25 August 2019, Volume 41 Issue 4
    

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  • The process of freezing and thawing and the zero curtain effect of debris-covered area of the Galongla Glacier in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
    LUO Lun, ZHU Liping, WANG Yongjie, YANG Wei, Danzeng, ZHANG Hongbo
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 751-760. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0025
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    Observation and analysis of the freezing-thawing process in debris-covered area of a glacier play an important role in understanding the energy and water transfer relationship between debris-covered layers. Based on the meteorological data from automatic meteorological station in debris-covered area of the Galongla Glacier from October 2015 to November 2016, the freezing-thawing processes of the debris-covered area were analyzed. The zero curtain effects in autumn and spring, which usually occur in frozen soil, are found in debris-covered area, which lasts for 32 days in autumn and 58 days in spring. The diurnal variation characteristics with low values in morning and high values in afternoon of average temperature and the surface temperature during the spring zero curtain period were presented, while the temperature in the debris layer had no obvious diurnal variation, and the volume water content showed an impulse. At the end of the zero-curtain effect in spring, the destruction of the underlying frozen layer and the ablation of glacier ice began. The effect of debris cover of the Galongla glacier on glacial ice ablation was not only because of the thicker debris cover which inhibits the ablation quantity of glacial ice, but also because that the starting date of glacial ice ablation delayed when the zero curtain effect produced in debris cover.
  • OSL dating on glacial sediments of the Last Glacial in headwater of Urumqi River,Tianshan Mountains
    ZENG Lanhua, OU Xianjiao, CHEN Rong, LAI Zhongping
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 761-769. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.1014
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    The headwater of Urumqi River is one of the areas with most abundant glacial relics and most typical glacial landforms in China. It is an ideal site for reconstructing the history of Quaternary glaciation based on glacial relics. Numerous studies and technical dating results make it an ideal site to test the applicability of optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)dating of glacial sediments. Six till and overlying loess samples were collected for OSL dating. The 38-63 μm quartz grains were extracted and the equivalent dose was measured by SARSGC method. Various tests show that the procedure is applicable. The reliability of OSL dating of glacial sediments is tested by comparisons with geomorphological and stratigraphical relationship and known ages. The results show that the OSL ages are in good agreement with the geomorphological and stratigraphical relationship, and are comparable with ages of other dating techniques. These indicate that the samples had been well bleached before deposition and the OSL ages are reliable. The OSL age of the lateral moraine near the Tianshan Glaciological Station is 14.8±1.2 ka;till samples near the mouth of the branch valley of Glacier No. 9 are 13.5±1.1 ka and 17.2±1.3 ka;OSL age of the Upper Wangfeng moraine is 20.1±1.6 ka. Based on the OSL ages and previous dating results,it can be concluded that these sets of moraines were formed during the marine oxygen isotope stage 2(MIS 2). The OSL age of loess overlying the Upper Wangfeng moraine(10.5±0.8 ka)further confirms this conclusion. OSL ages also indicate that the Upper Wangfeng moraine corresponds to the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),while moraines near the Tianshan Glaciological Station and the mouth of the branch valley of Glacier No. 9 correspond to Late Glacial. The OSL age of Lower Wangfeng moraine is 36.3±2.8 ka,which corresponds to the MIS 3 stage. However,the forming time of Lower Wangfeng moraine requires further confirmed by more sedimentology and chronology works.
  • Remote sensing monitoring of glacier changes in Shyok basin of the Karakoram Mountains,1993-2016
    LI Zhijie, WANG Ninglian, CHEN An'an, LIU Kai
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 770-782. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1088
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    Based on Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images of 1993,2000 and 2016,glacier boundaries were extracted by visual interpretation method. The changing characteristics of glacierized area in Shyok basin of the Karakoram Mountains from 1993 to 2016 were analyzed from the aspects of the total area and different scales,different aspects,different elevation zones,and glacier advance. The results showed that in the past 20 years,the glaciers in Shyok basin have been slight retreating,with the average annual retreat ratio only 0.05% ±0.20%. The retreat rate in 1993-2000 was(0.03%±0.64%)·a-1,and in 2000-2016 it was(0.06%±0.27%)·a-1. There were 291 glaciers had clearly advanced during 1993-2016,which had reduced the total area due to glacier retreating to a certain extent. In addition,glacier advance in Shyok basin has weakened in the past 20 years. In the past 35 years,temperature in Shyok basin has increased significantly,and precipitation has also shown an increasing trend. The significant rise in temperature is the main reason for the retreat of glaciers. The increase in precipitation is the reason for the relatively low rate of glacial retreat.
  • Annual relationship between spring surface sensible heat flux over the East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and air temperature in East China
    REN Qian, ZHOU Changyan, XIA Yang, CEN Sixian, LONG Yuan
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 783-792. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0029
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    Using surface sensible heat flux(SSHF)data and circulation data from ERA-Interim,and daily temperature data at springtime in 1979-2013 from 753 stations in China,the relationship between surface sensible heat flux over East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and air temperature in East China at springtime is studied. The results show that the annual variation of spring air temperature in East China is closely related to the surface sensible heat flux over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. If there exits less(more)SSHF in the south of the East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and more(less)SSHF in the north of the East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,spring air temperature in Northeast and South China is much lower(higher). When SSHF anomalies are negative in the southeast East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and positive in northeast East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau background westerlies are weakened by the easterly anomalies in high latitudes,which leads to cold air coming down from the north at 200 hPa,and the enhanced subtropical westerly jet favors for the formation of anomalous cyclonic circulation in Northeast China. At the middle and low troposphere,it is controlled by a deep northeast cold vortex in North China,indicating that it presents strong cyclonic circulation from the lower to higher layers. On the one hand,the cyclonic circulation leads strong cold air to south weakening the pressure with lower air temperature in Northeast China;on the other hand,background southeast winds are weakened by the anomalous north winds on the west side resulting in less transport of warm and humid air to South China. It is further found that the distribution of air temperature difference between south and north is ‘negative-positive-negative’ over the whole East Asia,making for the enhance of subtropical westerly jet. The warm air at upper layers and cold air at lower layers in the center of cyclone make contribution to the spread and invasion of potential vorticity to lower layers,enhancing the cyclonic circulation in middle and lower layers. It is deep dry through the whole troposphere in the center of cyclone and the center of negative specific humidity corresponds to cold center,indicating that dry and cold air develops and transfers to lower layer. It is dry intrusion inducing develop of cold vortex maintains the anomalous cyclone,and therefore causing the anomalous lower temperature over Northeast and South China. It is the strengthened cyclonic circulation at lower layers that leads to anomalous lower spring air temperature in Northeast and South China. Although SST in Nino3.4 region is closely related to SSHF in spring,it has no significant effect on air temperature in spring over East China.
  • Numerical experiment of the influence of ground radiation over the QinghaiTibet Plateau on summer precipitation in eastern China
    LI Dengxuan, DING Huang, WANG Qing, ZHOU Hai, WANG Zhijia, ZHU Xiang
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 793-800. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0039
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    Using CAM5 model,a sensitivity test has been designed to study the response of summer precipitation in eastern China to ground radiation anomalies over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and possible physical mechanisms. The results show that when the ground radiation weakens in the northern and middle Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the overall summer precipitation in eastern China would be increasing,but precipitation in the southern and eastern coastal areas would be decreasing. The change of ground radiation over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the South Asia High,Western Pacific subtropical high,monsoon has significant correlation,and has a close relationship with the summer precipitation in eastern China. When the ground radiation over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau decreases,the center position of the South Asia High is relative to the west and the intensity is relatively weak. At the same time the South Asian summer monsoon and East Asian summer monsoon intensities increase, and the 850 hPa wind field intensity is relatively strong. Besides,the Western Pacific subtropical high is relatively weak and its center position is relative to the east. And then summer precipitation decreases in the southern and eastern coastal areas of China,but precipitation in most parts of eastern China increases in summer. The anomaly of summer rainfall in eastern China has a significant correlation with the ground radiation over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
  • Characteristics and influence factors of the evapotranspiration from alpine meadow in central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
    WANG Lihui, HE Xiaobo, DING Yongjian
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 801-808. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2017.0329
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    In this study, the characteristics of evapotranspiration and its influencing factors from 2007 through 2013 were studied by using micro-lysimeter relying on the Tangula Station of State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main conclusion are:(1) there had been an evapotranspiration increasing from 2007 through 2013 during the grass growing season; (2) the total evapotranspiration quantity in the middle growth stage had been the maximum while in the early growth stage had been the minimum, but the average daily evapotranspiration in the early growth stage had been the maximum, while in the later growth stage had been the minimum; (3) the evapotranspiration had been mainly controlled by the net radiation in the absence of precipitation and had been mainly affected by wind speed, and then by radiation.
  • Research on the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of snowfall in the Qinghai Plateau from 1961 to 2017
    LIU Yihua, LU Yanrong, ZHOU Qiang, LI Hongmei, LIU Caihong
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 809-817. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0043
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    The temporal and spatial variations of snowfall and snowfall days were analyzed based on observations at 47 meteorology stations in Qinghai Plateau from 1961 to 2018 using the methods of running t-test and spatial variable ration. The results indicated that:(1)There was a significant decreasing tendency of snowfall with the rate of 3.7 mm every decade,together with two more snowfall decades in the 1980s and the 1990s,and a less snowfall decade in the 2000s. (2)The mean snowfall days were 11~43 days in the 57 years in the plateau; snowfall days and different levels of snowfall days had no obvious tendency,but had a stage variation. (3)Except for the drought Qaidam Basin,the spatial distributions of snowfall and snowfall days were larger in high altitude area than in low altitude area,and reduced from south to north. (4)Snowfall showed U-shape distribution and snowfall days showed single peak distribution in the research period;snowfall days were more in the late autumn and early winter. (5)There was a remarkable abrupt change of snowfall in 2002 in the plateau,There were obvious abrupt changes in Qingnan pastoral area(2001),Qinghai lake area(1996)and the eastern agricultural area(1996),but no obvious abrupt change in Qaidam Basin;meanwhile,there was a remarkable abrupt change of snowfall days in 2000 in the Qinghai Plateau;Qingnan pastoral area had two abrupt changes in 1980 and 2001,but no obvious change in other regions.
  • Variation features and prediction of air temperature in the source regions of the Yellow River
    YANG Zhaoming, BAI Wenrong, SHI Xinghe, LI Hongmei
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 818-827. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1141
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    Based on the data of air temperature from 9 typical stations in the source regions of the Yellow River from 1961 to 2017,the temporal variation features of annual average,annual average maximum,annual average minimum and extreme air temperatures were analyzed and estimated. The main conclusions are as follows:the increasing trend of annual average minimum air temperature had the maximum increment,followed by those of annual average and annual average maximum air temperatures. The annual average air temperature and annual average maximum air temperature had significant mutation in 1997. By analyzing the periodic changes during 1961-1997,1998-2007 and 2008-2017,it was shown that the annual average air temperature had increased continuously,the annual average maximum air temperature had increased at the first time and then tended towards stability,while the annual average minimum air temperature had increased rapidly during 1998-2007 and sluggish increased during 2008-2017. The days with warm day time had increased continuously,the frost days and the ice days had decreased continuously,the days with cold night had sluggish decreased during 1998-2007 and decreased rapidly in the last 10 years. The annual average,annual average maximum,annual average minimum air temperatures and the extreme warm events in the source regions of the Yellow River had been all obviously increasing,while the extreme cold events had been decreasing over the next 33 years. To explore the air temperature change in the source regions of the Yellow River may provide theoretical basis for the formulation and implementation against climate change.
  • Variations of snow-to-liquid ratio in Liaoning Province from 2009 to 2017
    CUI Jin, ZHANG Aizhong, YAN Qi, ZHOU Xiaoshan, WANG Shu, YANG Yang
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 828-835. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0113
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    Snow-to-liquid ratio(SLR)is an important parameter,which is needed to convert quantitative precipitation forecast(QPF)into snowfall depth forecast during forecasting snowfall depth. In this paper,using the hourly observed precipitation and snow depth data and other data such as surface air temperature,surface temperature,maximum wind speed and weather phenomena from national base stations during winter half years from 2009 to 2017 in Liaoning Province,by establishing quality control standards suitable for this study,the snowfall events were strictly selected,then variations of SLR and influence of temperature on SLR were analyzed in Liaoning Province. The results show that mean SLR value was 11,which was slightly higher than an empirical SLR value of 10. Although the variation range of SLR was large,it mainly changed from 2 to 20,with the extreme value of SLR greater than 30 by accident. In Liaoning Province,there were not only obvious spatial distribution difference in mean SLR,but also obvious monthly variations. There was a good correlation between SLR and surface air temperature;the change of mean SLR was obviously in different temperature ranges;a peak of SLR appeared around -15℃;mean SLR increased significantly with temperature decrease before the peak;and at lower temperature there was a return to lower SLR. The results of this study would be useful for rational use of SLR in future winter snowfall depth forecasting in Liaoning Province.
  • Study on snow disaster assessment method and snow disaster regionalization in Xinjiang
    WANG Xiuqin, LU Xinyu, MA Yu, WANG Xu
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 836-844. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0023
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    In this study, the disaster data by the snowstorm (e.g. number of livestock affected, crops affected area and economic losses) were used to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of snow disasters in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 1955 to 2017. Firstly, the snow disaster index in Xinjiang was constructed by using the multi-index comprehensive evaluation method. Then, the approximate algorithm for acquiring the distribution density of continuous random variables was used to calculate the distribution function of the snow disaster index. Finally, according to the characteristics of the distribution function and the probability level distribution of natural disaster risk events, the zoning of snow disaster level in Xinjiang was conducted. The results show that:(1) the occurrence of snow disasters in northern Xinjiang is more than that in southern Xinjiang, in mountain regions are more than in basin regions and in the west is more than in the east of Xinjiang. Furthermore, this mainly occurs in the Altai Mountains, Tianshan Mountains and Kunlun Mountains. The worst disasters are located in Aletai, Yili and Tacheng Prefectures. Particularly, after 2000, the snow disaster has showed obvious high-level shock characteristics; (2) the snow disaster index constructed by the multi-index comprehensive evaluation method can objectively judge the magnitude of the snow disaster. (3) the snow disaster in Xinjiang follows the gamma distribution, and the zoning based on this theory shows that the high-incidence areas and heavy disaster areas take place in Altay, Tacheng and Yili, the frequent areas in the south foot of the Tianshan Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains, and the snow disaster occurs less in Eastern Xinjiang. The above research provides a theoretical basis for decision-making services and climate feasibility demonstration, meanwhile, which is helpful for scientifically and accurately formulating disaster prevention and preparedness measures, timely organizing snow disaster emergency rescue work, and recovering the post-disaster reconstruction.
  • Carbon cycle in circum-Arctic permafrost regions: progress and prospects
    NI Jie, WU Tonghua, ZHAO Lin, LI Ren, XIE Changwei, WU Xiaodong, ZHU Xiaofan, DU Yizhen, YANG Cheng, HAO Junming
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 845-857. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0402
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    The circum-Arctic permafrost regions are important parts of the global carbon pool and respond to climate change in a unique way. With global warming,permafrost carbon will play a more active role in the global carbon cycle. To enhance the understanding of the carbon cycle in the permafrost regions of the circum-Arctic, in this paper,the carbon storage and carbon mobilization in the permafrost regions in recent years are analyzed, and the latest developments in the simulation of carbon cycle applications were also carried out. It is revealed that a complete and systematic scientific explanation for a series of problems such as the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of carbon sources/sinks,the key driving factors of the carbon cycle process,and the response of the carbon cycle to global change in the Arctic permafrost regions are still not available at present. The three uncertainties about carbon cycle simulation in the Arctic permafrost regions also analyzed. It is proposed that the future research should carry out a long-term field system monitoring in some typical research regions,innovative research methods and effective use of multi-source remote sensing data,to deepen the research on carbon cycle mechanism and reduce uncertainty. Interdisciplinary and multi-model integration,combination of macro and micro,as well as multi-path and multi-scale comprehensive study,should be emphasis.
  • Effect of freezing-thawing cycles on consolidation deformation characteristics of natural over-wet soil
    CHENG Peifeng, WANG Jiakang
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 858-864. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0031
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    In order to study the consolidation and deformation characteristics of over-wet soil in seasonal frozen areas, a consolidation test and a permeability test were carried out by using the natural soil sampled from a wet soil roadbed of the the highway from Lanxi to Qinggang in Heilongjiang Province. The effect of the freezing-thawing cycles on the consolidation and deformation characteristics of the over-wet soil was studied emphatically. The results show that the higher the moisture content of the undisturbed soil, the lower the compressibility of the soil; the higher the initial porosity ratio, the higher the permeability. After freezing-thawing cycles, soil specimen produces irregular cracks, along with soil structure changing and compression coefficient increasing. With increase of freezing-thawing cycles, compression increases gradually and then gently. After freezing-thawing cycles, the vertical permeability coefficient of the wet soil obviously increases. With increase of freezing-thawing cycles, the permeability increases gradually and then gently. There is no obvious difference of the transverse permeability coefficient before and after freezing-thawing.
  • Measurement and analysis of the ground temperature field with positive temperature gas pipeline in permafrost regions
    SHI Rui, XU Zhen, LIU Deren, JIANG Daijun, WANG Xu, HU Yuan, WEN Zhi
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 865-874. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0030
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    There are lots of oil-gas pipelines located in the cold regions of China,following with numerous engineering problems. Due to medium pumped usually have positive temperatures,the heat released from pipelines have a significant impact on the freeze-thaw process of the soil around pipes. Based on the field experiments on a positive temperature gas pipeline located in the permafrost of western China,a serial of field monitoring about temperature field of pipelines' ground were carried out for 1 year to demonstrate the influence of positive temperature pipelines on the temperature field and freeze-thaw characteristics of permafrost. The data analysis showed that the natural permafrost table is 1.5~2.0 m and the thawing period and freezing period are from May to September and from October to April of the following year,respectively. The heat budget of the permafrost monitored reached a balance,which meant that the frozen soil was in a critical state and prone to degradation due to the external thermal disturbance. The positive temperature gas pipeline led to the degradation of the permafrost and had a considerable impact on the permafrost with the horizontal influence range about 1.5 m. Furthermore, the depth of seasonal thawing goes over 7.0 m under the pipe. Meanwhile,it was pointed that for the permafrost in the critical state,based on the comprehensive and thorough understanding,the earlier negative effects of thermal disturbance caused by related engineering constructions were taken into consideration,the difficulty in their treatments would be lower and the loss would be smaller.
  • The salinity effect on sedimentation behaviors and surface zeta potential of clay
    ZHANG Tongwei, DENG Yongfeng, DENG Tingting, WANG Chong
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 875-883. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0037
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    The engineering properties of clay in cold regions are correlated to sedimentation environment and process,and its different sedimentation behaviors are possibly dependent on the clay minerals and water salinity. To clarify the water salinity impact on the sedimentation procedure of clayey soils,the particle size analysis,settling tests and zeta potential measurements were performed on kaolin,bentonite and their mixtures. The particle size distribution curves(>0.3 μm)show that the median particle diameter d50 of kaolin and bentonite in saline water were larger than that in distilled water. The proportions of particles smaller than 5 μm of kaolin and bentonite obtained in distilled water were higher than those in saline water,while the proportions of particles larger than 10 μm were lower in distilled water. The clear interfaces between kaolin and fluid formed in both distilled water and saline water. While,the formation of flocculation in distilled water was about 1×104 minutes,and 10 minutes in saline water. The bentonite dispersed in distilled water until 8 months,while the particles settled within 1 minute and a stable soil-water interface formed until 30 minutes in saline water. The dispersion layer between bentonite-kaolin mixtures and distilled water formed at the final settling stage,and the particles separated from saline water within 10 minutes. The absolute values of zeta potential of bentonite and kaolin decreased from 40 mV to 10 mV when the NaCl concentration increased from 0% to 5%. In view of the relationships between zeta potential and colloid stability,the increase of zeta potential and the compression of diffused double layer caused the clay particles flocculation and the median particle size increasing.
  • Study on early warning model of glacial-rainfall debris flow based on excitation condition and stability of accumulation body
    XIE Tao, YIN Qianfeng, GAO He, CHEN Fang, SHEN Naiqi, LIN Daming
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 884-891. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0403
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    In the context of global warming,glacial debris flow disaster will be in a high-incidence season. In this paper,causes of the glacial debris flow are analyzed,and five indexes are selected as monitoring indexes of an early warning model,which are daily maximum temperature,daily rainfall,mud water level,surface displacement and water content,respectively. Analytic hierarchy process(AHP) is adopted to determine the weight of each index,and an early warning model of glacial debris flow is presented based on the excitation condition and stability of accumulation body. The early warning model has been successfully applied in a debris flow disaster,which broke out on July 14,2017 in the K636 glacial debris flow gully of Tianshan Highway, showing its reliability and practical value. The model will be useful also for the early warning research of glacial debris flow.
  • Analysis of short duration rainstorm type and its applicability in Xining City
    HE Yongqing, YIN Jixin, SHEN Jie, WANG Hai'e, YE Mingzhu, LIAO Yanni
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 900-906. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0026
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    Using the minute-by-minute precipitation data from 1954 to 2017 in Xining City,a statistical sample of heavy rain was built. Based on this,the annual maximum method was used to calculate the storm intensity and the short duration rainstorm hyetograph in Xining. It is found that the characteristics of single rain peak of rainstorm with short duration were obvious with the single peak in the middle and anterior segments. The integrated rain peak position factor for the Chicago design rainstorm pattern was 0.27;the rain peak duration of 120 min was about 35 min. The rain intensity increased rapidly before the peak and decreased rapidly after the rain peak. The maximum hour precipitation was 13.14 mm,mainly concentrating in between 20 and 80 min. The instantaneous rain intensity change and distribution pattern of various duration were basically consistent,and the rain intensity increased with the increase of the return period. The slope of the cumulative rainfall peak before the rain peak was the largest,and the slope after the rain peak was the fastest. Before(after)the peak accumulated rainfall,the growth slope rose(fell)the most. The distribution of heavy rain in Xining was characterized by strong locality with obvious spatial difference. The results of the Chicago design rainstorm pattern are representative of the west and north districts of the city. The central and the east districts of the city can be used as a reference only.
  • Quantitative simulation of the runoff components and its variation characteristics in the upstream of the Shule River
    LI Hongyuan, ZHAO Qiudong, WU Jinkui, DING Yongjian, QIN Jia, WEI Hong, ZENG Di
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 907-917. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0115
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    The hydrological process of inland river basins in the arid area of Northwest China has changed significantly under climate change,which restricts the stable development of regional economic society and ecological construction. Quantitative analysis and evaluation the change of runoff in the alpine area will help to strengthen the planning and management of water resources in the Northwest China,to realize the sustainable utilization of water resources and ensure regional water security. Using a fully distributed,high-resolution cryospheric-hydrological model called SPHY model to simulate runoff process in the upstream of the Shule River,which located in the northeast edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the western of Qilian Mountains. According to the simulation results,the characteristics of runoff composition and the variation of runoff and its components in the upstream of the Shule River were analyzed. Results show that:(1)the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of daily runoff and monthly runoff in calibration period(1971-2008)were 0.62 and 0.86,respectively,and in the validation period(2009-2015)were 0.79 and 0.95,and the simulated monthly runoff process was in accordance with the measured monthly runoff process. (2)The runoff was composed of four parts,of which the glacier melt runoff and snowmelt runoff accounted for an annual average proportion of 30.5% and 12.9% to the total runoff, and the proportion of rainfall runoff and baseflow was 13.5% and 43.1%,respectively. (3)Due to increasing in temperature and precipitation,both the glacier runoff and rainfall runoff are increasing,with an average increase rate of 4.66×106 m3·a-1 and 2.46×106 m3·a-1,respectively. Snowmelt runoff showed a decreasing trend,with an average reduction rate of 1.01×106 m3·a-1. (4)The annual runoff has increased by 69.6% over the past 45 years,with the contribution rate of glacier meltwater to increase in runoff of 48%,and the contribution rate of precipitation in non-glacierized area of 52%.
  • Characteristics of runoff components in the Gulang River basin of the Qilian Mountains
    GUI Juan, LI Zongxing, FENG Qi, ZHANG Dedong, Lü Yuemin, YUAN Ruifeng
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 918-925. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1145
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    In order to explore the hydrology of inland rivers in the Qilian Mountains under the background of global warming and cryosphere shrinking,based on the samples of various waters collected in the Gulang River basin and relevant observation data,the stable isotope characteristics of each water and the environmental significance indicated by them were analyzed,and runoff segmentation was conducted. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Compared with that in precipitation,the annual variation of stable isotope in river is relatively small. The value of δ18O in river is in summer > in autumn > in spring > in winter,reflecting the difference of intensity in various seasons. (2)The stable isotope characteristics of spring water are similar to those in river which the annual variation is relatively stable,showing that there are many conversion processes between river water and spring water in mountainous areas. (3)Due to the isotope differences among soil water recharge,surface soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration,as well as between soil water and ground water,the gradient differences of soil water isotope composition are relatively obvious. (4)The result of the segmentation of runoff of the mean runoff shows that the recharge ratio of precipitation in the Gulang River basin is up to 76%±2.4%, and that of supra-permafrost water is 24%±2.4%.
  • Effects of seasonal freezing and thawing on the hydrothermal changes of the shallow unsaturated soil in the western Weihe River basin
    CHOU Yaling, LI Yong'e, WANG Lijie, CAO Wei, SHENG Yu
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 926-936. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1107
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    Taking the hilly and gully regions of the western Weihe River basin in the Loess Plateau as the research area,a field observation site was established. The response of freeze-thaw process and water-heat transfers of the shallow unsaturated soil in this area to climate change was studied and analyzed. The results show that the influence of air temperature on the ground temperature and its variation amplitude decrease rapidly with depth,the amplitude of ground temperature decreases exponentially with depth,and the phase of temperature wave lags with the depth. Furthermore,the influence of air temperature on the amplitude of soil temperature within 200 cm below the surface is more obvious. The maximum frozen depth of the bare surface soil in this area is about 20-50 cm. During the freezing period,the unfrozen water in the deep soil gradually migrates to the frozen layer,resulting in gradual decrease in the deep moisture content. The freezing coefficient of soil at different depth decreases with depth,while the thawing coefficient is the opposite. The soil moisture content within 50 cm below the surface fluctuates obviously under the influence of rainfall,and the soil moisture content and its temperature show similar tendency. The occurrence time of soil temperature peak is always lagged behind that of the soil moisture peak,and the degree of variation decreases with soil depth.
  • Analysis on the variation characteristics of potential evapotranspiration and surface moisture in the Ebinur Lake Oasis Wetland from 1960 to 2013
    ZHANG Junyong, DING Jianli, TAN Jiao, CHEN Wenqian, WU Pengfei
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 937-944. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0116
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    Based on the monthly meteorological data of Alataw Mountain Pass,Jinghe,Bole and Wenquan station,the quantitative research and temporal characteristics of evapotranspiration and humidity index in Ebinur were calculated by using mathematical statistics of Mann-Kendall test,wavelet analysis,and the key climatic factors of influencing potential evaportranspiration and humidity were obtained by principal component analysis based on the meteorological factors. The results indicate that:(1)the annual mean evapotranspiration of the Ebinur Lake Oasis Wetland was 1 063.52 mm with a rate of -12.68 mm·(10a)-1 from 1960 to 2013 and the maximum amount of evapotranspiration was 552.3 mm in summer,which had the largest contribution to the annual total evapotranspiration,and the minimum amount of evapotranspiration appeared in winter. The seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was consistent with the annual variation,especially in summer. (2)The results of Mann-Kendall test show that mutation of annual evapotranspiration is 1991,and the mutation of seasons respectively appeared in 1993 in spring,1994 in summer and 1993 in autumn,then without mutation in winter. The significant mutations occurred in the 1990s,and the mutation of land surface humidity occurred in 1985. (3)The results show that there were four types of time scales from 1960 to 2013:the main cycle is 29 a,and the cycles occurred more or less alternately with globality. (4)In summary,wind speed was the dominant factor of influencing potential evapotranspiration. The dominant factors that influenced the land surface humidity index were precipitation and relative humidity. Therefore,it is showed that the climate of Ebinur Oasis Wetland was generally getting warm and wet. According to the results,it is beneficial to provide scientific basis for the allocation of water resources in the Ebinur Lake Oasis.
  • Evolution features of hydrologic drought of the three outlets of the Southern Jing River and its attribution under changing environment
    ZHENG Yuzhen, LI Huan, LI Jingbao, WANG Danyang, YANG Bo, ZHANG Rui
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 945-957. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0117
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    Hydrologic drought under changing environment has attracted researchers in the field of hydrology. Based on the hydrological/climate data of rivers in the Southern Jing River in 1956-2017 collected from five hydrometric stations and 22 meteorological stations,in this article Standardized Runoff Index(SRI),precipitationrunoff multivariate nonlinear model,comparation of rate of change in the cumulative slope and Mann-Kendall test have employed to study the changing trend of hydrologic drought in the Southern Jing River under the changing environment of the lately 62-years and to quantitatively determine the different contribution proportion of climate change (e. g. precipitation and evaporation) and human activities on the runoff decreasing. Results showed that the Southern Jing River region had suffered a relatively high frequency of drought. Severe drought events had happened frequently during the changing period of environment and multi-scale mean drought rate reached 42.96%,while drought had seldomly occurred during the stable period of environment. In the long-time scale both the annual runoff and evaporation had decreased while the annual precipitation had maintained its stability. The mutation years of runoff detected by test were 1970,1985 and 2003. Human activities were the main force causing decrease of runoff in the Southern Jing River;its contribution to runoff change(hydrologic drought evolution)during the periods of 1971-1985,1986-2003 and 2004-2017 were 91.14%,103.73% and 78.33%,respectively.
  • Advances on water resources research in upper reaches of the Urumqi River since 1990
    LIU Yan, LIU Youcun, JIAO Keqin, HAN Tianding, BIAN Xiaohui, DING Qianqian
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 958-967. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.1007
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    The Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains is an inland river with typical precipitation,glaciers and groundwater replenishment in Northwest China. The research on its water resources is not only a hotspot in the study of water environment and water resources in the arid and cold regions,but also important for the improvement of regional ecological environment and sustainable economic development. Therefore,the research content of hydrology and water resources in the Urumqi River basin is very extensive,and has achieved many high-level academic achievements. In this paper,it is reviewed such as the interaction between climate change and cryosphere in high mountain areas,the interaction between precipitation changes and runoff in mountainous areas, the response of mountain runoff to climate change and the analysis of floods and hazards,the study of isotope, tree-ring,climate and water environment in the basin. The four aspects have summarized the related research:(1)The temperature in upper reaches of the Urumqi River basin has changed to be warm and humid. The increase of temperature has been largely affected by the increase of winter temperature. The influence of temperature on the glacier-snow in the high mountain area has been greater than that of precipitation. The negative accumulated temperature in winter also has accelerated the thawing of frozen soil in the basin. Changes in temperature and precipitation has led to the acceleration of glacier ablation in upper reaches of the Urumqi River;as well as the melting of snow,the rising of the snow line and the thickening of the active layer of frozen soil. (2)Precipitation and precipitation change rate in Urumqi River basin have been obvious vertical characteristics,as well as the precipitation and precipitation change rate in the middle and high mountain areas are larger. Precipitation in mountainous areas also has interdecadal changing characteristics. Since the 1990s,precipitation in mountainous areas has increased. The trend has also contributed to the increase in mountain runoff. (3)The increase of precipitation and glacial snowmelt has greatly increased the runoff in the mountainous area of the basin,which has increased the frequency of flood disasters in the mountainous area. (4)The application of isotope analysis is of great significance for exploring the mechanisms of runoff formation and transformation. Tree-ring research provides a technical means for reconstructing the climate change sequence in the Urumqi River basin. In the future,the water resources carrying capacity,water cycle process and water pollution in the Urumqi River basin will be important research contents for regional ecological environment construction and sustainable development.
  • Characteristics of the culturable bacteria in the surface and deep layers of the Tanggula Hariqin ice core,Tibetan Plateau
    WANG Feng, WANG Ninglian, XU Baiqing, SHEN Liang, GU Zhengquan, LIU Xiaobo
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 968-976. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1101
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    A comparative study was carried out on the culturable bacteria groups in the surface layer(0.04-3.04 m depth)and the deep layer(127.44-130.36 m depth)of the Tanggula Hariqin ice core. It was found that there was no significant difference in the number of culturable bacteria between the surface and deep layers. The number of culturable bacteria in the surface was 0-9.8×103 CFU·mL-1,slightly higher than that of deep ice core 0-8.4×103 CFU·mL-1. The total microorganisms cell count in the surface was 103-106 cells·mL-1,while that in the deep layer was 102-103 cells·mL-1. The culturable bacteria in ice core belonged to the five phyla, namely Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes and Deinococcus-Thermus. However,culturable bacteria at the surface and deep layer belonged to different dominant phylum,the surface is Proteobacteria (38%) and the deep layer is Firmicutes(42%). Nevertheless,Bacillus was the most dominant genus in both layers,with the abundance of 18% and 29% in surface and deep layers,respectively. The previous study shows the 98.8 m depth ice core of Hariqin reached 1000 A. D. historical record. Comparing the differences in the number and diversity of culturable bacteria on the millennium scale,it can further explore new genes,enrich microbial diversity and lay a foundation for understanding the evolution history of culturable bacteria.
  • The response of soil bacteria to thaw slump in a desert steppe in Beiluhe area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
    ZHANG Xiaolan, LIU Guimin, LI Xinxing, WU Xiaoli, XU Haiyan, JI Genghao, LI Lisha, WU Xiaodong
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 977-985. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0118
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    Thaw slumping is caused by the melting of ground ice in permafrost,which may impact soil physical and chemical properties and thus affect the microbial community structures. However,the effect of thaw slump on the soil microbes under desert steppe remains unknown. In this study,the Illumina sequencing method was used to examine the bacterial communities in micro-topographies,which are under the land cover of desert steppe in permafrost on the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Three micro-morphologies(control,collapsing, slumped)were defined,and the relationships among bacterial community and environmental factors were investigated. The results showed that soil organic carbon contents in the collapsing and slumped areas were significantly lower than that in the control areas,and soil water contents were highest in the collapsing areas. For all the three types of soil,the most abundant bacterial phyla were Actinobacteria,Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria. Bacterial richness in collapsing area was higher than that in control area. Mantel test had found no significant relationships between bacterial community structures and soil physico-chemical properties. The Non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)results showed that the bacterial community structure was significantly different among the three micro-morphologies. The results showed that in the desert steppe area,thaw slump changes the physical and chemical variables of the soil,further affects the relative abundance of specific bacteria at phylum level,while has no significant effect on the overall bacterial community structures.
  • Analysis on the suitable scale of the Aksu Oasis under the limit of water resources
    WANG Zhicheng, JIANG Junxin, FANG Gonghuan, Chen Zhongsheng, CAI Ming, LI Weihong
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 986-992. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0046
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    The Aksu Oasis in the arid regions of Northwest China is the second largest irrigation area in the midlatitude arid region. Determination of the suitable oasis scale and identification of appropriate cultivated land can provide a scientific basis for the ecological stability and sustainable management of the oasis. In this paper,the suitable scale of the Aksu Oasis is investigated by using the water-heat balance methods based on the crop water requirement and the typical oasis structure model. The results showed that:(1)the crop water requirement in the Aksu Oasis had been as high as 740.3 mm from 2010 to 2015,37.2% more than that in the 1960s(539.6 mm); (2)taking into account the water resources from mountainous areas and the discharge demand to the main stream of the Tarim River,the available water resources in Aksu Oasis is 42.6×108 m3; (3)the Aksu Oasis was estimated at an unstable state and agricultural acreage had exceeded the carrying capacity of water resources. It is calculated that the current suitable scale of the Aksu Oasis is 12 430 km2,which is equivalent to the current level. Based on the crop water requirement and the typical oasis structure model,the suitable cultivated land area are calculated to be 4 674 km2 and 4 211 km2,respectively. It is suggested to shrink the farmland by 18% to 26% to get a stable and sustainable development of the Aksu Oasis.
  • The influence path of water saving consciousness of rural residents on water saving behavior in the middle reaches of the Heihe River: Based on structural equation model and planned behavior theory
    LI Lili, ZHONG Fanglei, CHENG Qingping
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 993-1004. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0119
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    Based on the theory of planned behavior,in this paper,using the questionnaire survey statistics of 526 rural residents in Zhangye Prefecture,a structural equation model was established to analyze the influencing path of water-saving awareness on water-saving Behavior. The results show that:the standardized path coefficients of water saving attitude,water saving expectation,behavior control and subjective norms for water saving behavior are 0.003,0.122,0.140 and 0.161,respectively. Among them,the self-experience and the expectation of water-saving obstacles belong to behavior control,the trust degree of the management department and the neighborhood perception belong to subjective norm,which have a significant positive impact on water-saving behavior. In the dimension of water-saving attitude,the factor loads of water resource value,environmental protection and water conservation reach 0.74,0.67 and 0.70,respectively,indicating that rural residents have a high degree of recognition of the ecological and social value of water resources,the transformation to water-saving behavior is still dominated by the expectation of economic benefits. In this paper,proposes are put forward to promote the efficient transformation of residents' water-saving consciousness to water-saving behavior through the combination of formal reward and punishment system and informal system of neighborhood and township covenant,as well as the guidance of efficient water-saving industrial policy.
  • Study on ecosystem service value of oasis irrigation in arid area: taking Luntai County as an example
    YANG Yancheng, Alimujiang Kasimu, Zubaidan Akmu, Maierziya Wemaier
    Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2019, 41(4): 1005-1014. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0044
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    Based on RS,GIS and methods of landscape ecology,the typical arid area in Luntai County of Xinjiang region was taken as a study area. Using 1997,2007 and 2017 remote sensing image interpretation result, the variation of landscape structure of land use in Luntai County from 1997 to 2017 was quantitatively analyzed. Then,using the principle of ecosystem service value(ESV)to quantitatively analyze the interannual variability of ESV of Luntai County ecological service function,the profit and loss ESV in landscape pattern evolution and the response was explored to reflect the effect of ecological water conveyance in the Tarim River. The results show that:there was a large decrease in unused land and a large increased in forest land and grassland in the county. Meanwhile,the area of cultivated land,water area,construction land and glacierized area had also increased to varying degrees,but it was still relatively small as compared with the whole county area. The landscape pattern index,overall landscape pattern index and spatial pattern of each patch type had all changed to varying degrees. The unutilized land had weakened its control over the landscape as a whole;land use uniformity and diversity had increased and the maximum patch index had changed significantly. During the 20 years in the county,ESV of various ecosystem services had showed a significant increase trend,and the total amount of ESV had increased continuously. The gain of ESV in the county had concentrated on the increase of forestland, accounting for 65.9% of the total gain. The profit and loss of ESV in Luntai County were concentrated on the transfer of construction land and unused land,indicating that the increase of forestland and the decrease of unused land were the main reasons for increase of ESV in the county. This study reflects the impact of typical water source irrigation on the ecology of Luntai County and provides a basis for the improvement of the ecosystem and land use planning in the arid regions.
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