25 October 2012, Volume 34 Issue 5
    

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  • Advancement of Cold-Region Hydrology Studies over Last the Two Decades in China——In Memorial of Outstanding Cold-Region Hydrologist, Dr. YE Baisheng, for his Scientific Achievements and Innovative Contributions
    DING Yong-jian, LIU Shi-yin, LIU Feng-jing, YANG Da-qing, ZHANG Ting-jun, ZHAO Lin, SHEN Yong-ping, YANG Kun, ZHANG Shi-qiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1009-1022. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0124
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    Dr. YE Baisheng, an outstanding cold-region hydrologist, lost his life by a car accident in August 2012 during a field expedition on Tibetan Plateau. To remember his innovative contributions to advancement of cold region hydrology in China, we present in this report some of his original studies, mainly including his achievements in glacial hydrology, permafrost hydrology, and regional- and basin-scale hydrology, and climate change. In glacial hydrology studies, Dr. YE demonstrated that glacier coverage plays a critical role in regulating streamflow regime with a threshold value of 10% glacier coverage within a catchment. He found that runoff coefficients of variation (CV) become relatively independent on glacial coverage when the threshold value is greater than 10% within the catchment. Dr. YE developed a glacial dynamic model to simulate changes in alpine glaciers and their contributions to runoff in response to climate change. Using this dynamic model, Dr. YE found that as climate warms and glaciers retreat, glacier runoff trends firstly to increase and then decrease, with the runoff peak and timing depending not only on glacier sizes but also on the rate of air temperature rise. In permafrost hydrology studies, he and collaborators found a significant positive relationship between monthly mean maximum/minimum discharge ratio and basin permafrost coverage at high latitudes. Their results show that permafrost does not significantly affect streamflow regime in regions with permafrost coverage of <40%, while permafrost has a strongly impact on discharge regime for regions with permafrost coverage of >60%. Dr. YE and his collaborators found that the upper streams of the Lena River in Siberia, without much human impact, experience a runoff increase in winter, spring, and (particularly) summer seasons and a discharge decrease in autumn. This result suggested a hydrologic regime shift toward early snowmelt and higher summer streamflow probably due to regional climate warming and permafrost degradation in the southern Siberia. Dr. YE systematically corrected biases and mis-catchments in precipitation measurements over the past four to five decades for more than 700 precipitation gages/stations in China. Using the corrected precipitation data, he and collaborators found a statistically significant negative correlation of annual discharges between the Xinjiang Regions and the upper reaches of the Yellow River at the decadal scale. They further suggested that the discharge/precipitation variations in the upper reaches of the Yellow River are dominated by the East Asian summer monsoon, while their variations in Xinjiang are affected by both the west wind and East Asian summer monsoon. This finding highlighted the need to re-examine the causes of significant river flow decrease of the Yellow River. Dr. YE's scientific achievements and contributions have significantly improved our knowledge in the cold region hydrologic processes and enhanced our capability in predicting streamflow regime changes in response to climate change over the cold regions.
  • Variation of Snow Cover over Tibet Autonomous Region Based on Multi-Source Data
    BASANG, YANG Xiu-hai, LAZHEN, ZHENG Zhao-jun, KUANGDA, LABA
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1023-1030. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0125
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    A study is presented of variation of sow cover over Tibet Autonomous Region based on multi-resource data during 1980-2009. There are three different data are used in this paper. They are observed snow data of 34 weather stations in Tibet Region, the Northern Hemisphere monthly snow data of NOAA and MODIS eight-day snow cover productions. The results show that: 1) annual snow cover days and maximum snow depth in the region showed a decreasing trend during the 30 years. Especially since the beginning of this century, the decreasing trend has been very obvious. Seasonal snow cover days and the maximum snow depth were increasing in the autumn and decreasing in the other seasons. 2) NOAA data shows that: From 1980 to 2009, snow cover area in the region had decreased gradually, with different seasonal changing trends, slightly increasing in spring and fall, but slightly decreasing in winter and summer. 3) MODIS data shows that snow cover area in the region had been decreasing generally in the last 10 years, especially, since 2007. Snow cover area increased in autumn and decreases in winter and spring. The decreasing trend in spring was obvious than that in winter. According to the analysis on different elevation ranges, the snow cover area in all elevation ranges decreased generally, especially in the range of 4 000~5 000 m. Spatially, the snow cover area also had decreased for different parts of the region during the last 10 years, especially in the west part. The results which get from NOAA and MODIS are slightly different each other, since the spatial resolution, the length of time and the study area are different for NOAA data and MODIS data in this paper. NOAA data have the advantage in time length, but MODIS data is much better than NOAA data in resolution. Thus combining NOAA data with MODIS data to analyze will have more accurate result.
  • Variation of the Ningchan River Glacier No.3 in the Lenglongling Range, East Qilian Mountains
    LIU Yu-shuo, QIN Xiang, ZHANG Tong, ZHANG Ming-jie, DU Wen-tao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1031-1036. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0126
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    The Ningchan River Glacier No.3 was investigated in July, 2009. During the investigation, a control network was established around the glacier and the glacierized area, glacier terminal location and surface altitude were surveyed by using GPS-RTK. In addition, glacier depth was sounded by using EKKO GPR. Then it is possible to analyze the variation of the glacier since 1972, through comparing the topographic map, which was based on aerial photo, 1972, and published in 1973, two TM images in 1995, 2009, and GPS-RTK data in 2009. It is found that the glacier has been shrinking seriously in the past 37 years, the glacier terminal has retreated about 6%, the glacierized area has reduced about 13.1%, and the glacier volume has reduced about 35.3%. Thinning is the main of the glacier shrinkage. The glacier average depth reduced from 36.8 m in 1972 to 27.4 m in 2009. Meteorological data around the study area shows that climate warming in different degree has taken place in recent decades, which is the main reason of rapid glacier shrinkage.
  • Variations of Extreme Flood of the Rivers in Xinjiang Region and Some Typical Watersheds from Tianshan Mountains and Their Response to Climate Change in Recent 50 Years
    MAO Wei-yi, FAN Jing, SHEN Yong-ping, YANG Qing, GAO Qian-zhao, WANG Guo-ya, WANG Shun-de, WU Su-fen
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1037-1046. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0127
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    In this paper, the flood variations were analyzed for understanding the regional extreme flood by using the rate of annual extreme flood exceeding standard in Xinjiang Region. Extreme flood characteristics of the main rivers in the Tianshan Mountains were analyzed by using annual maximum peak flood records. Regional climate change was analyzed by using meteorological data from 14 stations in the Tianshan Mountainous in recent 50 years, and the reasons causing extreme flood variation of the main rivers in the Tianshan Mountainous were discussed. The results are as follows: 1) Influenced by climate warming, the extreme flood showed regional aggravating trend from 1957 to 2006 in the region, especially in the South Xinjiang Region. In the North Xinjiang Region, the extreme flood was also aggravated, but not so serious. Since the mid 1990s, the regional extreme flood has been in high level all over the region. 2) In recent 50 years, under the background of aggravating flood in the region, the annual maximum peak floods have increased remarkably in the Tuoshikan River and the Kumalak River, which originate from the southern slopes of the Tianshan Mountainous; In the Manasi River and the Urumqi River originating from the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountainous, the annual maximum peak floods have increased as well, but not so quick. 3) Since the 1990s (or the 1980s) all rivers mentioned above have showed a similar change: annual maximum peak discharge increasing obviously, the inter-annual change even more fierce and flood more frequent. 4) After annual maximum peak flood turning, the maximum flood peak concentration date has delayed 2~9 days than before in the Manasi River, the Tuoshikan River and the Urumqi River. However, in Kumalak River it has advanced 5 days. Annual maximum peak flood concentration has increased in 0.8 to 8.3 percent than before in the Manasi River, the Urumqi River and the Kumalak River, but it has reduced in 1.1 percent in the Tuoshikan River. 5) In the Tianshan Mountains, air temperature obviously had risen from 1961 to 2010, with a rising rate of 0.34 ℃5(10a)-1, especially after 1997; precipitation had also increased obviously, with a rising rate of 15.6 mm5(10a)-1. At the same time, the extreme precipitation intensity and frequency had also increased. In recent 50 years, changes in extreme floods of the main rivers have had a close relationship with regional warming and extreme precipitation events in the Tianshan Mountains.
  • Atmosphere Boundary Layer Characteristics and Their Responses to Wetness Change over Arid Regions and Loess Plateau in Northwest China
    LI Yan-ying, ZHANG Qiang, HU Xing-cai, WANG Rong-ji
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1047-1058. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0128
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    Utilizing the daily sounding data observed at 08: 00 and 20:00, precipitations and maximum temperatures of Minqin in arid region, Yuzhong and Pingliang in Loess Plateau in January, April, July and October during 2006-2009, the maximum atmospheric mixed layer depth (hereafter ML), inversion layer characteristics, vertical T-Td field and their impacts on the wetness are calculated and analyzed. It is found that the maximum ML depth has a positive correlation with the difference value between the maximum ground temperature and the maximum air temperature, with a correlation coefficient up to 0.92 in Minqin. The maximum ML depth is deepest in April, reaching 2 871 m in Minqin, 200~400 m higher than that in the two stations in Loess Plateau; the maximum ML depth in Pingliang is the thinnest, less than 1 000 m in January; However, the maximum ML depth in Yuzhong is 300~400 m higher than that in the other two stations when daily precipitation ≥5 mm. Humidity changes greatly in the arid regions before and after a heavy precipitation. When daily precipitation ≥5 mm, humidity rapidly increases from high level to low level over arid regions, but it is less increases over Loess Plateau, with an obvious increase in Yuzhong from middle level to low level. Arid regions in Northwest China are drier near surface, but humidity from high level to middle level obviously increases as precipitation going on. Wetness change has a positive correlation with maximum ML depth, inversion's frequencies and strength, wetness characteristics near surface. The deeper maximum ML depth, more and stronger inversion and drier near surface are, the worse the drought is.
  • Ice Thickness Observation and Landform Study of East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt. Qomolangma
    ZHANG Tong, XIAO Cun-de, QIN Xiang, HOU Dian-jiong, DING Ming-hu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1059-1066. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0129
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    Study of the glacial landform features is the basis for developing ice flow models. The ice thickness distribution along the main flow-line together with the glacial valley shape of the East Rongbuk Glacier is revealed by using the ice thickness data obtained by ground penetrating radar sounding in 2009 and a 1∶50 000 landform map (1974). We found that the average ice surface slope and ice thickness along the main flowline are around 0.08 and 190 m, respectively, and the maximum ice thickness is around 320 m (at 6 300 m a.s.l.). During the period of 1974-2009, average decrease of the ice thickness along the main flow-line was around 30 m. The debris-covered and clean ice areas are now still connected, indicating that the glacier is probably stagnant at present. The terminus is at 5 540 m a.s.l. or so. The glacial troughs of the East Rongbuk Glacier are closer to "V"- type rather than "U"-type, with an index b ranging from 0.7 to 1.3.
  • Variation Characteristics of the Gale Days during the Growth Season in Recent 50 Years and Its Impact on the Local Special Forest Fruits in the Tarim River Basin
    WANG Qiu-xiang, HU Yi-cheng, ZHOU Hao-nan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1067-1075. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0130
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    Gale is the main meteorological disaster to local special forest fruits in the Tarim River basin. A statistics of monthly gale days in crop growth season (Mar. to Oct.) from 1960 to 2011 was made for 44 meteorological stations. It is found that as the long-term change there is a significant decline trend of the gale days each month during the growth season in the basin, with a decline rate of 0.8~2.6 days per ten days, and a trend coefficient of -0.37 to -0.8, which passes the rank tests of 95%. The quadratic and cubic coefficients are positive, which reflects that the gale days in the growth season have a rebound trend recently. It is found by periodic analysis that there are a mid-oscillation of 11~15 a, a short-period oscillation of 5~8 a and a small perturbation of less than 5 a of the gale days in growth season in the basin. In regard to higher frequency scales of 20 a, it is found that after the mid-1980s there is a phase with less gale days. However, in regard to period of 15~16 a, an increase trend of gale days in growth season can be seen. In especial, the gale days account for 89% of the entire growth season (Mar. to Oct.) in the basin, especially in the late spring, summer and autumn (Apr. to Sep.), when the local special forest fruits grow flourishingly. Although the gale days per year in recent decades are half of the 1960s only, there are 7 days per year on average, still under the threat of gale. However, it is rising again. Therefore, the late spring, summer and autumn (Apr. to Sep.) are the critical periods to defense the gale in the basin. From the point of the spatial distribution view, the gale days are 1~2 days per year in east of the southern Xinjiang, where is the key point to defense the gale in growth season in the basin.
  • Trend Analysis of the Variation of Meteorological Drought in Loess Plateau of Gansu Province Based on Comprehensive Meteorological Drought Index
    ZHANG Tiao-feng, ZHANG Bo, LIU Xiu-li, LI Xiao-ya, ZHAO Yi-fei, JIN Sheng-li
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1076-1083. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0131
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    Drought, one of the most severe hazards resulting in significant economic loses in agriculture and industry, is a natural phenomenon caused by the imbalance between import and demand for moisture. In this paper, based on ArcGIS 9.3 and Fortran6.5 software platform, the observed meteorological data of 33 meteorological stations from 1962 to 2010 in Loess Plateau of Gansu Province of China were collected and a comprehensive meteorological drought index was used to analyze the spatial distributions of drought frequency and duration, the trends of drought intensity and frequency in the area. Based on the above analysis, the future trends of drought intensity are forecast by using the method of rescaled range analysis. The results show: 1) the highest drought intensity in the Loess Plateau of Gansu Province is located in Lanzhou-Jingyuan area and the northern part of Qingyang Municipality, with a large change range in Lintao and Tongwei Counties, Tianshui Municipality and the southeastern part of Qingyang Municipality. 2) Drought intensity has significantly increased since the 1990s. The increase covers the four seasons, but in spring and autumn it is more obvious. In the last 10 years, summer drought has been most serious, but has not passed the significance test of 0.01 yet. 3) Since the 1960s, the frequency of extreme drought has increased significantly. 4) The Hurst indices of the drought intensity are all larger than 0.5 for all seasons. The fractal dimensions, meanwhile, are all less than 1.5. These indicate that drought intensity would keep the trend same as that in the past. This study provides a basis for developing appropriate measures to reduce the loss due to droughts in Loess Plateau of Gansu Province.
  • Influence of Blowing Snow on Snow Mass and Energy Exchanges in the Qilian Mountainous
    LI Hong-yi, WANG Jian, HAO Xiao-hua
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1084-1090. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0132
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    Blowing snow is an important part of snow hydrologic processes in mountainous regions. However, the research of it is rare in the Qilian Mountainous, where blowing snow is frequent. Using the observation data in 2008 snow season in Binggou watershed in the Qilian Mountainous, the energy and mass processes of blowing snow are studied in detail by both field observation and model simulation. The results include the analysis of snow observation, the occurrence probability of blowing snow, blowing snow transport and blowing snow sublimation. The results indicate that blowing snow is obvious in high altitude region (4 146 m a.s.l.), and the snow redistribution phenomenon is remarkable. In Yakou Station of the mountains, blowing snow occurs frequently in midwinter and early spring, when there is no melting, and the blowing snow transport is dominated; when snowmelt begins, the occurrence probability of blowing snow decreases rapidly, because of the increasing air temperature, snow melting and refreezing. The blowing snow sublimation accounts for 41.5% of total sublimation in Yakou Station.
  • Distribution and Variation of Spring Snow Cover in Laohugou Watershed of the Qilian Mountains
    YANG Jun-hua, QIN Xiang, WU Jin-kui, DU Wen-tao, SUN Wei-jun, ZHANG Ming-jie, ZHANG Xue-yan, CHEN JI-zhu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1091-1098. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0133
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    In order to understand the physical process of snow cover and its feedback to climate system, it is necessary to study the properties of snow cover. In this paper, the distribution and variation of snow cover in spring in Laohugou watershed of the Qilian Mountains was investigated. The snow cover properties, i.e., snow depth, snow density, snow liquid water content, snow reflectance, snow surface albedo, snow grain size and temperature, were measured using some advanced instruments during the observation. In addition, snow cover profile was measured in snow pits. Snow cover depth measurement found that the spatial distribution of snow cover depth is quite various. The snow cover in shaded area is deeper than that on other slopes. The measured snow spectral reflectance shows a distinct dependence on snow grain size, snow type, snow depth, snow density, snow liquid water content and surface roughness. Snow surface albedo was measured by automatic weather station. When snow depth reaches a certain value, the snow cover always has heat preservation effect. There was a temperature profile with a temperature inversion layer depending on snow cover depth and surface temperature. Within a day, new snow density variation is consistent with water content variation.
  • Simulating the Water-Heat Processes in Permafrost Regions in the Tibetan Plateau Based on CoupModel
    ZHANG Wei, WANG Gen-xu, ZHOU Jian, LIU Guang-sheng, WANG Yi-bo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1099-1109. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0134
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    In recent years, ecological environment is deteriorating in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau, which dramatically affects the water and heat processes between the earth and atmosphere. In addition, it is a key and hot research field in cold regions how to structure more effective land surface process mode. In Fenghuoshan basin of the plateau, the water and heat processes were simulated by using a land surface model CoupModel, on the basis of observed data sets from 2005 to 2008. The simulation reveals that the model is able to simulate soil temperatures well and capture all soil layer temperature fluctuation trends and all the Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient values between observed and simulated soil temperatures are over 0.90. The mean error values display that the model overestimates the temperatures at 20~55 cm depths and underestimates the temperatures at 65~120 cm depths. The minimum root mean square error value is at 55 cm depth, where temperature fluctuation is less than that at the surface layers. Meanwhile, the model has the capacity of simulating soil water content in shallow layers (0~40 cm), where Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient value is between observed and simulated soil water content, above 0.80. However, simulated soil water content is not very good below 40 cm depth, perhaps due to sharp slope. The model can also simulate preferably the freeze-thaw processes within the active layer. The simulation of the soil water content bellow 40 cm depth has a little deviation, and so does the simulation of extreme values of temperature and water content. What's more, as an effective parameter estimation method, Bayesian parameter estimation method has the ability to evaluate model parameters. In this research, parameters include those of meteorology, soil freezing, soil thermal transport, frozen soil and hydraulics. Thus, the simulation will be greatly improved. The Bayesian algorithm can be utilized to complete parameter estimation.
  • Permafrost Features around a Representative Thermokarst Lake in Beiluhe on the Tibetan Plateau
    LUO Jing, NIU Fu-jun, LIN Zhan-ju, LU Jia-hao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1110-1117. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0135
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    A large number of thermokarst lakes are widespread in the Tibetan Plateau and greatly influence the permafrost around these lakes. In this paper, a thermokarst lake in Beiluhe is taken as an example and ground penetrating radar (GPR) sounding was performed to study the permafrost around the Lake. It is found that the permafrost table in the severe lakeshore-collapsed area is deeper than that in slight collapsed area and stable area. Under the influence of thermokarst lake, the depth of the permafrost table around the lake is also varying with the distance to the lakeshore, somewhat deeper near the lakeshore. Moreover, the content of underground ice in the severe lakeshore-collapsed area is more than that in other areas. In addition, the analysis of the ground temperature in the borehole near the lakeshore indicates that the ground temperature of the lakeshore is also increasing and the ground temperature near the lakeshore is higher than that far from the lakeshore.
  • Algorithms for Cloud Removal in MODIS Daily Snow Products
    HUANG Xiao-dong, HAO Xiao-hua, WANG Wei, FENG Qi-sheng, LIANG Tiangang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1118-1126. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0136
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    Because of the similar reflective characteristics of snow and cloud, the weather status can affect the snow monitoring by using optical remote sensing seriously. Cloud amount analysis during 2010-2011 snow season shows that the cloud cover is the major limitation to monitoring the snow cover using MOD10A1 and MYD10A1. By the use of MODIS daily snow products and AMSR-E Snow Water Equivalent products, several cloud elimination methods were integrated to produce MODIS daily cloudless snow products. To validate the accuracy of the new composited snow product, the information of snow depths from 85 climate stations in the study area was used. The snow classification accuracy of the new daily snow products reaches 91.7% when snow depth larger than 3 cm, which can be used for monitoring snow cover dynamic change in the Tibetan Plateau.
  • New Advance in Study of Alpine Glaciations
    ZHOU Shang-zhe
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1127-1133. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0137
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    The Alps is the birthplace of glaciology and Quaternary glaciology. Because of the work of Penck and Br點kner a century ago, Quaternary glaciology was made fashionable in the world and the Alps became a model region for studying mountain glaciations. During the past one hundred years, Europe researchers made a lot of progresses on the studies of glaciations in this mountain. In this paper, the achievements are introduced in order to benefit the studies in the Tibetan Plateau. According to the new evidences of glaciofluvial deposits discovered in valleys and forelands of the Alps, the researchers have developed the mode of four Pleistocene glaciations into seven glaciations, namely, finding another two glaciations Biber and Donua earlier than G黱z and one glaciation, the Haslach between G黱z and Mindel. The earliest one Donua was thought to have occurred between Pliocene and Pleistocene possibly. But the chronological data for the ages of the early glaciations before Riss are still in lack. Recent years, Riss and W黵m glaciations have been supported by large numbers of cosmogenic exposure datings. Especially, cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating have been carried out for different moraine boulders in many valleys and a series of climatic change events are revealed, which are comparable with other records of North Europe during post-glacial age. The study advance on the Alps is significance for promoting the research on glaciations in the Tibetan Plateau.
  • Studies on the Rule and Mechanism of the Succession of Plant Community in the Retreat Forefield of the Tianshan Mountain Glacier No.1 at the Headwaters of Ür黰qi River
    LIU Guang-xiu, LI Shi-weng, WU Xiu-kun, ZHANG Bing-lin, ZHANG Bao-gui, LONG Hao-zhi, TAI Xi-sheng, LI Zhong-qin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1134-1141. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0138
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    The succession of plant community in the retreat forefield of the Tianshan Mountain Glacier No.1 was investigated by the method of the distance substitute for ages. The results showed that there are 50 species belong to 15 families that grow in this region and the main families are Compositae, Gramineae, Caryophyllaceae, and Cyperaceae. The succession of plant community can be divided into four stages that shows the rule of the species appearance following Compositae→Caryophyllaceae→Gramineae→Cyperaceae. The species number, species rechness, species individual number, diversity index and vegetation coverage show a significant positive correlation with the succession chronosequence. The distribution expansions of the plant species in this region are drived by seed dispersal which can spread with the wind force. Therefore, the pioneer plants are those species that possess a lot of small seeds which is able to easily spread with wind force, and possess a dwarf plant type and a strong stress resistance. The development level of the soil in this region is the key factor that limit the succession of plant community.
  • A Quantitative Study on the Plant Population Phenology of Alpine Meadow in the Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    CHEN Sheng-yun, LIU Wen-jie, SUN Zhi-zhong, ZHAO Lin, LIU Yong-zhi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1142-1148. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0139
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    Based on the datasets of phenological observation in two growing seasons of 2009 and 2010 for 14 representative plant populations of alpine meadow in the Beiluhe permafrost regions of the hinterland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a quantitative analysis of phenological characteristics was carried out, and phenological types and main environmental factors that influenced different phenological periods were divided. The results showed that 1) phenological indices of vegetative period and productive period were 32.70 and 24.39, respectively, which were larger than those of other phenological periods. Lasting days of the entire growing period were relatively short (about 155 d). 2) The 14 plant species were divided into three types and six groups. 3) During vegetative period and growing period, precipitation was the most related environmental factor to phenological change, sunshine duration was the second and temperature was the third. However, the main environmental factors that influenced other phenological periods were listed as below: sunshine duration, precipitation and temperature, respectively.
  • Main Greenhouse Gases Emissions during Plant Growing Season in Permafrost Region of the Upper Reaches of Shule River, Qilianshan
    LIU Wen-jie, CHEN Sheng-yun, ZHAO Qian, LI Xiuping, REN Jia-wen, QIN Da-he
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1149-1156. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0140
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    Research on emissions of greenhouse gases from permafrost region has been of importance and concerns recently in the study of global climatic and environmental change. Alpine meadow plot of permafrost zone in the upper reaches of Shule River in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was selected as study area, and emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 were measured using method of static chamber-gas chromatograph techniques during plant growing season (from June to October of 2011). Combined with environmental factors (included soil temperature, soil moisture, soil salinity, air temperature and relative humidity), the emission characteristics of three greenhouse gases and their main influence factors were investigated. The results showed that diurnal flux rates ranged from 7.58 to 418.60 mg5m-2·h-1 for CO2, from -0.20 to 0.14 mg·m-2·h-1 for CH4, from -27.22 to 39.98 μg·m-2·h-1 for N2O. Soil temperature, soil moisture and soil salinity was positively correlated with CO2 and CH4 emission rates on a diurnal scale, respectively, whereas there were not significant correlations between these environmental factors and N2O emission rates. Based on mean diurnal flux rates, CO2 and N2O emissions occurred in surface soil during the whole observation periods, whereas CH4 emission in plant returning green stage and vigorously growing stage and absorption in plant scorching stage with diurnal soil freeze-thawing were observed. There were three diurnal freezing-thawing cycles in surface soil (0~10 cm) from 12:00 30th September to 14:40 6th October in 2011. The effect of diurnal freeze-thawing cycle on the CO2 and N2O emissions were obvious, and their emissions rate increased from 60.73 mg·m-2·h-1 and 9.91 μg·m-2·h-1 before freeze-thawing to 122.33 mg·m-2·h-1 and 11.70 μg·m-2·h-1 in the initial stage of freeze-thawing, respectively. Results indicate that with growing seasons, the daily variation patterns of emission/uptake of greenhouse gases differ greatly. Soil temperature, soil moisture, soil salinity are important influence factors for CO2 and CH4 emissions. Freeze-thawing cycle, directly influenced soil moisture and contents of active substances, facilitated emission rates of CO2 and N2O in initial period of diurnal freeze-thawing on October.
  • Carbon Sequestration Potential of Vegetation and Soil of Degenerative Alpine Meadows in Southern Qinghai Province
    LI Yin-nian, XU Shi-xiao, ZHAO Liang, ZHANG Fa-wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1157-1164. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0141
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    Alpine meadow in the south and north of Qinghai Province are similar in terms of vegetation, soil and climate. Moreover, the vegetation, as well as soil carbon density, has a perfect comparability between the south and north of the province. It is found that in the south alpine meadow vegetation degenerates seriously, and carbon densities in vegetation and soil show a gradual decrease with aggravating degradation. Carbon densities in vegetation of mild, moderate, severe and extreme severe degeneration are 921.281 gC穖-2, 809.998 gC穖-2, 237.974 kgC穖-2, 75.972 gC穖-2, respectively, and 0~40-cm soil carbon densities of them are 16.760 kgC穖-2, 16.145 kgC穖-2, 14.360 kgC穖-2, 12.945 kgC穖-2, respectively. In the north of the province, the meadow vegetation and soil carbon densities without degradation are 1 149.327 gC穖-2 and 20.305 kgC穖-2, respectively. In the south of the province, the carbon densities of alpine meadows vegetation of the mild, moderate, severe and extreme severe degeneration are 228.046 gC穖2, 339.329 gC穖-2, 911.354 gC穖-2 and 1 073.355 gC穖-2, respectively, more than that in the north of the province, and the 0~40-cm soil carbon densities of them are 3.545 kgC穖-2, 4.160 kgC穖-2, 5.946 kgC穖-2 and 7.359 kgC穖-2, respectively, more than that in the north of the province, which show that the southern alpine meadows vegetation has more potential for carbon sequestration. In the un-degraded grassland in the south, 0~20-cm soil carbon densities of the alpine meadow of the mild, moderate, severe and extreme severe degeneration can reach 1.694 kgC穖-2, 2.087 kgC穖-2, 3.537 kgC穖-2 and 4.282 kgC穖-2, respectively, which show a high carbon sink potential.
  • Monitoring the Tower Foundations in the Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet DC Transmission Line from Qinghai Province to Tibetan Autonomous Region
    YU Qi-hao, WEN Zhi, DING Yan-sheng, WANG Guo-shang, LI Guo-yu, ZHANG Jian-ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1165-1172. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0142
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    Following the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the Qinghai-Tibet DC Transmission Line Interconnection Project is major permafrost engineering, and it is also a new type of engineering structure in permafrost regions. In this paper, the differences between the Qinghai-Tibet DC Transmission Interconnection Project and other permafrost engineering were analyzed. Then, the establishment of the monitoring system around the tower foundation, the observation elements and preliminary observational results were discussed. Analyzing the observation in 2011 found that the monitoring system is able to recognize accurately the various characteristics of the tower foundations in permafrost regions, as well as the main factors that control the stability and the variation tendency of tower foundations. The preliminary results revealed that the base of the monitoring tower foundations froze within the year, the tower foundation was stationary overall. However, near several tower foundations the ground temperature and the depth of the permafrost table were increasing, and the settlement and deformation showed a rising trend. In view of the project having completed just about 1 year, the stability of the tower foundation under change yet, it is necessary to monitor the load effecting on the tower foundation more time. Further more, the freezing-thawing and hydrothermal processes of the backfill, together with the deformation of the tower foundation, needs to analyze and research combining with the monitoring data and the simulation calculation.
  • Experimental Study of the Influence of Freeze and Thaw Cycle on Shear Strength of Concrete Slope Protection
    WANG En-liang, LI Jin-ling
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1173-1178. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0143
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    The indoor model of hinged concrete block, geotextile and clay slope structure was taken to study the interfacial shear strength with different soil moisture and different freeze-thaw cycles. The cohesion and internal friction angle values were measured with soil moisture between 15.7% and 28% at room temperature, and after 10 freeze and thaw cycles with soil moisture at 18% as well as with saturated water content. Finally, their relationships are obtained through multiple regression analysis. It is found that: 1) soil moisture has apparent effect on shear strength of slope protection structure, and the cohesion and internal friction angle decreases with soil moisture in the inclined plane friction test. There is a linear relation between the soil moisture and the internal friction angle. However, a power relation is found between the moisture content and the cohesion. 2) In the freeze and thaw process, soil water migration leads to an increase of interfacial water in concrete slope protection, with a decrease of interfacial shear strength. The shear strength of the concrete block revetment interface reduces with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. With regard to the unsaturated clay, the decreasing extent is relatively large at the fifth freeze-thaw cycle, while after 10 freeze-thaw cycles it is small and verges to a stationary state. However, for the saturated clay, the decreasing extent of the shear strength is not obvious with increase of the cycles.
  • Observation and Analysis of the Temperature Field of Host Well Tube Frozen by Stages
    ZONG Xiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1179-1183. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0144
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    Broken freezing tubes caused by frost-heave stress are often found in freezing construction of thick overburden. In order to reduce the internal heave stress produced in the forming process of deep shaft' freezing wall, the research adopts such a construction plan, in which the addendum circle assistance hole freezing lags behind the host circle hole freezing, which can prevent the freezing tube from break effectively. Finite element method for the freezing process was applied to simulate the transient state temperature fields of a coal mine in Huainan, of which the host well tube was frozen by stages. The simulated results are extremely close to the observed ones. To freeze by stages is able to decrease water aggregation within the frozen wall and reduce frost-heave stress, and then a relative uniform temperature field is formed. Under the same freezing condition to freeze by stages may cause frozen wall's effective thickness about 15% thicker. System analysis of the numerical simulation may provide a scientific basis for design and construction of a deep-well's frozen wall.
  • Ground Multi-Baseline Digital Photogrammetry for Surveying the Heigou Glacier No.8 in the Mt. Bogda, Tianshan Mountains
    ZHANG Ying-song, LIU Shi-yin, SHANGGUAN Dong-hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1184-1189. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0145
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    Ground photogrammetry is a traditional and important glacier surveying method. Because of satellite remote sensing technology arising, glacier ground photogrammetry was immersed in trough for a time. However, with the increase in demand of high precision topographic data and the digital photogrammetry technology evolving, ground photogrammetry again becomes an effective means of glacier surveying. In August 2008, a ground multi-baseline photogramdmetry test was carried out on the terminus of Heigou Glacier No.8 in the south slopes of the Mt. Bogda, eastern Tianshan Mountains. Using dozens of images obtained from four camera stations and the corresponding ground control information, by the assistant of Lensphoto digital photogrammetric system and non-metric digital camera, a DEM was constructed with an area of 0.11 km2 and 1 m?1 m resolution. RTK-GPS measurements were used to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetry DEM; The DEM shows an average error of 1.92 m and a standard deviation of 3.47 m. The precision is sufficient for most glaciological studies; it's a beneficial try to make a high resolution digital elevation model within a limited area in China.
  • The Roots-Reinforcing Strength of Herbs and Chemical Element Contents in the Tuotuohe River Earth-Borrowed Area along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
    HU Xia-song, CHEN Gui-chen, ZHOU Guo-ying, XU Wen-hua, LI Guo-rong, ZHU Hai-li, LI Tian-cai, YU Qin-qin, QIAO Na
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1190-1199. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0146
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    The Tuotuohe earth-borrowed area along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, where there are various dominant vegetation species, was taken as a testing area. In the area in situ pull-out test, single root tensile and shear tests were carried out to study the roots-reinforcing capability of six herbs with growth period of five years. The testing results show that the roots pull-out resistance is 187.34~57.89 N, single root tensile resistance is 4.44~2.99 N and single root shear resistance is 4.33~3.85 N. The chemical elements of the six herbs (Al, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Sr, Mn, Na, P, Li, Cr, Ni, Co and Cu) within both stems and leaves upon surface and beneath surface were determined, of which 15 chemical elements and their contents were analyzed individually. There are eight chemical elements (Al, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Sr, Zn and Mn) within stems and leaves and roots being proven to be dominant, among them the contents of Al, Ca, Mg, and K are obviously rich. Besides, the contents of Ca, Fe, Zn, Sr, Ni and Cu within underground roots are more than those within stems and leaves upon surface. The experiment of pull-out resistance on the six herbs with growth period of five years under slope protection found that roots-reinforcing strength ranks as follows: Kengyilia thoroldiana>Leymus secalinus>Poa crymophila>Elymus nutans>Puccinellia distans>Puccinella tenuiflora. According to the above sequence, of the fifteen elements, the principal ones are Al, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Sr. From the above mentioned, it is clear that a close relationship exists between the roots-reinforcing strength and the containing of chemical composition within roots.
  • An Analysis of the Impact of Linear Engineering Construction on Groundwater Flow Field
    ZHANG Yang, LI Sheng-tao, JIN Xiao-lin, QIU Geng-biao, LI Jian, WANG Hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1200-1205. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0147
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    For the purpose of reducing highway slope, the connection line to Tuanjie Bridge must be excavated. As a result, the original continuous aquifer, which is by the largest excavated section of the blind drainage ditch in the front of second terrace edge, is almost cut off. This leads to a decline of the groundwater drainage datum plane, a change of .groundwater flow field, and a depression or dry-up in some resident wells. Roadbed excavation and drainage is the primary cause for the variation of aquifer structure, depression of groundwater level, reducing of water quantity and local unwatering.
  • Tracer Tests of Englacial and Subglacial Drainage System Evolution and a Case Study at the Hailuogou Glacier
    LIU Qiao, LIU Shi-yin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1206-1219. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0148
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    Dye tracer test was widely used in study of englacial and subglacial drainage system. Tracer test provides information about hydraulic conditions of a drainage system if the tracer transport is identical to the flow of individual water particle. In this study, formation and seasonal evolution of subglacial drainage system in the lower ablation area of Hailuogou Glacier were revealed by repeated dye tracer tests during the 2009 ablation season. Between 10 April and 28 October in 2009, 18 dye tracer tests were carried out in the lower ablation area of Hailuogou Glacier. Using a simple advection-dispersion model, the transit velocity, the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient and the degree of tracer spreading were deduced. Transit velocity varies from 0.148 to 0.555 m5s-1, which is typical of those found at other glaciers. Derived dispersivity shows a relatively high value than thoset found in other glaciers ranging from 27.05 to 287.49 m25s-1. Seasonal changes of those indexes indicate that hydraulic efficiency of the subglacial drainage system in the lower ablation area of the glacier experiences low-high-low during the ablation period. Based on the well relationships between calculated channel cross-section area (A) and air temperature, precipitation and discharge, a simple regression model is obtained to deduce continuous seasonal change of A. The results show that A, which is also the index of the size of subglacial channel, is larger in middle summer than that in the earlier and later ablation seasons.
  • A Simulation Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on Runoff in the Manas River
    WANG Xiao-jie, LIU Hai-long, BAO An-ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1220-1228. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0149
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    Climate change has significant influence on the hydrologic cycle. Snowmelt runoff is the main of water resources in the arid regions. So, there is great significance to study the influence of climate change on snowmelt runoff. The upper stream of the Manasi River, a typical inland river basin, was selected as the study area in this paper. The studied climate change scenarios were determined based on the changing trend of climate in the study area and global climate modeling (GCM). The runoff has been simulated under 20 climate changing scenarios (random assortment of ΔT=1 ℃, 2 ℃, 3 ℃, 4 ℃ and ΔP=0, ±10%, ±20%) using SRM model, which based on semi-distributed physical structure. The runoff change rate and the effect of temperature and precipitation on runoff were analyzed according to the simulation. The results show that the annual mean air temperature and annual precipitation had increased during the period from 1971 to 2007. The runoff in the Manasi River would increase with the temperature and rainfall. The snow melting-time would be ahead of time. If temperature raises 1 ℃, the runoff would increase by 13%~16%; if the rainfall increases by 10%, the runoff would increase by 2%. This indicates that temperature and rainfall play important role to the surface runoff of inland rivers. The study is helpful for regional water resources planning under the condition of climate change.
  • Analyses of River Geology and Flood Leakage Loss in the Piedmont Area of the Ür黰qi River
    XU Jing-dong, GONG Jian-xin, WEN Jun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1229-1235. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0150
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    In this paper, the leakage loss and output of Urabo Station during flooding of the Ür黰qi River are estimated based on observed floods and meteorological data and river geology investigation. Process of flood and dynamics of flood waves are also investigated. Amount of Ür黰qi River flood peak attenuation increases with flood levels, but the relative attenuation of peak flood decreases with increasing flood amount. This flood peak attenuation loss is connected with the geological structure of the piedmont belt of the river and the distribution of alluvial sand and gravel layers. When successive flood takes place in the next few days, the relative attenuation will gradually decline as later increasing in the moisture content of the underlying layers. Correlation analysis shows that power relationship can be employed to forecast river flood peak at Urabo Station. The results can be used to predict the downstream floods and provide good basis for flood control in the downstream hydraulic engineerings and cities.
  • Predictive Analysis of Annual Runoff under Design Scenarios in an Arid River, Northwest China
    DONG Wen, CUI Bao-shan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1236-1240. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0151
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    The impacts of human activity and climate change on watershed hydrology and water resources, and its resulting in social, economic and ecological effects, had caused the serious water resources shortage and ecological crisis in the Jinghe River Basin, Xinjiang. To this end, the implementation of the inter-basin water transfer is necessary measures to protect the eco-environment of the Ebinur Lake Basin, and the upstream tributaries are the only shortcut river of the interbasin water transfer in the Jinghe River. According to the calculated annual runoff series in the previous studies, we designed and predicted annual runoff situation in the short-term and long-term goals scenarios of the watershed planning by means of the hydrological frequency analysis based on the demonstrated watershed present situation (Cv=0.12, Cs/Cv=2.00). Results indicated the water delivery quantity in the basin is 8.62?108 m3 for short-term goal and 14.39?108 m3 for long-term goal in order to make the guarantee rate p=75%, which showed that the interbasin water transfer may meet the actual demand water and solve the water resources shortage, seasonal water scarcity and the conflicts between ecological and economic water requirement.
  • A Review of River Course Leakage in the Ejina Delta in the Lower Reaches of Heihe River
    XI Hai-yang, FENG Qi, SI Jian-Hua, CHANG Zong-qiang, SU Yong-hong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1241-1247. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0152
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    River channel leakage is one of the major ways in arid regions, through which river course water transforms into groundwater. River leakage coefficient is an important parameter to describe the transformation between river water and groundwater, and the key to establish the groundwater model. In this article, the current situation and trend of the river leakage research at home and abroad are reviewed, including research methods, spatial-temporal dynamic changes, characteristics, mechanisms and simulation studies and so on. At the same time, the actuality and questions of river leakage research are discussed, as well as the shortages in studying the Ejina delta in the lower reaches of Heihe River. Based on the situation of Ejina Delta, it is recommended that to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamic process of river leakage, to carry on typical leakage experimentation and isotope tracer monitoring, together with continuous hydrological observation, simultaneously to determine the parameters of river leakage and groundwater movement, to develop simulation model of river leakage and then to forecast the river leakage process under different conditions. These would provide new thought for quantitative research of river leakage recharging groundwater, furnish important scientific basis for working out scientific and rational planning of water resources utilization and for maintaining stability and sustainable development of the oasis.
  • Water Resources Management Decision Support System: Review and Prospect
    GE Ying-chun, LI Xin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1248-1256. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0153
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    In this paper, development process of water resources management decision support system (WRMDSS) is introduced, which includes three phases: model simulation, model simulation + DSS (Decision Support System), scenario analysis + integrated modeling environment + DSS tool. The features of each phase are described in detail. The first phase focused on applying the physical models related with water to decision-making processes of water resources management. With the development of DSS technique, it was the main characteristics of the second phase that the framework of WRMDSS was gradually improved by using the more the better the physical models and the later the techniques including the GIS (Geographical Information System), RS (Remote Sensing), ES (Expert System), et al. In the final phase, the researches on WRMDSS aim to enhance the WRMDSS functions by taking into account flexibility, maneuverability and practicability of DSS by means of integrating the Modeling Environment. The reasons that block the development of WRMDSS also analyzed in this paper, and how to develop the successful WRMDSS is brought forward. Finally, the concepts on integrating multi-source observation system, modeling environment and on-line negotiation environment are proposed.
  • Study on Post-Disaster Reconstruction Policy Based on Ecological Footprint and Major Function Regionalization-A Case Study in Dongxiang Landslide Hazard Area, 2010
    DENG Xiao-hong, ZHONG Fang-lei, LIU Yu-qing, SONG Xiao-yu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1257-1264. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0154
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    Human over-exploitation and over-use of natural resources can result in disasters. The disastrous consequences due to over-use of resources can be assessed through ecological footprint. In addition, proper policy of post-disaster recommendation must be provided by using major function regionalization. Because of a landslide hazard took place in Dongxiang County in 2011, it is necessary to calculate and analyze the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of the county in 2010 based on the concept and calculation method of ecological footprint indicator for reconstruction of the landslide hazard area. Moreover, according to the altitude and gradient indicators, the county is divided into regions of various major functions. The calculating results of ecological footprint indicator show that grassland per capita ecological footprint is 0.94 hm2, ecological carrying capacity (bio-capacity) is 0.022 hm2, with a deficit of 0.92 hm2, and the whole county per capita ecological deficit is 0.97 hm2. The results show that the consumer demand in the county has already exceeded the regional bio-capacity, and the regional natural ecosystem is under a great pressure of human activities. Owing to low level of import and export trade, Dongxiang people have to compensate the lack of ecological carrying capacity mainly through consumption of natural capital stock. Besides, the county is divided into agricultural development regions (838.24 km2), ecological recovery regions (701.98 km2) and second and third industrial regions (105.57 km2). Finally, policy is recommended for sustainable development according to the actual situations.
  • Evaluation of Land Ecological Security in Hunan Province Based on DPSIR-TOPSIS Model
    XU Mei, ZHU Xiang, LI Jing-zhi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2012, 34(5): 1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2012.0155
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    To research the evaluation of land ecological security in Hunan Province and to grasp its ecological security development trend are greatly helpful for promoting "two-oriented society" construction work and maintaining regional ecological security in Hunan. In this paper, based on the DPSIR model, 34 indicators from the five aspects (driving force, pressure, state, impact and response) were selected to build land ecological security assessment index system of Hunan Province, then entropy weight method and improved TOPSIS method were used to evaluate the land ecological security situation of the province from 2001 to 2010. The results showed that: (1) The overall security situation of land ecological security in the province was going up from 2001 to 2010. D+ was going down gradually. D- generally showed an increasing trend. The close degree increased from 0.3408 in 2001 to 0.5825 in 2010, and the situation of land ecological security rose from insecure state to less secure state. However, the security situation of land ecological security in the province was still not optimistic, the improvement level of land ecological security from 2001 to 2010 was limited, land ecological status had not been fundamentally improved, which was still in a less secure state, and still had a wide gap to the secure state. (2) For the security situation of each subsystem, the driving force system, the impact system, the response system of land ecological security all showed a gradual upward trend and the state system was also fluctuated and gradually increased, but the pressure system's security status was on a declining trend. In the driving force system, its D+ was becoming smaller and its trend was becoming to a more and more positive ideal solution, while its D- showed an generally increasing trend and deviated from the negative ideal solution gradually, that is to say, land ecological security situation of the driving force system had improved, its close degree increased from 0.1679 in 2001 to 0.7792 in 2010, its land ecological security situation also rose from the insecure state to the relative secure state. In the pressure system, D+ was increasing, D- was decreasing, and the pressure of land ecological security was more and more serious, which changed from the secure state in 2001 to the insecure state in 2010. In the state system, its close degree showed an upward trend from 2001 to 2010, it was in the state of insecure before 2006, and its security situation has improved since 2006, which was fluctuating among the less secure state, the criticality secure state and the insecure state, but on the whole, under the influence of the pressure system, the security level improving speed of state system was slow and should be improved. In the impact system, D+ was decreasing year by year and tended to a secure state, D- was increasing and deviated from the insecure state step by step, land ecological security situation of impact system was getting better in general, which changed from the insecure state (0.1972 in 2001, 0.1867 in 2002) to the relative secure state (0.7981 in 2009, 0.7732 in 2010). In the response system, D+ was decreasing year by year and D- was increasing, safety situation of response system was improved significantly, from the insecure state in 2001 to the secure state in 2010.
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