by 49 cm in the thirtieth year.
  • Experiment study on water and salt migrations in clay under freezing effect
    RUI Dahu, GUO Cheng, LU Ming, MENG Qinghao, Yzuru ITO
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 109-116. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0052
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    In order to explore the characteristics of water and salt migrations in clay under freezing effect, indoor soil unidirectional freezing test equipment was used to measure the soil temperature, water content and electrical conductivity (EC) continuously with TDR (time domain reflectometry) technology for soil samples containing different solute concentrations (NaCl). The results show that the addition of solute causes the freezing point to drop, resulting in decrease of ice mass in the soil, resulting in the freezing depth of the solute-containing soil being larger than that of the solute-free soil. With the increase of solute concentration in the closed system, the migration of water and solute in soil increases with the increase of solute concentration. The farther from the freezing front, the smaller the migration amount of water and solute; the liquid water near the freezing front condenses into ice, causing the solute concentration changing strongly near the freezing front and the solute concentration increasing rapidly.
  • Evaluation of frost heave force models of rock with pore/fissure and their applicability
    SHEN Yanjun, YANG Gengshe, WANG Ting, JIA Hailiang, XI Jiami, LUO Tao, WANG Yongzhi
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 117-128. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0051
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    Frost damage of porous and fissured rocks occur with various spatial scales, and the underlying frost damage mechanisms are discrepant. The existing frost damage theories of porous medium can be classified into four categories: ① These theories are regarded as the 9% volumetric expansion of water over freezing; ② These theories are built on the basis of unfrozen water migration towards the freezing front; ③ These theories are assumed the freezing of pore water being at the thermodynamics equilibrium state, including the capillary theory and the crystallization pressure theory; ④ these theories are adopted the pore-mechanics method to elucidate frost damage mechanisms. The frost damage of fissured rocks arises mainly at macro-scale, the current theories mainly include the volumetric expansion theory and the ice segregation theory, which are paying more attentions on the fissure propagation rather than some key processes at micro-scale such as unfrozen water migration and stress state on ice/rock interfaces. Then, the underlying mechanisms, the application conditions and the disadvantages of these frost damage theories are discussed. The differences between the frost damage evolution patterns of the two defect morphologies (pore and fissure) are also investigated.
  • Experimental study on the effect of shear strength of moraine soil with fine grain content
    JIANG Dewang, CUI Peng, WANG Jiao, LI Zhanlu, YIN Yanzhou, LEI Mingyu
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 129-139. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0056
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    In order to study the effect of migration of fine particles under flood/rainfall conditions on shear strength of moraine soil, moraine soil samples were collected from the Galongsi Gully watershed in the Pallon Tsangpo, Nyingchi City, Tibet. Tests of specific gravity and relative density of moraine soil under seven different fine grain (particle size less than 2 mm) content were carried out as well. Large-scale saturated consolidated undrained（CU）triaxial test under different confining pressures were also carried out. The results show that: (1) The effect of fine particles on the dry density is small, the basic pore ratio of different grain contents is basically same; the fine particles have the remodeling effect on the pore, and different fine particles can cause difference in pore structure, leading to structure difference of moraine soil, and eventually leading to different shear strength. (2) The migration of fine particles leads to high content of fine particles in the slopes of the moraine and in its internal, which reaches a certain magnitude, the shear strength will obviously reduce and the moraine dam easy to shear failure; (3) The content of fine particles has an important influence on the shear strength parameters, reflecting the change of structure control of moraine soil in such a way: coarse particle control→coarse and fine particle control together→fine particle control. The research results are helpful for the stability evaluation of moraine dams.
  • Experimental study of the engineering properties of warm frozen soil treated with ionic soil stabilizer (ISS)
    ZHANG Zhilong, ZHANG Jianming, ZHANG Hu, CHAI Mingtang
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 140-146. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0053
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    In this paper, it is focused on how to improve the engineering property of warm frozen soil on the Tibetan Plateau by ionic soil stabilizer (ISS). The alkaline ISS and acidic ISS were chosen to improve the frozen Tibetan silty clay specimens for soil mechanics test. The optimal proportion of the improved soil specimen was determined by the test of the plasticity index. The maximum compressive strengths of the specimens treated with alkaline ISS and acidic ISS have increased by 78.7% and 46.6%, respectively. The bulk compressibility coefficient of the soil treated with optimal alkaline ISS and acidic ISS have decreased with conservation periods, with the bulk compressibility coefficient decreased by 80.0% and 38.5%, respectively, as compared with the undisturbed soil. One can see that the effect of cementation is obvious. Especially, the mechanics properties of the alkaline solidified soil have improved more significant, showing that it is more suitable for the Tibetan clay to improve.
  • On applicability of a fully distributed hydrological model in the cold and alpine watershed of Northwest China
    ZHAO Yi, NAN Zhuotong, LI Xiangfei, XU Yi, ZHANG Ling
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 147-157. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0003
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    Distributed-Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation-Model (DHSVM) is a grid-based distributed hydrological model and has been widely used to simulate hydrological processes at high spatiotemporal resolution across the world owing to its particular calculation of surface water and heat balance. However, its applicability in cold and alpine regions remains unclear. This paper employed DHSVM to simulate hydrological processes during the period of 2001 to 2009 at a 300 meters and 3 hours modeling resolutions in the Babao River basin, a representative mountainous river basin located within the Qilian Mountains in the cold region of Northwest China. The applicability was thus validated with observations at the basin outlet. Parametric sensitivity analysis shows that lateral conductivity, field capacity, leaf area index and albedo are some most sensitive parameters. The default model parameters lead to overestimation of potential evaporation, and consequent underestimation of streamflow simulation in summers. Using calibrated parameters, the model can achieve good simulation with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.72 and 0.87 in the calibration period (2001-2004), and 0.60 and 0.74 in the validation period (2005-2009) for daily and monthly simulations, respectively. This study concludes that DHSVM is generally capable for simulating hydrological processes at high spatial and temporal resolutions in cold and alpine regions, although it is insufficient in representing freezing and thawing processes occurred in soil, resulting in lower accuracy of streamflow simulation in springs, which should be addressed in future when modelling in those areas.
  • A study of runoff simulation based on general calculation
    GUO Haiyan, CHEN Jun, XU Jinxia, XU Yuanxin, MA Zhenfeng
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 158-164. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0007
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    In order to improve the timeliness of traditional runoff confluence simulation, a general-purpose computation of runoff-confluence simulation model has proposed based on general calculation in this paper. The model uses Navier-Stokes Formula as the theoretical basis. Firstly, the method of runoff confluence simulation was discussed using general calculation and then a simulation calculation flow was designed. Then, taking the middle Fujiang River as a study area, the long-term precipitation data from 25 meteorological observational stations within the study area were taken as the input data. The runoff simulation had carried out by using both runoff confluence calculation model and FloodArea model, and the results simulated by the two models were compared with the measured data. It was found that the runoff confluence model based on general calculation not only improves the simulation efficiency as compared with FloodArea model, but also has smaller water level variation error and better fitting effect with measured data. Simulating timeliness and accuracy of the results show that the model has greatly improved the early warning and forecasting skill of rainstorms and floods.
  • Computing method for discharges of debris flow induced by moraine-dammed lake outburst
    DANG Chao, CHU Nana, ZHANG Peng
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 165-174. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0008
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    The debris flow induced by moraine-dammed lake outburst, characterized by low frequency as well as incredible perniciousness, is one of the common geo-hazards in alpine regions with vulnerable environment. Challenges of hazard mitigation, especially the key issues with discharge design, have to be dealt with in the process of regional development and construction. Based on case studies of moraine dammed lakes in the recent 100 years in Tibet, the variation of breach depth of terminal moraine-dammed dam is analyzed; on the basis of gradual breach model and flood-deposition mixture method, computing methods and procedures for unit weight, peak discharge and flood routing of debris flow mobilized by moraine-dammed lake outburst flood are discussed herein. The parameter calibrations and error sources of various computing models are discussed by means of comparative study among relative cases. It is indicated that the gradual outburst model typically overestimate the peak discharges of debris flow and the predicted parameters tend to be conservative; the gradual outburst model, however, substantially coincide with the physical mechanisms of moraine-dammed lake outburst; the predicted peak discharges of debris flow surging in the U shape gully, in which the plugging effect could be negligible, are in line with field investigation by and large. However, the plugging effect could be significant and can not be negligible outside the U shape gully or near the channel mouth. Therefore, the method put forward herein is generally feasible for parameter designs of debris flow control project.
  • Prediction method of rainfall-induced landslides in Qinba Mountains of south Shaanxi Province based on Logistic regression
    ZHAO Xiaomeng, CAI Xinling, LEI Xiangjie, TIAN Liang, WEI Xingjun
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 175-182. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0055
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    By establishing the database of rainfall-induced landslide hazards in Qinba Mountains of south Shaanxi Province, the rain intensity distribution of different rainfall factors is ascertained and the correlation coefficients between probability of occurrence of landslide and rainfall intensity factors are analyzed. Different rainfall factors are determined by Logistic regression methods. This research gets the regression model of rainfall-induced landslides in Qinba Mountains of south Shaanxi Province. Using the cases of landslide disasters, the model is validated by ROC curve and kappa coefficient method. The results show that the rainfall factors of Rdm (m=0,1,2) and Rc have the highest correlation with landslides. When the rainfall intensity ≥ 75 mm·h-1, sudden landslide is most likely to burst. When precipitation lasts for two days and 24-hour rainfall reaches light or moderate rain level, the outburst of lagged landslide disaster should be on guard against. The accuracy of the model may reach 82.1%. The AUC value of the ROC curve is 0.836 and the kappa coefficient is 0.616. The verification results showed that the model was reliable. This study is useful to predict the rainfall-induced landslides in Qinba Mountains of south Shaanxi Province.
  • Study of groundwater in permafrost regions of China: status and process
    YE Renzheng, CHANG Juan
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0009
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    The groundwater system in cold regions is a key factor in hydrological processes, which affect the collection, thawing-freezing and discharge in the land surface processes of cold regions. Permafrost, as the most widely distributed hydrological factor in the cold regions, like a natural water barrier, which controls the groundwater horizontal and vertical movement, recharges and discharges groundwater, and as a cryogenic source changes the thickness of gas zone, the physical properties of water movement and heat transfer. So the permafrost groundwater system has unique characteristics, which is different from the non-frozen soil areas. In recent decades, with the global warming and the increase of human activities (cold region engineering), the tendency of permafrost degeneration is remarkable, fundamentally changing the hydrogeological conditions in the cold regions and causing significant change in the dynamic characteristics of the groundwater. At the same time, the degradation of permafrost has also changed the storage and transportation conditions of surface water, groundwater and the water conservation function, resulting in a series of deterioration of ecological environment. Because of the hardship in the alpine area and data shortage, there are still many problems to be solved about the groundwater occurrence, distribution and migration in permafrost areas. During the last 10 years, in China, the development and use of coupled heat transport and groundwater models have focused in the groundwater migration and distribution in cold regions, isotope has also been used to analyze runoff components, deep progress has been made in the study of permafrost hydrogeology. In this paper, the current research status of groundwater in permafrost zone in China are summarized and classified, which will be helpful for further studying of cold area groundwater system evolution under climate change and clearing the impact of groundwater on the ecosystems.
  • Nutrient evaluation of the soil in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on BP neural network
    YANG Wenjing, WANG Yibo, LIU Xin, SUN Zhe
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 215-226. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0103
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    Soil nutrients play an important role in nutrient cycling and soil-plant relationships. In high-altitude ecosystems, soil nutrients are still poorly understood in alpine grasslands due to lack of systematic field observations. In order to understand the basic conditions of soil nutrients and the classification of soil nutrients in alpine grassland in the permafrost regions of the plateau, 154 soil samples collected from the Xidatan to Amdo in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were used to establish a 3-layer model based on BP neural network. After training and verifying BP neural network in MATLAB software, the soil nutrients of alpine grassland in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that in 2009, the comprehensive evaluation of soil nutrients in the alpine grassland of the plateau was Grade 4, a lower level. The comprehensive evaluation results are basically consistent with the soil quality index (SQI) based on the principal component analysis, indicating that the BP neural network model is reasonable for the evaluation of soil nutrients in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The relationship between the evaluation results and altitude, vegetation coverage and vegetation types showed that the higher the altitude or the higher the vegetation coverage, the higher the evaluation level of soil nutrients; the evaluation grades of different vegetation types showed an order as alpine marsh meadow (level 2) > alpine meadow (level 4) > alpine grassland (level 5). As a simple and accurate identification method, BP network can not only assess the soil nutrient grade, but also comprehensively compare the soil nutrient level, providing a scientific basis for the management and protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
  • Research on the method of auditing of natural assets for leaders based on balance sheet: a case study of water resources in Gansu Province
    LU Haiyan, WEI Yanqiang, YANG Suchang, LU Pingxia
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 227-235. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0104
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    In recent years, China explicitly proposes “exploring the compilation of balance sheets for natural resources and auditing the departure of natural resources assets for leaders”. However, how to apply the balance sheet of natural resources to the auditing of natural resources for the departure of local leaders is still in exploring. From the institutional function of auditing, it is found that the balance sheet based natural resources auditing can provide effective basic information for the auditing of leaving leaders. It could reduce the risk of natural resources management, constrain the power of leaders on natural resources management, and improve the efficiency of natural resources management. In this paper, taking the auditing of water resources during 2014-2016 in a typical arid/semi-arid Gansu Province with heavy water scarcity as an example, by utilizing balance sheet and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods, the performances of leaders on water resources management and protection had been analyzed. It is demonstrated that the balance sheet based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method could effectively facilitate the audited leaders on natural resources management. By establishing evaluation indicator system, the problems of natural resources management could be explicitly analyzed and explored. The responsibility and effectiveness of natural resources management within the tenure of leaders could be effectively evaluated.
  • Granger causality analysis for the relationship between urbanization and land use structure of Urumqi City
    Yierfanjiang Aihemaitijiang, Anwaer Maimaitiming
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 236-245. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.0509
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    At present the harmonious development between urbanization and land use structure has become a focus for a city. In this paper, Urumqi City in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is taken as a study area to analyze the causal relationship between urbanization and land use structure by using Johansen cointegration test and Granger causality analysis. The urbanization level of the city during 2000-2015 and five types of typical urban land structure change data has been processed. The results showed: (1) From 2000 to 2012, Urumqi City urbanization level had fallen down from 84.82% to 77.12%; from 2013 to 2015, it had increased from 77.73% to 81.62%; the main cause was the non-agricultural population growth rate slower than agricultural population. (2) From 2000 to 2015, proportion of various types of land use had changed as follows: residential land proportion had been more than 26%, higher than others; industrial land ratio had been relatively stable, between 15% to 19%; from 2014 to 2015, the land for public facilities had been declined sharply, from 11.46% to 5.03%; the proportion of land used for urban roads had been stable, in between 5.8%~7.5%; the green space proportion had increased to 30.94% from 20.01%. (3) The Granger causality between urbanization and residential proportion had been not significant change, but industrial proportion, public facilities proportion and road proportion had been the cause of Granger causality of urbanization.
  • The insight of inbound tourism to camping tourism at the Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province, Northwestern China
    ZHU Rong, XUE Yong
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(1): 246-256. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0303
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    As a significant ecological protective screen in northwestern China, Gansu Province is changed into foremost position of opening to the west, providing the new thinking such as open-door to the outside world as well as highlighting local feature and green development, following the implementation of the Silk Road Economic Belt. The Hexi Corridor along the key section of the Silk Road, is the forefront construction region of ecological protective screen in Gansu province, and integrate the historical, ethnographic, and multiple landscapes with better brand awareness and development experience due to the earliest regions on developing inbound tourism. Owing to the normalization of mass tourism, more international attention given to the Asia-Pacific region including China, as well as new growth points and rigid demand of tourism, camping should be developed by the insight of inbound tourism. In this paper, the development and organization of camping are firstly summarized. The resources, policies, location, traffic, economic growth, culture, environment, professional talent, passenger source, and campsites of the Hexi Corridor were analyzed, respectively. Then, the position, strategies, and measures are discussed under the implementation of the Belt and Road. The result showed that the strategy of camping should be aimed at the international market as high-end tourism in the mid or long-term. However, there is a recent need to cultivate domestic market especially in the surrounding and developed provinces by government guidance. The multiple tourism resources of the Hexi Corridor should be further integrated and highlighted on the local trait. Moreover, the modern developed traffic means and ancient transportation are also need to be considered to combine together. According to the distribution of inbound tourism and particular preferences, the various marketing themes at different time should be well-organized. All of these proposals could be used to improve the overall experience, which could promote the rapid development of tourism.
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