25 August 2012, Volume 34 Issue 4
    

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  • LI Xiao-lan, ZHANG Fei-min, WANG Cheng-hai
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 755-764. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0093
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    Temporal-spatial distributions of snow depths from meteorological observation and from satellite (SMMR, SSM/I and AMSR-E passive microwave remote sensing) are compared in this paper. The relationship between summer precipitation in China and snow in the Tibetan Plateau is analyzed. It is found that the snow depth maximum is in Northeast China, Northern Xinjiang and the Tibetan Plateau, showing a similar distribution pattern between the two snow data sources in the stable snow cover period. Two data sources have obvious difference in seasonal snow cover regions, especially in the Huihe River basin and the Yangtze River basin, where the observed snow depth is greater than that from satellite remote sensing. On average, snow depth from the two data sources in the three regions (Northeast China, Northern Xinjiang and the Tibetan Plateau) is the same. However, there are some differences in annual variation and changing trend in Northern Xinjiang and southeast of the plateau. In the southeast of the plateau, the observed snow depth is greater than that from remote sensing, but in the Northern Xinjiang it is inversed. In the past 30 years, snow depths of the two sources in Northern Xinjiang and the Tibetan Plateau have had same annual changing trend, with an increasing trend in Northern Xinjiang and a decreasing trend in the plateau. It is noteworthy that snow depth from the two data sources in Northeast China has showed an inverse variation in recent 30 years. The correlation between two data sources is significant in the Northern Xinjiang, Northeast China and the plateau. Therefore, the "signal" of the two data sources over the plateau providing to summer precipitation prediction in East China is equal. The difference between the two data sources do not affect the application of snow "signal" in the plateau to predicate summer precipitation in East China.
  • GUO Wan-qin, LIU Shi-yin, XU Jun-li, WEI Jun-feng, DING Liang-fu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 765-774. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0094
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    Landsat monitoring discovered that the middle branch of Yulinchuan Glacier, located on the north slopes of Muztag Range, was surging during 2007-2011. As a result, its north terminus advanced (548?34) m. Further study revealed that the surging was substantially from October, 2008 to March, 2009. During the surging, the glacier surface changed a great deal; include rapid development of surface crevasses, fast surface movement and large horizontal displacement. Part of the glacier surface, about 4.8 km in length, had drastically cracked, with the first crevasse in the lower part of the accumulation area, and then gradually spread upwards and downwards. It was found that in most parts of the glacier between the terminus and central section there were evident horizontal displacements, more than 1 km. At the meantime, surface velocity calculation also demonstrated that most parts of the glacier have experienced drastic changing in moving velocity, with the maximum velocity of about (13.3?1.5) m穌-1 on the middle part of the glacier. The velocity change also expresses an impressive feature of the surging in middle Yulinchuan Glacier. That is the fast movement during the surging starting from the northern terminus and then extending upwards.
  • YANG Zhi-gang, DU Jun, YUAN Lei, LU Hong-ya
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 775-782. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0095
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    According to the China National Standards, the warm winter is classified into two groups by space and intensity grades. In the space group, the warm winter is divided into two spatial grads as single station warm winter, and regional warm winter. In the intensity group, there are two grades as weak warm winter (warm winter) and severe warm winter. Average winter air temperature is divided into 3 probability categories to define the threshold of warm winter for single station and its warm winter intensity. Then the division criterions for regional winter warm intensity can be calculated according to percentile rank of warm winter stations. In accordance with this standard, the grade of single station and regional cold winter are determined. On the basis of the division method for cold and warm winter, the characteristics of cold and warm winters from 1971 to 2010 over the Nujiang River basin in Tibet are analyzed. The results show that the mean temperature in winter has increased over the basin with a rate of (0.31~0.77) ℃· (10a)-1 from 1971 to 2010, with a maximum in Nagqu and a minimum in Zayü. However, after 1990 climate has warmed dramatically, with a temperature rising rate of (0.81~2.36) ℃·(10a)-1. Regional warm winter index has an obvious rising trend at a rate of 19.6 % per 10 years, which is higher than that in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China and South China et al. In terms of decadal variation, temperature was the warmest in the 2000s from 1971 to 2010, which was 1.0~2.5 ℃ more that in the 1970s. Frequency of single station warm winter was 40%~58%, with 15%~33% of severe warm winter. There were 21 regional warm winter years from 1971 to 2010, with nine severe warm winters, and the warm winter was mostly in the 2000s, while the most extensive and severe regional warm winter occurred in 2001, 2006 and 2009. The results also show that the frequency of single station cold winter was 15%~28%, with 5%~13% of severe cold winter. There were eight regional cold winter years from 1971 to 2010, with four severe cold winters, and the occurrence of cold winter was more in the 1990s. Additionally, from 1971 to 2010, the most extensive and severe regional cold winter appeared in 1983, followed by 1978.
  • ZHUO Ga, LUO Bu, ZHOU Chang-yan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 783-794. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0096
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    In this paper, the climate characteristics of water vapor transport in Tibet Region from 1980 to 2009 are investigated by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. It is found that through the west and south boundaries water vapor inputs while through the north and east boundaries water vapor outputs. Total input exhibits significant seasonal variation, large in summer and small in winter. However, total output has insignificant seasonal variation, large in spring and small in winter. The net water vapor balance is minus in spring and winter and plus in summer and autumn. Whatever the annual mean or the seasonal mean water vapor inputs through the west boundary has basically presented an increasing trend, so has the output through the north boundary, but sometimes slight decreasing, and the water vapor output through the east boundary and the input through the south boundary, the total water vapor input or output have presented a decreasing trend in the last 30 years, together with a decreasing trend of the net water vapor income in summer and autumn and annually and an increasing trend of the net water vapor loss in spring and winter. Furthermore, net water vapor income exhibits a decreasing trend in annual mean, in summer and autumn, but an increasing trend of net water vapor expenses in spring and winter. The main water vapor in Tibet Region comes through subtropical westerly transportation in winter, spring and autumn, but comes from Arabic Sea, Bay of Bengal, South China Sea and west Pacific Ocean in summer. The vapor through south boundaries in summer is conclusive for precipitation over Tibet region.
  • Mansur Sabit
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 795-801. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0097
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    Hail is one of the main disasters in southern Xinjiang Region. Because of complicated terrain, exiguous vegetation and large temperature difference, it is easy to form strong updraft and hail. In this paper, data such as hail frequency, damaged farmland area, economic loss and death of livestock from 1949 to 2008 are collected to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of hail disasters, and gray relational disaster assessment model is used to assess the situation of hail disaster in counties of southern Xinjiang Region. The result shows that: 1) In the last 60 years, a clear increasing trend of hail frequency has been seen in southern Xinjiang Region, with a lower frequency from the 1950s to the mid-1980s. Since 1986, the frequency had increased significantly, with a maximum in 1991. The frequency began to reduce from 1996 and dropped to the bottom in 2003. 2)Temporally, hail occurs mainly from March to October, most frequent in June, with an annual average frequency up to 3.6, followed by 3.1 in May. In Bayingolin, Aksu, Kashgar, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefectures, hail mainly takes place from late spring to summer-type, in Hotan mainly in spring. Hail occurs mostly in the daytime and evening with duration of 1 to 20 minutes. 3) Spatially, hail happens more in northwest than in southeast, more on the leeward slopes than on the windward slopes of a mountain, more in basin than in open plains. Locally, Aksu, with the highest hail frequency, is categorized into serious hail disaster area; Kashgar and Bayingolin Prefectures belong to heavy hail disaster area; Hotan and Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefectures has the lowest hail frequency and belong to medium hail disaster area. 4)The damaged farmland area and economic losses increase with the growth of the gross industrial and agricultural production, with a growing rate faster than that the latter.It is suggested to increase hail investment and to establish hail controlling system to reduce hail disaster losses and to contain the serious hail disaster losses in industry and agriculture areas. The phenomenon that hail disaster losses increase with growth of national economy must be changed over.
  • PU Zong-chao, ZHANG Shan-qing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 802-812. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0098
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    Based on monthly climate data from 101 meteorological stations in Xinjiang Region from 1961 to 2010, the fundamental annual and seasonal spatial-temporal change characteristics of water deficit were analyzed by using the methods of linear regression, Mann-Kendall test and three-dimensional and quadratic trend surface simulation and inverse-distance square weighting residual error revising based on GIS. The main results are as follows: the water deficit has very obvious difference from place to place of Xinjiang Region. Generally, the annual and seasonal water deficits are more in south than in north, more in east than in west, and more in plain and basin (valley) than in mountain regions. In recent 50 years, the water deficit in winter, spring, summer, autumn and annual has significantly decreased with the rate of -3.146 mm?(10a)-1, -7.708 mm?(10a)-1, -14.650 mm?(10a)-1, -6.965 mm?(10a)-1 and -32.364 mm?(10a)-1, with significant abrupt decreasing from the late 1970s to the mid 1980 s. However, the seasonal and annual water deficit decrease ranges have distinct regional difference. In general, the decrease range is large in plains than that in mountain areas, that is, the amount of water deficit is larger in drier areas than that in more humid areas. It has important significance that water deficit decreasing will ease the contradiction between water supply and demand, reduce climate dryness, reduce farmland and natural vegetation water demand, and improve vulnerable ecological environment in Xinjiang Region.
  • YANG Jian, MA Yao-ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 813-820. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0099
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    The Nam Co Station, Qomolangma Station and Southeast Tibet Station are the three stations of Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Tibetan Plateau with different underlying surfaces. In this paper, the data from the three stations in 2007 is analyzed to get the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of soil temperature and moisture. It is found that the diurnal and annual variations of soil temperature are consistent with the solar radiation change. For deep soil, the diurnal temperature variation is small. Frozen depth and duration differ among the three underlying surface types, and so is the soil moisture. There is a certain depth with higher moisture for the three stations. Freezing and thawing always result in great soil moisture change.
  • LIU Chun-guang, Abudurashit Abuduwaili, LUI Shi-yin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 821-827. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0100
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    This paper presents a detailed description of ice thickness evolution under climate change by the three dimensional temperature coupled ice flow model through intensive investigation of the mechanism of ice flow which contains internal nonlinear creep and basal sliding. As most of previous works, shallow ice approximation was applied and ideal glacier was proposed. According to specific basal topography of different alpine glaciers, shape factor was introduced to ice deformation to make the model to give more accurate results to a real glacier. The critical limitations of the model and difficulties of it's applications are thoroughly discussed at the end of this paper.
  • WANG Sheng-xia, DING Yong-jian, YE Bai-sheng, LIAO Jie, XIE Zun-yi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 828-835. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0101
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    In this paper, Landsat TM remote images of 1990, 2000 and 2010 are taken as land use data in the Aksu River basin oasis, together with social economic data and measured data of air temperature and precipitation, to study the land use change in the Aksu River basin oasis from 1990 to 2010. It is found that from 1990 to 2010, cropland and construction-land had shifted in mainly, when the cropland expansion was the main of basin oasis expansion, with the contribution rate of 129.1% in the former stage was (1990 - 2000), and then increasing to 142.5% in the latter stage (2000 - 2010); grassland and water area had shifted out mainly, when the basin oasis shrinkage was due to grass land shrinkage mainly, with the contribution rate of -39.8% in the former stage, and then decreasing to -34.8% in the latter stage; and secondly the basin oasis shrinkage was due to water area shrinkage, with the contribution rate of -1% in the former stage, and then increasing to -9.3% in the latter stage; the contribution rates to the basin oasis expansion of floodplain, forest and wetland were 7.5%, 0.3%, 5.1% in the former stage, and -2.4%, -0.02% and -0.4% in the latter stage; Now the Aksu River basin oasis is expanding on the whole under the comprehensive effect of the above land use types. It is demonstrated that the land use change in the Aksu River basin oasis is mainly controlled by human activities, and the impact of climate change is basic and indirect.
  • CHEN Ren-rong, ZHOU Shang-zhe, DENG Ying-bin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 836-847. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0102
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    Moraine morphology is a mark of climate change. Previous field investigations have found that the moraine of last glacial has a uniform pattern. Ten glacial deposits in the Parlung Zangbo River basins, southeast Tibetan Plateau, were selected to study the deposit characteristics of the Last Glaciation, to reveal the climate change process reflected by the glaciation. It is found that a huge moraine ridge deposited by ancient glacier in MIS (marine isotope state) 2 of the last glacial, which can be mentioned as the main moraine ridge. The main moraine ridge indicates that it was formed under a longtime sustained and stable climate. There are at least two but smaller moraine ridges in external extension or in the bottom of the main moraine ridge, which indicate that climate of the ice age before MIS 2 was more severe but the duration was relatively short. These phenomena may reflect the climate in the ice age of MIS 4 and / or MIS 3. In the valley between the inside of the main moraine ridge and the modern glacier there are many moraine ridges usually, of which the scale is small as compared with the main moraine. Some of the moraine ridges may be recessional moraine, but the influence of Younger Dryas or Heinrich t events should be noteworthy. The moraine ridges of Neoglaciation and Little Ice Age can be identified near the terminus of modern glacier. With high-precision system dating, one can restore the curve of climate change by studying the shape, scope and scale characteristics of glacial deposits in southeastern Tibet, which is helpful to understand the relationship between global oxygen isotope curve and climate change.
  • ZHANG Jiu-tian, HE Xiao-jia, SHANGGUAN Dong-hui, ZHONG Fang-lei, LIU Shi-yin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 848-854. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0103
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    Arid Regions of Northwest China are most ecologically vulnerable regions and the core regions of national security and ecological security. The glaciers in the arid regions of Northwest China are called solid reservoirs. Melting water from glaciers is not only important water sources for the local development, but also the lifeblood of the local unique oasis economy. In the context of climate warming, the glaciers in arid regions of Northwest China ablate extremely and their number and size are decreasing. Intensive glacier ablation has seriously affected the pattern of regional water resources, the sustainable development of agriculture and the ecosystem stability, which challenge the existing water resources management system and disaster prevention measures. The development and management ideas should be changed, the capacity building of adaptation to the glacier retreat should be improved, and the technological research should be strengthened, in order to actively explore the adaptive countermeasures against the challenges of glacier retreat in Northwest China under global warming.
  • DENG Zheng-yong, ZHANG Qiang, WANG Run-yuan, GAO Wei-dong, XU Jin-fang, SUN Lan-dong, YAO Xiao-ying, LIU Ming-chun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 855-862. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0104
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    In this paper, the growth and development, growing region, weather disasters, biomass, yield and quality of ten commercial crops (white melon, cherry, grape, apple, peach, angelica, codonopsis, astragalus, licorice and medlar) are summarized, and the responses of these crops to climate change are revealed. It is preliminarily revealed that climate shifting to warm and dry will advance the bud period and turn green period of the crops, speed up their growing and developing and then shorten the whole growth period of fruit crops and extend the growth period of root crops. The plant will raise about 150 m more, the plantable area will extend to higher latitudes and the plant area spread quickly. At the same time, the climate yield of the crops in dry farming areas will decline. On the contrary, in the irrigated agriculture areas the climate yield will be affected less. For the chimonophilous and thermophilic crops the climate yield will increase. For the drought-enduring crops stable yield will be keep, otherwise, climate effect will be significant. It is good to improve the quality of fruits and crops, especially sugar content. Planting base or demonstration area should be set up. Realizing the depiction of industry series service should be speed up. The models of modern agriculture and adapting climate changing should be set up. The fine comprehensive agricultural natural resources division should be worked out. The plant structure should be adjusted by results of weather forecast, together with monitoring, assessing and controlling meteorological disaster.
  • LI Chuan-jin, REN Jia-wen, QIN Da-he, XIAO Cun-de, HOU Shu-gui, DING Ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 863-876. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0105
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    In this paper, the mechanisms of volcanic eruptions impacting climate in different time scales are summarized, the research history of the volcanic records in ice cores from different locations is reviewed, the modeling results of volcanic influences with different models are expounded, and finally the uncertainties in the interrelated researches are pointed out. The main results include the following aspects: volcanic activities can cause the climatic fluctuation through the volcanic matter (aerosols). The activity is significant in the timescale of year to decade. However, it is controversial for centurial and millennial time scale. Volcanic records in the ice cores can provide important information for understanding the climatic effects resulted from the volcanic activities in history. Using the volcanic records from ice cores, the climatic effects from the volcanic activities in different regional scale can be calculated from many models, giving important theoretical support for analyzing the principles of climatic effects from volcanic activities, and providing useful materials for studying the volcanic effects in the future. However, many problems and uncertainties still exist in the modeling results and correlative researches. Further attention is needed to pay in the future.
  • GUO Jian-wen, FU Wei-ping, LIU Feng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 877-883. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0106
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    GIS can support the frozen soil embankment stability research of Qinghai-Tibet Railway powerfully. On the base of Qinghai-Tibet Digital Embankment GIS Platform, which has been built already, a GIS-based visualization railway embankment stability model integration working environment is trying to develop for integration of professional frozen soil embankment models and GIS environment by the approach of Process Integration Pattern. The keys of the Model Integration Working Environment is to research the integrating technical methods, the patterns of model management as well as the pattern of model invoke. As the research result, an applicative prototype system, named Model and GIS Integrated Working Environment, has been established, of which the key functions include model working environment, spatial data support, visualization, as well as the spatial analysis support.
  • LUO Fei, ZHAO Shu-ping, MA Wei, JIAO Gui-de
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 884-890. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0107
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    Based on dynamic tri-axial tests at low temperature, dynamic strain amplitude of frozen soil was studied under vehicle vibration load, which was simplified as staged and cyclic sinusoidal load. The research results show that the equivalent dynamic strain amplitude can be used to describe the dynamic strain amplitude under each stage load when the vibration frequency is greater than or equal to 0.5 Hz for each stage load and is equal to 0.1 Hz for the initial five stage loads. The equivalent dynamic strain amplitude is very complicated with the increasing load when the vibration frequency is less than the critical vibration frequency, approximately equal to 7 Hz, and basically remains constant when the vibration frequency is greater than the critical vibration frequency. The equivalent dynamic strain amplitude decreases with increasing vibration frequency when the vibration frequency is greater than or equal to 0.5 Hz. Confining pressure has nearly no impact on the equivalence dynamic strain amplitude. The equivalent dynamic strain amplitude under -0.5 ℃ is slightly greater than that under -1 ℃ when the vibration frequency is less than or equal to 0.5 Hz. The value of the equivalent dynamic strain amplitude is approximately unanimous when the vibration frequency is greater than 0.5 Hz.
  • SHEN Ying, LIU Ji-min, ZHAO Shu-ping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 891-897. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0108
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    In this paper, the thermometric thermistor sensor SKLFSE-TS for single-point and multiple-point temperature monitoring is described in detail. One thermometric system including eight sensors was put into a borehole in 2003, and then taken out and re-calibrated in laboratory at August, 2010. The calibration device and calibration temperatures of the sensors in first calibration and re-calibration are completely the same. Then, the inverse calculation temperature can be obtained using the resistance values at 2010 and calibration coefficient at 2003 for each temperature sensor. A temperature drift between the first calibration and the re-calibration is found. The temperature drift values of all sensors are positive, with a maximum of 0.032 ℃, which is lower than the precision of the sensor, 0.05 ℃. Thus, the long-term stability of thermistor sensor SKLFSE-TS used in permafrost regions is qualified.
  • ZHANG Zhi-xian, ZHANG Qiang, TAO Ji-chun, SUN Yun, ZHAO Qing-yun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 898-905. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0109
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    In this paper, by using of meteorological and geological data of Zhouqu, the climate and geology characteristics of exceptional debris flow outburst in Zhouqu on 8 August, 2010 is analyzed. On the background of Zhouqu special geological features and geographical environment, the pre-drought and the sudden heavy rainfall resulted in the large geological disaster. Collapse, landslide, earthquake and human activity, especially the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May, 2008, have destroyed the Zhouqu geologic environment in a great extent and provided a lot of material for debris flow. In certain extent, the pre-drought would aggravate the disaster; and extreme precipitation, which has not been seen in the history record, is the direct factor of trigger the debris flow. By analyzing the Zhouqu climate data, it is found that rainfall intensity in July and August, particularly in the early August, has the highest frequency, to which should pay special attention. It is of great significance to strengthen the protection of geological environment, to research climate impact on debris flow and to determine the precipitation threshold, which is important for forecasting debris flow.
  • V.R. Alekseev, MA Wei, ZHAO Shu-ping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 906-911. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0110
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    Groundwater is an exceptionally important component of natural resources. It is groundwater that provides the cleanest and reliable source of water supply for human settlements, industries, agriculture, transport, and other object of the economic infrastructure. In cold regions of the globe, the distribution regularities of groundwater deposits, their regime and formation are most intimately linked to seasonal and perennial freezing of the upper part of the Earth's crust. The problem of interaction between groundwater and permafrost and the cryohydrogenesis of lithosphere have attracted attention of scientists and engineers. Many years of investigation in different regions across the globe, notably in Siberia and in the North-East of Russia, have provided fundamental insights into the influence of low temperatures upon the formation conditions, the distribution regime and the properties of water occurring beneath permafrost or in taliks among the frost layers. It is established that permafrost is a potent factor in the redistribution of water resources, a regulator of the runoff, storage of large reserves of ice, and the recorder of the climatic and hydrological events in the past. A new research field is developed in the array of Earth's sciences, namely cryohydrogeology, which deal with the most complex issues related to water management in the North for several decades. Unfortunately, some aspects of this research field haven't been elaborated sufficiently to date, which is a serious obstacle to the resolution of a great deal of practical problems.
  • LEI Yu, LONG Ai-hua, DENG Ming-jiang, LI Xiang-quan, ZHANG Yi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 912-919. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0111
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    The middle reaches of Irtysh River Basin are abundant in water resources and are a strategic economic zone in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Instrumental records indicate that the climate in the middle reaches has undergone significant change and the state of water resources has experienced a remarkable fluctuation over the past 84 years. Therefore, to analyze the climate change and its impact on water resources has a guiding significance on rational utilization of water resources in the study area. Based on the monthly mean temperatures and precipitations from seven meteorological stations in the middle reaches of the river from 1926 to 2009, the mean monthly evaporation and the utilizable precipitation (precipitation minus evaporation) of the river were computed by using Takahashi's equation. The climate change and the trend of water resources change, as well as the impact of climate change on the water resources, in the middle reach of the river from 1926 to 1999 were analyzed. The results show that: 1) Temperature in the river basin keeps at an average level equal to that in the 1930s, and was lower than the level from the early 1940s to the late 1970s, showing a negative anomaly. And it was continuously increasing from the late 1970s, showing a positive anomaly. Precipitation in the river basin non-linearly increased from the 1930s to the 1980s, reaching a top in the 1980s, and then decreased in the 1990s; finally it has rapidly increased after the 2000s. 2) The utilizable precipitation decreased from the early 1930s to the early 1950s and broke the mean value in the 1990s, and from the early 1950s to the early 1970s and the 1980s there were high precipitation periods, finally the precipitation has rapidly increased after the 2000s. 3) There is a positive correlation between the precipitation and the utilizable precipitation, based on which, a statistical assessment model for the impact of precipitation on the utilizable precipitation is established for the Irtysh River.
  • DANG Su-zhen, LIU Chang-ming, WANG Zhong-gen, WU Meng-ying
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 920-926. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0112
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    Spring snowmelt is the most important contribution to water resources of Heihe River in Northwest China. Timing of the Center of Mass for Flow (CT) was used as a proxy of timing of snowmelt runoff in this study, which was investigated in Yingluoxia and Zhamashike from 1959 to 2008, and in Qianlian (hydrological station) in the upper reaches of Heihe River from 1967 to 2008. The characteristics of the decadal variations of CT show that snowmelt runoff in Yingluoxia and Zhamashike has become ahead of time since the 1970s, and snowmelt runoff in Qianlian also has become earlier since 1980s. Pearson correlation coefficient between snowmelt runoff time (CT) in each station and local temperature index (TI) and precipitation index (PI) were calculated. It is found that the increase of air temperature from April to July or precipitation from October to April in the next year would result in the earlier snowmelt runoff time in Yingluoxia and Zhamashike. The temperature variation of Qianlian from April to July has greater influence on the snowmelt runoff time in Qianlian than precipitation variation in the cold season. Correlation between the timing of snowmelt runoff and the annual runoff in Yingluoxia demonstrates that timing advance of snowmelt runoff may lead to decreases in annual runoff and runoff of summer and autumn, but runoff would increase in spring and winter during the study period.
  • HE Bin, WANG Guo-ya, SU Hong-chao, SHEN Yong-ping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 927-933. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0113
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    The regions of Altay Mountains is located in the northern of Xinjiang, boundaries with Mongolia, Russian and Kazakhstan, and influenced by the westerly air, with abundant rainfall, especially during winter with thick and stable snow cover. The Altay Mountains regions are the headwaters of the Irtysh River and the Ulungur River, with more than 10 major tributaries from west to east. Under global climate change, the mountain region is warming obviously, extreme precipitation increasing, the extreme hydrological events also tend to intensities due to the water cycle accelerated. As the winter warming, earlier ablation snow covers in the spring, the date snowmelt floods occurred moving toward early and the peak discharge intensity; the strength extreme precipitation in summer resulted in the rainstorm flood increasing. The frequency of the snow disasters are increasing due to snow increasing in seasons of winter and spring, and the spring snowmelt floods hazards enhancing. The livestock production, the transporting operation safety and water supply of the Altay Region have been threatened by the natural disasters that caused by extreme hydrological events, so it is necessary to strengthen the security responding measures of the hydrology and water resources to climate change, improve water security, mitigate the harm of climate change.
  • YAO Xing-rong, DING Hong-wei, SHEN Yong-ping, LAN Yong-chao, ZHAO Yu-ping, CAO Xiao-hui, YIN Zheng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 934-941. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0114
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    In this article, the method of groundwater balance is used to quantitatively compare and analyze the changing trend of the groundwater resources in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, based on a typical year of observation and previous researches. The software Visual Modflow 3D for unsteady groundwater flow system is also used to forecast the changing trend of groundwater level and ecological environment in the lower reaches in the next twenty years (2008-2028), before and after the proposed water conservancy project completed. The results show groundwater level in a downward trend in general, approximating to a new dynamic equilibrium by degree. In the basin of Jinta-Dingxin, the maximum groundwater level decline, 0.51~0.87 m, is located in the waterfront along the river. However, owing to the supplementary of artificial agriculture oasis ecological, the environment will not change so much. In Egin basin, the maximum groundwater level decline area is located in Gurinai (1.0 m) and its periphery (0.5~1.0 m), where vegetation decline and fall, as well as population supersedure, can be seen; in most of the remaining areas, the groundwater level decline is between 0.0~0.50 m, where significant impact on ecology and environment has not been seen; groundwater level is rising in the north of Taolaisanda and Ejin Banner, where the water level rising by 0.10~0.87 m; in the east of Juyanhai Lake, the rising rate is more than 0.87 m, where vegetation growing is good, and the vegetation coverage is increasing and natural oases are forming around the lake.
  • ZHENG Xin-Jun, LI Song, WU Lin-Feng, LI Yan, QIN Hai-Bo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 942-949. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0115
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    In this study, yields of rime at twig and crown scales were observed at the southeastern edge of the Gurbantonggut Desert, China. Based on vegetation investigation, the rime yield at community scale was calculated, and then the relationship between rime yield and meteorological factors was analyzed. The result revealed that at twig scale, the rime yield of Haloxylon persicum is 1.5 times of that of H. ammodendron, but at the crown and community scales, the rime yields of the latter are 1.5 and 3.6 times of the former, respectively. These differences are resulted from the differences in twig diameter, growth location, shape of crown and relative population density between the two species. It is also revealed that the fog event results from stable snow cover, low wind speed, temperature vertical inversion and the high relative humidity. Among the daily meteorological parameters, daily maximum air temperature (Tmax) has the largest correlation coefficient (r=0.916, P=0.001) with the rime yield at community scale (Rime). Together with the minimum daily specific humidity (qmi), a binary linear regression equation was built, which could explain 98.50% of the total variation of rime. It is also found that the rime yield changes with Tmax sharply as Tmax higher than -11.48 ℃, and slowly as Tmax lower than -11.48 ℃. In a word, rime could offset the loss of snow due to sublimation, and is an important eco-hydrological process during winter snow-covered period in Gurbantonggut Desert.
  • ZHANG Xue-qin, SUN Rui, ZHU Li-ping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 950-958. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0116
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    Alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau are regarded as an important and sensitive indicator of global and regional climate change. As the basic prerequisite for researching lake variation and its response to climate change, the basic chemical parameters, hydrochemical type, mineralization change and its causes, and water quality evaluation are explored for the five major lakes (i.e., Yamzhog Yumco, Kongmu Co, Chen Co, Bajiu Co and Puma Yumco) in Yamzhog Yumco basin in South Tibetan Region. The results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the concentrations of certain chemical parameters (e.g., mineralization, major ions) are different remarkably among the five lakes. The water chemical properties of the five lakes, however, still have some similarities. With high alkalinity, the lake water in the basin contains low concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), fluoride, total phosphorus and total nitrogen, and trace amounts of selenium and other heavy metal ions. Secondly, the significant differences of hydrochemical types are also disclosed for the five lakes. The preponderant anion and cation of lake water in both of Yamzhog Yumco and Bajiu Co are SO42--Mg2+, and in Chen Co, Kongmu Co and Puma Yumco are SO42--Na+, HCO--3-Ca2+, HCO--3-Mg2+, respectively. Thirdly, there are disparate supply sources that cause obvious difference of mineral concentrations for the five lakes. The mineral concentration of Yamzhog Yumco, Bajiu Co and Chen Co supplied mainly by rainfall is much greater than that of Kongmu Co and Puma Yumco supplied by glacier and snow melt water. With global warming, the mineral concentration change of the lake water is influenced mainly by climate change in the sparsely populated alpine regions. Besides, the operation of Yamzhog Yumco Power Station has a negative impact on the lake water chemical property to some extent. At last, the water qualities of all the five lakes in the basin are evaluated to be unsatisfactory owing to high pH and low DO. In addition, it is the high mineralization that makes the lake water of Yamzhog Yumco, Chen Co and Bajiu Co neither drunk by local herdsmen and farmers residing nearby the alpine lakes, nor supplied for industrial and agricultural production. Lake water chemical parameter monitoring and water quality evaluation should be carried out continuously in the future, which will be beneficial to the investigation on water quality response to climate change in the alpine regions.
  • SUN Ya-xuan, LIU Ting, DAI Xue-ling, GAO Zhao-lan, LI Yu-yao, LI Ya-bo, ZHENG Qiu-sheng, AN Li-zhe
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 959-964. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0117
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    In this article, an alpine periglacial cruciferous plant named Chorispora bungeana is taken as study object, and the total flavonoids and antioxidant properties of water and ethanol extracts from Chorispora bungeana are analyzed and compared. It is revealed that water extract and ethanol extract are able to directly scavenge DPPH, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and inhibit peroxidation. The ethanol extract contains more total flavonoids and shows better antioxidant capacity as compared to water extract. The water extract and ethanol extract of Chorispora bungeana show significant antioxidant activities in vitro, while the higher content of total flavonoids is one of the main features to adapt the harsh alpine environment. The study result provides a scientific basis for revealing the resistance mechanisms of plants growing in extreme environments and for further developing and utilizing the resources.
  • ZHANG Gao-sen, ZHANG Wei, LIU Guang-xiu, AN Li-zhe, CHEN Tuo, LI Zhong-qin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 965-971. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0118
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    Glacier foreland, possessing a chronosequence of exposure, is an ideal area to study microbial community dynamics across space and time. Traditional microbial study in the foreland of the east branch of the Glacier No. 1 showed the number of culturable bacteria at 25 ℃ increasing from 5.5×104 CFUs·g-1 at the edge of glacier terminus to 3.3×106 CFUs·g-1 at the moraine of 1675. In contrast, there is no significant correlation between the number of culturable bacteria or total microorganisms and the chronosequence. There were two stages of major change in bacterial population: 1) at the beginning of exposure and 2) at the stage of distinctly increasing vegetation coverage. Consequently, these two stages reflected the change in environmental temperature and the enhancement in soil nutrient level. The results indicate that the change in environment drives the change in microbial community spatially and temporally.
  • ZHONG Fang-lei, YIN Xiao-juan, XU Zhong-min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 972-982. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0119
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    The behavior of people is affected by cultural values. Identifying different culture values and influence factors of people and discussing natural environment perception of residents with various cultural values are undoubtedly the basic issues of human factors in human-earth system. In this article, grid-group cultural theory of cultural anthropology and its wide application in different fields are reviewed. A social investigation with questionnaires was developed in Ganzhou District, the proportions of cultural patterns of 15 townships' resident preliminarily were assessed, the impacts of age, educational level, income and other factors on culture values were analyzed, and the characteristics of natural environment perception of residents with different cultural values in Ganzhou District were verified. The results show that with three types of evaluation criteria, the effective determined proportions of culture values for the residents in Ganzhou District were 30.94%, 30.39% and 54.70%, and the proportion of various cultural values from high to low were fatalist, hierarchical, individualist and egalitarian. Impacts of age and other individual characteristics on culture values are consistent with theoretical assumptions, so one can explain the initial formation of different cultural types of people. Natural environment perception and preference of people with different cultural values are in line with the hypothesis of grid-group culture theory, which validates the application and effectiveness of grid-group cultural theory in the arid inland basin of Northwest China. Finally, it is suggested that concerning different culture values of people is significant for making natural resource management policy.
  • SHANG Hai-yang, SU Fang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 983-989. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0120
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    Along with the deepened research of ecological compensation and widely carrying out ecological compensation, people's environmental consciousness is enhancing, and the environment degradation tendency in ecologically vulnerable areas is keeping down. The effect of implementation of ecological compensation on the environmental protection is obvious. However, it is still rarely discussed that how to improve farmers' livelihood level and how to improve the livelihood capital's utilization. In view of farmers' livelihood, assessing the farmer's livelihood capital and quantifying the effect of the ecological compensation on farmer households' livelihood capital, quantificat evaluation of the effect of ecological compensation on farmer households' livelihood capital is helpful to reveal and assess the effectiveness of the implementation of ecological compensation. For Zhangye Municipality, which is located in middle reaches of the Heihe River, the overall level of farmer's livelihood can be improved through enhancing human capital, material capital and financial capital levels. Most farmers would like policy and financial supports as the compensation, and a few farmers would like material support. The enhanced effect of technical and material compensation on material capital and the material compensation and policy compensation effect on social capital are significant. However, the effect on the whole livelihood capital does not obvious. Finally, the reasons causing the impact of various compensation patterns on livelihood capital are analyzed.
  • WANG Chang-jian, ZHANG Xiao-lei, DU Hong-ru, WANG Fei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 990-998. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0121
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    This is a case study in Kaidu River-Kongqi River basin of Xinjiang. Most of the data come from the 《Bulletin of Water Resources in Xinjiang Autonomous Region》 (2000 and 2008),《Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook》 (2001 and 2009), 《Xinjiang Municipality, County Building Statistical Yearbook》 (2000 and 2008), and a few data collected by the authors. The water resources carrying capacity evaluation index system was established by using the principle of entropy analysis, including quantitative analysis and empowered objective indicators. The index system in the water resources carrying capacity was used to determine the weight, and used to eliminate subjective factors. Then, the comprehensive score of the water resources carrying capacity in the study area was obtained. Comprehensive evaluation score of each county and Municipality indicates that water resources carrying capacity in the river basin presents not only a downward changing trend but also a significant spatial difference. Using factor analysis and multiple linear regression models, the power factor affecting the change in water resources carrying capacity is obtained. The unreasonable relationship between industrial structure and water use structure results in a strong braking effect. Slowing water-use efficiency improvement and reduction of investment in water conservancy facilities also affect further enhancing capacity level of water resources. In order to enhance the level of water resources capacity and realize sustainable development, some useful ideas are presented. The ideas include strengthening the construction of water sources and ecological protection zones, developing water-saving agriculture and efficient water irrigation techniques, and optimizing the industrial structure and water utilization structure. It is necessary to improve water use efficiency, to improve watershed management regulations and laws, to strengthen supervision and law enforcement, in order to build a unified management model, and to establish a scientific and strict management mechanism.
  • LIANG You-jia, XU Zhong-min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(4): 999-1006. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0122
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    Spatial-temporal distributions of both physical and socioeconomic phenomena can be approximated by functions depended on location in a multi-dimensional space, such as multivariate scalar, vector or tensor fields. Collection of population data is problematic, because of various shortcomings in data collection. For many applications, including ecology economics modeling and environmental health analyses, methods are therefore needed to model population distribution at local level. In this paper, night light satellite imagery, census data and LUCC provide an alternative means for determining spatial distribution of population. Light emission data from DMSP satellites were first resampled and modeled by using Kriging methods to provide a 500 m resolution light emissions map. Then they were matched to LUCC classes over the area. Regression methods were used to determine the relationships between census population and LUCC area and light emissions. Regression analysis demonstrates that the modeling is good, with R2 equal to 0.88 and SE equal to 400. The next step of the study is to enhance available land cover and light emissions data, which will improve the capability of the modeling in the future.