25 October 2007, Volume 29 Issue 5

    

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  Response of Alpine Cold Ecosystem Biomass to Climate Changes in Permafrost Regions of the Tibetan Plateau

  WANG Gen-xu, HU Hong-chang, WANG Yi-bo, CHEN Lin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 671-679. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0097

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  Alpine cold ecosystem in permafrost environment is quite sensitive to climatic change.A few research results shown that air temperature in the Tibetan Plateau will rise 2.2~2.6 ℃ in the future 50 years.Using the field ecosystem biomass data of alpine cold meadow and alpine cold steppe in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers,and the spatial models of precipitation,air temperature and ground temperature,a model was developed to analyze the impacts of climate changes on the alpine ecosystems biomass based on the statistics methods. The research results showed that the climate changes have different influence on the biomass of different alpine ecosystem.Supposed air temperature increases 0.44 ℃ and precipitation does not change in the recent 10 years,the alpine cold meadow biomass and steppe biomass will decrease by 2.7% and 2.4%,respectively,and if precipitation increase 8 mm/10a at the same time,the biomasses of the two typical grasslands will almost the same as present statue.Supposed air temperature increases 2.2 ℃·(10a)^-1 in the future,the biomass of alpine cold meadow ecosystem will decrease at the average of 6.8%,if precipitation dose not change.However,the biomass of alpine cold steppe will appear a certain increase(about 5.2%) and alpine cold meadow biomass will keep approximately the same as at present when precipitation increases 12 mm·(10a)^-1 at the same time.The response of alpine cold steppe biomass is significantly weaker than the alpine cold meadow biomass to air temperature change,but greater to precipitation changes.It is vitally important to definitely recognize the response characteristics of alpine cold ecosystems to climate changes and dynamic tendency of the ecosystem biomass for maintaining the stability of alpine cold ecosystems in the plateau,and is useful to research the carbon and water cycles of alpine cold ecosystems in the plateau.
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  Response of Alpine Cold Ecosystem Biomass to Climate Changes in Permafrost Regions of the Tibetan Plateau

  WANG Gen-xu, HU Hong-chang, WANG Yi-bo, CHEN Lin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 671-679. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0098

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  Alpine cold ecosystem in permafrost environment is quite sensitive to climatic change.A few research results shown that air temperature in the Tibetan Plateau will rise 2.2~2.6 ℃ in the future 50 years.Using the field ecosystem biomass data of alpine cold meadow and alpine cold steppe in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers,and the spatial models of precipitation,air temperature and ground temperature,a model was developed to analyze the impacts of climate changes on the alpine ecosystems biomass based on the statistics methods. The research results showed that the climate changes have different influence on the biomass of different alpine ecosystem.Supposed air temperature increases 0.44 ℃ and precipitation does not change in the recent 10 years,the alpine cold meadow biomass and steppe biomass will decrease by 2.7% and 2.4%,respectively,and if precipitation increase 8 mm/10a at the same time,the biomasses of the two typical grasslands will almost the same as present statue.Supposed air temperature increases 2.2 ℃·(10a)^-1 in the future,the biomass of alpine cold meadow ecosystem will decrease at the average of 6.8%,if precipitation dose not change.However,the biomass of alpine cold steppe will appear a certain increase(about 5.2%) and alpine cold meadow biomass will keep approximately the same as at present when precipitation increases 12 mm·(10a)^-1 at the same time.The response of alpine cold steppe biomass is significantly weaker than the alpine cold meadow biomass to air temperature change,but greater to precipitation changes.It is vitally important to definitely recognize the response characteristics of alpine cold ecosystems to climate changes and dynamic tendency of the ecosystem biomass for maintaining the stability of alpine cold ecosystems in the plateau,and is useful to research the carbon and water cycles of alpine cold ecosystems in the plateau.
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  Records of Precipitation in the Muztag Ata Ice Core and Its Climate Significance to Glacier Water Resources

  DUAN Ke-qin, YAO Tan-dong, WANG Ning-lian, TIAN Li-de, XU Bai-qin, WU Guan-jian

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 680-684. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0100

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  During the summer 2003,a 41-m firn and ice core was extracted at the elevation of 7 010 m above sea level to determine annual accumulation rates at Muztag Ata Peak in the East Pamirs.Using strong seasonally variation of oxygen isotopic of the core to define annual layers,a 45-year record is obtained.Annual snow accumulation over the period is about 0.62 m water equivalent on average.The snow accumulation was higher during 1958-1975 than during 1976-2003.The accumulation decreased by a factor of two to three between 1958 and 2003.The reconstruction of mass balance in Muztag Ata glacier by using snow accumulation and temperature show a dramatically increasing wastage tendency in the past 20 years.The mean mass balance in Muztag Ata glacier was -123 mm·a^-1 during the period of 1960-2003,while it reached to -419 mm·a^-1 in the period of 1990-2003.Both the decreasing in snow accumulation at the high mountain and the increasing temperature are responsible for the wastage of glacier in Muztag Ata region.The increment of glacier wastage can enhance runoff of the Tarim River fed by glacier melting water in a short period.However,in the condition of global warming the glacier without enough supplements will shrink quickly.For a long period,most of the snow and ice will be gone and the Tarim River runoff will be reduced without glacier melting water fed.
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  Records of Precipitation in the Muztag Ata Ice Core and Its Climate Significance to Glacier Water Resources

  DUAN Ke-qin, YAO Tan-dong, WANG Ning-lian, TIAN Li-de, XU Bai-qin, WU Guan-jian

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 680-684. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0099

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  During the summer 2003,a 41-m firn and ice core was extracted at the elevation of 7 010 m above sea level to determine annual accumulation rates at Muztag Ata Peak in the East Pamirs.Using strong seasonally variation of oxygen isotopic of the core to define annual layers,a 45-year record is obtained.Annual snow accumulation over the period is about 0.62 m water equivalent on average.The snow accumulation was higher during 1958-1975 than during 1976-2003.The accumulation decreased by a factor of two to three between 1958 and 2003.The reconstruction of mass balance in Muztag Ata glacier by using snow accumulation and temperature show a dramatically increasing wastage tendency in the past 20 years.The mean mass balance in Muztag Ata glacier was -123 mm·a^-1 during the period of 1960-2003,while it reached to -419 mm·a^-1 in the period of 1990-2003.Both the decreasing in snow accumulation at the high mountain and the increasing temperature are responsible for the wastage of glacier in Muztag Ata region.The increment of glacier wastage can enhance runoff of the Tarim River fed by glacier melting water in a short period.However,in the condition of global warming the glacier without enough supplements will shrink quickly.For a long period,most of the snow and ice will be gone and the Tarim River runoff will be reduced without glacier melting water fed.
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  Snow-Ice Records on Mt. Geladaindong in the Central Tibetan Plateau

  ZHANG Yu-lan, KANG Shi-chang, ZHANG Qiang-gong, CONG Zhi-yuan, ZHANG Yong-jun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 685-693. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0101

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  In October and November,2005,three snowpits were dug at the elevation of 5 591 m,5 750 m and 5 823 m on Mt.Geladaindong in the central Tibetan Plateau.Glaciochemical records recovered from the three snowpits show distinct seasonality of snow chemistry.In general,δ¹⁸O is lower in summer while higher in winter,due to "amount effect" like that in the Mt.Qomolangma and Xixabangma in the southern Tibetan Plateau.Of the major ions(Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,NH₄⁺),the concentrations in winter are higher than those in summer,especially Ca²⁺,which has the most pronounced seasonal differences: Ca²⁺ concentration in non-monsoon snow is about 10 times higher than in monsoon snow.However,seasonal variations of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- concentrations are not very evident.The major ions,except NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-,display strong positive correlations among each other.Summer δ¹⁸O values indicate that Mt.Geladaindong is influenced by summer Indian monsoon.However,the influence is much milder than that in the Himalayas,due to the region located on the edge of monsoon effect.On the other hand,Geladaindong is also controlled by arid climate,representing crustal species transported by atmospheric circulation from local/regional sources in the north/west of Tibetan Plateau.
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  Snow-Ice Records on Mt. Geladaindong in the Central Tibetan Plateau

  ZHANG Yu-lan, KANG Shi-chang, ZHANG Qiang-gong, CONG Zhi-yuan, ZHANG Yong-jun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 685-693. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0102

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  In October and November,2005,three snowpits were dug at the elevation of 5 591 m,5 750 m and 5 823 m on Mt.Geladaindong in the central Tibetan Plateau.Glaciochemical records recovered from the three snowpits show distinct seasonality of snow chemistry.In general,δ¹⁸O is lower in summer while higher in winter,due to "amount effect" like that in the Mt.Qomolangma and Xixabangma in the southern Tibetan Plateau.Of the major ions(Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,NH₄⁺),the concentrations in winter are higher than those in summer,especially Ca²⁺,which has the most pronounced seasonal differences: Ca²⁺ concentration in non-monsoon snow is about 10 times higher than in monsoon snow.However,seasonal variations of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- concentrations are not very evident.The major ions,except NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-,display strong positive correlations among each other.Summer δ¹⁸O values indicate that Mt.Geladaindong is influenced by summer Indian monsoon.However,the influence is much milder than that in the Himalayas,due to the region located on the edge of monsoon effect.On the other hand,Geladaindong is also controlled by arid climate,representing crustal species transported by atmospheric circulation from local/regional sources in the north/west of Tibetan Plateau.
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  A High-Resolution Ice Core Record from Mount Qomolangma since 1844 AD

  GENG Zhi-xin, HOU Shu-gui, ZHANG Dong-qi, KANG Shi-chang, SUN Xi-mei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 694-703. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0103

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  The seasonal and annual variations of δ¹⁸O values and concentrations of major ions(Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Na⁺,K⁺,NH₄⁺,SO₄^2-,NO₃^- and Cl^-) of an 80.36 m ice core recovered from the East Rongbuk Glacier are studied in order to understand the characteristics of atmospheric environment in the Mount Qomolangma region.Results of the correlation analyses and factor analysis show that the δ¹⁸O values are positively correlated with Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,NH₄⁺,SO₄^2- and NO₃^- concentrations,but are not relevant to Na⁺,K⁺ and Cl^-concentrations.The variation tendencies of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentration,of which the main source is dust in the atmosphere, are represented by Factor 1.High concentrations of dust species are mainly due to the import of spring dust storms from Thar Desert in Southwest Asia.The variation tendencies of sea salt ion concentrations are indicated by Factor 2.The concentrations of the sea salt ions are correlated with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall.Thus it is possible to recover the history of the Indian summer monsoon by using sea salt ions.The high concentrations of SO₄^2-,NO₃^- from the 1970s to the 1990s were caused by the development of agriculture and industry of Indian.It is believed that the unique sharp increase of ammonium concentrations during the second half of the 20th century was due to the change in the regional agriculture activities.
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  A High-Resolution Ice Core Record from Mount Qomolangma since 1844 AD

  GENG Zhi-xin, HOU Shu-gui, ZHANG Dong-qi, KANG Shi-chang, SUN Xi-mei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 694-703. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0104

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  The seasonal and annual variations of δ¹⁸O values and concentrations of major ions(Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Na⁺,K⁺,NH₄⁺,SO₄^2-,NO₃^- and Cl^-) of an 80.36 m ice core recovered from the East Rongbuk Glacier are studied in order to understand the characteristics of atmospheric environment in the Mount Qomolangma region.Results of the correlation analyses and factor analysis show that the δ¹⁸O values are positively correlated with Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,NH₄⁺,SO₄^2- and NO₃^- concentrations,but are not relevant to Na⁺,K⁺ and Cl^-concentrations.The variation tendencies of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentration,of which the main source is dust in the atmosphere, are represented by Factor 1.High concentrations of dust species are mainly due to the import of spring dust storms from Thar Desert in Southwest Asia.The variation tendencies of sea salt ion concentrations are indicated by Factor 2.The concentrations of the sea salt ions are correlated with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall.Thus it is possible to recover the history of the Indian summer monsoon by using sea salt ions.The high concentrations of SO₄^2-,NO₃^- from the 1970s to the 1990s were caused by the development of agriculture and industry of Indian.It is believed that the unique sharp increase of ammonium concentrations during the second half of the 20th century was due to the change in the regional agriculture activities.
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  Chemical Characteristics of the Surface Snow on Glacier No.1 at the Ür黰qi River Head:Organic Acids and Inorganic Anions

  DING Wen-ci, LI Xin-qing, LI Zhong-qin, WANG Fei-teng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 704-709. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0105

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  Surface snow links the atmosphere and the ice core in geochemical compositions,thus,it is a benchmark for identifying post depositional changes of the geochemical constituent in the ice forming processes.For monitoring the variations of chemical composition in the transforms from snow to ice,snow samples collected during March 2004 to March 2005 field campaign from the accumulation zone of the Glacier No.1 at the rümqi River head,Tianshan Mountains,China,were analyzed for low molecular weight organic acids and inorganic anions.The organic acids in the snow include HCOO^-,CH₃COO^-,C₂H₅COO^- and (COO)₂^2-,while the inorganic anions are F^-,Cl^-,NO₂^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2- and PO₄^3-.Most of the organic acids,except for(COO)₂^2- and high-concentration inorganic anions as Cl^-,NO₃^- and SO₄^2-,demonstrate seasonal variations from April to September,which are caused primarily by strong local atmospheric circulations and the prevailing westerly in the seasons,with much even concentrations in the winter.All the anions change considerably from the late spring to early autumn,and reveal both the lowest and highest concentrations in a year.On the other hand,(COO)₂^2- and low-concentration inorganic anions as F^-,NO₂^- and PO₄^3- show high variations in the whole year.Analyzed results indicate that the majority of high concentration anions can be preserved in the surface snow for a long time(at least half a year) without change in their concentrations if the weather condition remains relatively stable.
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  Chemical Characteristics of the Surface Snow on Glacier No.1 at the Ürüqi River Head:Organic Acids and Inorganic Anions

  DING Wen-ci, LI Xin-qing, LI Zhong-qin, WANG Fei-teng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 704-709. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0106

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  Surface snow links the atmosphere and the ice core in geochemical compositions,thus,it is a benchmark for identifying post depositional changes of the geochemical constituent in the ice forming processes.For monitoring the variations of chemical composition in the transforms from snow to ice,snow samples collected during March 2004 to March 2005 field campaign from the accumulation zone of the Glacier No.1 at the rümqi River head,Tianshan Mountains,China,were analyzed for low molecular weight organic acids and inorganic anions.The organic acids in the snow include HCOO^-,CH₃COO^-,C₂H₅COO^- and (COO)₂^2-,while the inorganic anions are F^-,Cl^-,NO₂^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2- and PO₄^3-.Most of the organic acids,except for(COO)₂^2- and high-concentration inorganic anions as Cl^-,NO₃^- and SO₄^2-,demonstrate seasonal variations from April to September,which are caused primarily by strong local atmospheric circulations and the prevailing westerly in the seasons,with much even concentrations in the winter.All the anions change considerably from the late spring to early autumn,and reveal both the lowest and highest concentrations in a year.On the other hand,(COO)₂^2- and low-concentration inorganic anions as F^-,NO₂^- and PO₄^3- show high variations in the whole year.Analyzed results indicate that the majority of high concentration anions can be preserved in the surface snow for a long time(at least half a year) without change in their concentrations if the weather condition remains relatively stable.
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  A Preliminary Study of the Stratigraphy Profiles,pH and Electrical Conductivity in Snowpits on the Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier in Hami and the Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,Tianshan Mountains

  LI Xiang-ying, DING Yong-jian, LIU Shi-yin, LI Zhong-qin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 710-716. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0108

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  Stratigraphy profiles,pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits on the Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier in Hami and Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,Tianshan Mountains,were studied.It was found that the percolation-freezing process dominates on the Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier with strong ablation,the time for snow transforming to ice is about one year,ice formation zones are composed of ablation zone and superimposed-ice zone,and the vertical height of superimposed-ice zone is about 60 m or more.The warm ice formation process dominates on the Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,ice formation zones are composed of ablation zone,superimposed-ice zone and percolation zone,and the vertical height of superimposed-ice zone is less than 70 m.Furthermore,higher values of pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits usually occur around ice layers and dust layers,which can be attributed to higher concentration of soluble ions on ice layers,because of the block of ice and the relationship between the elution process of soluble ions and the transfer process of dust.The correlation between pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits on Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier in Hami is different from that of pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits on Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,based on the limited data of snowpits in this paper.It is necessary to study in the future.
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  A Preliminary Study of the Stratigraphy Profiles,pH and Electrical Conductivity in Snowpits on the Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier in Hami and the Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,Tianshan Mountains

  LI Xiang-ying, DING Yong-jian, LIU Shi-yin, LI Zhong-qin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 710-716. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0107

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  Stratigraphy profiles,pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits on the Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier in Hami and Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,Tianshan Mountains,were studied.It was found that the percolation-freezing process dominates on the Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier with strong ablation,the time for snow transforming to ice is about one year,ice formation zones are composed of ablation zone and superimposed-ice zone,and the vertical height of superimposed-ice zone is about 60 m or more.The warm ice formation process dominates on the Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,ice formation zones are composed of ablation zone,superimposed-ice zone and percolation zone,and the vertical height of superimposed-ice zone is less than 70 m.Furthermore,higher values of pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits usually occur around ice layers and dust layers,which can be attributed to higher concentration of soluble ions on ice layers,because of the block of ice and the relationship between the elution process of soluble ions and the transfer process of dust.The correlation between pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits on Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier in Hami is different from that of pH and electrical conductivity in snowpits on Glacier No.51 at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,based on the limited data of snowpits in this paper.It is necessary to study in the future.
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  The Correlation between CO₂ Flux and Temperature of the Alpine Shrub Meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

  XU Shi-xiao, ZHAO Liang, LI Ying-nian, ZHAO Xin-quan, GU Song

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 717-721. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0109

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  Based on the continuous CO₂ flux observation with eddy covariance method conducted in the alpine shrub on the Tibetan Plateau from 1 January to 31 December in 2003 and 2004,the relationship between CO₂ flux and temperature is analyzed.The following results are obtained: 1) during the warm season,net ecosystem CO₂ exchange(NEE) is significantly correlated to the temperature in night(21:00~06:00),but there is no significant correlation in daytime(07:00~20:00);2) as for cold season,NEE has significant correlation with temperature both in daytime and night.Temperature increasing ratio in winter is higher than that in spring or summer over the Tibetan Plateau under the background of global warming.Consequently,owing to the future warming of climate,CO₂ efflux over the ecosystem will speed up,and then,the carbon converge capability of alpine shrub meadow on the Tibetan Plateau will be weaken.
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  The Correlation between CO₂ Flux and Temperature of the Alpine Shrub Meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

  XU Shi-xiao, ZHAO Liang, LI Ying-nian, ZHAO Xin-quan, GU Song

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 717-721. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0110

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  Based on the continuous CO₂ flux observation with eddy covariance method conducted in the alpine shrub on the Tibetan Plateau from 1 January to 31 December in 2003 and 2004,the relationship between CO₂ flux and temperature is analyzed.The following results are obtained: 1) during the warm season,net ecosystem CO₂ exchange(NEE) is significantly correlated to the temperature in night(21:00~06:00),but there is no significant correlation in daytime(07:00~20:00);2) as for cold season,NEE has significant correlation with temperature both in daytime and night.Temperature increasing ratio in winter is higher than that in spring or summer over the Tibetan Plateau under the background of global warming.Consequently,owing to the future warming of climate,CO₂ efflux over the ecosystem will speed up,and then,the carbon converge capability of alpine shrub meadow on the Tibetan Plateau will be weaken.
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  Accuracy Analysis for MODIS Snow Products of MOD10A1 and MOD10A2 in Northern Xinjiang Area

  HUANG Xiao-dong, ZHANG Xue-tong, LI Xia, LIANG Tian-gang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 722-729. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0111

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  By the use of NASA EOS Terra/MODIS snow products of MOD10A1 and MOD10A2 and climatic data,the snow classification accuracy was analyzed using Geographic Information System(GIS) techniques for 90 temporal daily snow composite products of MOD10A1 and 11 temporal eight-day composite products of MOD10A2 from December 1, 2004 to February 28,2005.Results showed that: 1) When snow depth is less than 3 cm,the precision of snow identified by MOD10A1 is very low,only 7.5%;as snow depth is between 4 cm to 6 cm,MOD10A1 snow identification accuracy reaches to 29.3%;and the precision is 45.6% when snow depth is between 15 to 20 cm;The mean accuracy is 31.5% when the snow depth is great than 20 cm;2) the precision of snow identification for MOD10A1 products is severely affected by climatic situation.Under sunshine weather conditions,the snow identification accuracy of MOD10A1 reaches to 50.6%;but the average of snow identification rate was only 18% when it is cloudy or overcast;3) The condition of underlying surface is another factor affecting the MOD10A1 classification results,such as,under clear sky conditions,the precision of snow identified by MOD10A1 is 68% for grasslands with sparse trees and shrubs;in desert,the snow identification rate is 64.4%,and only 40% for agricultural land and 4) It can better eliminate the influence of amount of clouds and improve the snow classification precision for MOD10A2 products,as a result,the mean precision of snow identification is 87.5%,which can reflect better the ground snow distribution and plays an important role in snow disaster monitoring in pastoral areas.
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  Accuracy Analysis for MODIS Snow Products of MOD10A1 and MOD10A2 in Northern Xinjiang Area

  HUANG Xiao-dong, ZHANG Xue-tong, LI Xia, LIANG Tian-gang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 722-729. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0112

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  By the use of NASA EOS Terra/MODIS snow products of MOD10A1 and MOD10A2 and climatic data,the snow classification accuracy was analyzed using Geographic Information System(GIS) techniques for 90 temporal daily snow composite products of MOD10A1 and 11 temporal eight-day composite products of MOD10A2 from December 1, 2004 to February 28,2005.Results showed that: 1) When snow depth is less than 3 cm,the precision of snow identified by MOD10A1 is very low,only 7.5%;as snow depth is between 4 cm to 6 cm,MOD10A1 snow identification accuracy reaches to 29.3%;and the precision is 45.6% when snow depth is between 15 to 20 cm;The mean accuracy is 31.5% when the snow depth is great than 20 cm;2) the precision of snow identification for MOD10A1 products is severely affected by climatic situation.Under sunshine weather conditions,the snow identification accuracy of MOD10A1 reaches to 50.6%;but the average of snow identification rate was only 18% when it is cloudy or overcast;3) The condition of underlying surface is another factor affecting the MOD10A1 classification results,such as,under clear sky conditions,the precision of snow identified by MOD10A1 is 68% for grasslands with sparse trees and shrubs;in desert,the snow identification rate is 64.4%,and only 40% for agricultural land and 4) It can better eliminate the influence of amount of clouds and improve the snow classification precision for MOD10A2 products,as a result,the mean precision of snow identification is 87.5%,which can reflect better the ground snow distribution and plays an important role in snow disaster monitoring in pastoral areas.
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  Progress in Studies on Mass Balance of Glaciers,Svalbard,Arctic

  XU Ming-xing, YAN Ming, KANG Jian-cheng, REN Jia-wen

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 730-737. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0114

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  The history of mass balance observations and studies of glaciers in Svalbard has been reviewed in this paper.Their characteristics since the 1950s are summarized as follows: 1) There is no obvious long-term tendency in annual net balance,winter accumulation and summer ablation.The annual net balance is generally negative,resulting in continuous shrinkage of glacier volumes.2) The inter-annual variation of winter accumulation is comparatively stable,while the summer ablation shows a larger inter-annual oscillation.There is no indication of increasing melting during the observation period.3) The area/altitude distribution results in the diversity of mass balance of glaciers.The glaciers with smaller area(<10 km²) and lower altitude(<500 m) retreat steadily,however, the glacier with larger area and higher elevation is kept in zero net balance or a slightly positive net balance.4) There is a good inverse relationship between net mass balance and equilibrium line altitude(ELA).No obvious change of mean mass balance gradient has been found,which means that glacial sensitivity of mass balance to ELA(or climatic) change keeps stable in Svalbard.5) Glacier mass balance in Svalbard has close relationship with positive degree-days in July,August and September-October,as well as winter precipitation.At last,in this paper,it is suggested to further strengthen the research of internal accumulation processes for polythermal glaciers in Svalbard and to study comparatively the mass balance between Svalbard archipelago and Tianshan Mountains,in order to understand the characteristics of mass balance of Svalbard glaciers accurately.
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  Progress in Studies on Mass Balance of Glaciers,Svalbard,Arctic

  XU Ming-xing, YAN Ming, KANG Jian-cheng, REN Jia-wen

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 730-737. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0113

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  The history of mass balance observations and studies of glaciers in Svalbard has been reviewed in this paper.Their characteristics since the 1950s are summarized as follows: 1) There is no obvious long-term tendency in annual net balance,winter accumulation and summer ablation.The annual net balance is generally negative,resulting in continuous shrinkage of glacier volumes.2) The inter-annual variation of winter accumulation is comparatively stable,while the summer ablation shows a larger inter-annual oscillation.There is no indication of increasing melting during the observation period.3) The area/altitude distribution results in the diversity of mass balance of glaciers.The glaciers with smaller area(<10 km²) and lower altitude(<500 m) retreat steadily,however, the glacier with larger area and higher elevation is kept in zero net balance or a slightly positive net balance.4) There is a good inverse relationship between net mass balance and equilibrium line altitude(ELA).No obvious change of mean mass balance gradient has been found,which means that glacial sensitivity of mass balance to ELA(or climatic) change keeps stable in Svalbard.5) Glacier mass balance in Svalbard has close relationship with positive degree-days in July,August and September-October,as well as winter precipitation.At last,in this paper,it is suggested to further strengthen the research of internal accumulation processes for polythermal glaciers in Svalbard and to study comparatively the mass balance between Svalbard archipelago and Tianshan Mountains,in order to understand the characteristics of mass balance of Svalbard glaciers accurately.
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  Review of the Dry Deposition on Snow Surface

  TANG Yi-ping, YAO Tan-dong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 738-745. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0115

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  The dry deposition of gas and particle is the last deposition before the gas and particle disappearing from the atmosphere.Estimating the dry deposition velocities of gas and particle can evaluate the time of the aerosol conserving in the atmosphere,which will affect the global climate change.In this paper,the theories about the deposition of gas and particle in different environments are reviews.The progress in research on the dry deposition velocities of gas and particle on snow and ice is also expounded.The advantage and disadvantage of using ice cores to recover the aerosol deposition variation in the ancient atmosphere are pointed out.For numerical prediction,a dynamic chemical model is developed to explain air-snow exchange of gas and particle.The relation between the melting snow and the aerosol deposition change is also discussed in the model.
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  Review of the Dry Deposition on Snow Surface

  TANG Yi-ping, YAO Tan-dong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 738-745. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0116

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  The dry deposition of gas and particle is the last deposition before the gas and particle disappearing from the atmosphere.Estimating the dry deposition velocities of gas and particle can evaluate the time of the aerosol conserving in the atmosphere,which will affect the global climate change.In this paper,the theories about the deposition of gas and particle in different environments are reviews.The progress in research on the dry deposition velocities of gas and particle on snow and ice is also expounded.The advantage and disadvantage of using ice cores to recover the aerosol deposition variation in the ancient atmosphere are pointed out.For numerical prediction,a dynamic chemical model is developed to explain air-snow exchange of gas and particle.The relation between the melting snow and the aerosol deposition change is also discussed in the model.
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  Numerical Simulations of the Ballast Revetment under Closed and Open Boundary Conditions

  JIANG Fan, LIU Shi, LIU Jing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 746-751. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0118

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  Numerical simulations of ballast revetment under the closed and open boundary conditions are conducted using the "gravels model",in which the embankment is composed of stones and air.The simulation results are analyzed comparatively.The results show that in winter the pore-air of the ballast revetment mainly flows downward,whereas,in summer the upward pore-air flow is dominant in the embankment.The total effect within the year is thus to cool the embankment in a long run.If the open boundary conditions are adopted,the velocity fields and the corresponding temperature profiles of the embankment are mainly influenced by environment.Therefore,when simulating the ballast revetment,the cooling effect under open boundary conditions is not more evident and effective than that under the closed boundary conditions.
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  Numerical Simulations of the Ballast Revetment under Closed and Open Boundary Conditions

  JIANG Fan, LIU Shi, LIU Jing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 746-751. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0117

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  Numerical simulations of ballast revetment under the closed and open boundary conditions are conducted using the "gravels model",in which the embankment is composed of stones and air.The simulation results are analyzed comparatively.The results show that in winter the pore-air of the ballast revetment mainly flows downward,whereas,in summer the upward pore-air flow is dominant in the embankment.The total effect within the year is thus to cool the embankment in a long run.If the open boundary conditions are adopted,the velocity fields and the corresponding temperature profiles of the embankment are mainly influenced by environment.Therefore,when simulating the ballast revetment,the cooling effect under open boundary conditions is not more evident and effective than that under the closed boundary conditions.
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  Mechanical Analysis on the Stability of Frozen Embankments

  MA Chong-wu, MU Qing-song, LIU Zhong-yu, MIAO Tian-de

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 752-755. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0119

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  In many practical problems,such as the frozen gravel or the frozen gravel-fill embankments,it has been illustrated that the frozen porous material obeys a highly non-linear failure criterion.Based on the upper bound theory of limit equilibrium analysis,a formula is obtained for the plastic work rate that takes place in a frozen embankment consisting of a perfectly plastic material obeying the non-linear failure criterion with an associative flow rule in the plane strain regime.The non-linear failure criterion is reduced to a linear one that is the tangent line of the former in the stress space in order to simplify the procedure of the stability analysis.The advantage of the presented method lies in its incorporation of the related non-linear effects and yielding results of high accuracy with simple calculation procedure.The analyses indicate that the results for the slope stability obtained by using the linear failure criterion in the existing literatures can be applied to the cases with the nonlinear failure criterions in engineering practice.
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  Mechanical Analysis on the Stability of Frozen Embankments

  MA Chong-wu, MU Qing-song, LIU Zhong-yu, MIAO Tian-de

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 752-755. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0120

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  In many practical problems,such as the frozen gravel or the frozen gravel-fill embankments,it has been illustrated that the frozen porous material obeys a highly non-linear failure criterion.Based on the upper bound theory of limit equilibrium analysis,a formula is obtained for the plastic work rate that takes place in a frozen embankment consisting of a perfectly plastic material obeying the non-linear failure criterion with an associative flow rule in the plane strain regime.The non-linear failure criterion is reduced to a linear one that is the tangent line of the former in the stress space in order to simplify the procedure of the stability analysis.The advantage of the presented method lies in its incorporation of the related non-linear effects and yielding results of high accuracy with simple calculation procedure.The analyses indicate that the results for the slope stability obtained by using the linear failure criterion in the existing literatures can be applied to the cases with the nonlinear failure criterions in engineering practice.
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  Two-dimensional Mathematical Modeling of Glacier Lake Outburst Flood

  YUE Zhi-yuan, CAO Zhi-xian, CHE Tao, LI Xin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 756-763. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0122

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  A two-dimensional mathematical model for unsteady free-surface flows is presented,which facilitates a quantitative approach to the analysis of glacier-lake outburst floods.The governing equations of the model comprise the shallow water hydrodynamics equations closed with the Manning formulation for the boundary resistance.The second-order Total-Variation-Diminishing version of the Weighted-Average-Flux method,along with the HLL approximate Reimann Solver,is used to solve the governing equations,which can properly capture shock waves and deal with irregular boundaries.Numerical tests of dam-break flows are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of the model under an idealized case with known analytical solution,and the ability of the model to properly reflect flow patterns under the case of irregular topography.The mathematical model is applied to predict the potential flood event due to sudden outburst of a glacial-lake under a practical situation,with given DEM of the basin and initial water level in the lake.The propagation of the glacial-lake outburst flood is assessed from a quantitative perspective.The mean flood flow velocity can be as high as 15 m·s^-1,and the local bed shear stress can be as high as 1 000 N·m^-2.The highly energetic flood flow should trigger very active sediment erosion,transport and deposition,and debris flow hazards may be inevitable in the particular situation.This finding appears to characterize the need for the extension of the present mathematical model for purely unsteady flows to a coupled model for flow,sediment transport and morphological evolution.
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  Two-dimensional Mathematical Modeling of Glacier Lake Outburst Flood

  YUE Zhi-yuan, CAO Zhi-xian, CHE Tao, LI Xin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 756-763. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0121

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  A two-dimensional mathematical model for unsteady free-surface flows is presented,which facilitates a quantitative approach to the analysis of glacier-lake outburst floods.The governing equations of the model comprise the shallow water hydrodynamics equations closed with the Manning formulation for the boundary resistance.The second-order Total-Variation-Diminishing version of the Weighted-Average-Flux method,along with the HLL approximate Reimann Solver,is used to solve the governing equations,which can properly capture shock waves and deal with irregular boundaries.Numerical tests of dam-break flows are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of the model under an idealized case with known analytical solution,and the ability of the model to properly reflect flow patterns under the case of irregular topography.The mathematical model is applied to predict the potential flood event due to sudden outburst of a glacial-lake under a practical situation,with given DEM of the basin and initial water level in the lake.The propagation of the glacial-lake outburst flood is assessed from a quantitative perspective.The mean flood flow velocity can be as high as 15 m·s^-1,and the local bed shear stress can be as high as 1 000 N·m^-2.The highly energetic flood flow should trigger very active sediment erosion,transport and deposition,and debris flow hazards may be inevitable in the particular situation.This finding appears to characterize the need for the extension of the present mathematical model for purely unsteady flows to a coupled model for flow,sediment transport and morphological evolution.
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  An Experimental Study of Ice Jam Formation and Its Thickness Distribution in a Curved Channel

  WANG Jun, GAO Yue-xia, YIN Yun-ji, GUO Li-wen, ZHAO Hui-min

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 764-769. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0123

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  Ice jam is a common phenomenon for rivers in cold regions.Lodgment and gorging can easily occur especially in curved channels.The formation of ice jam and its thickness distribution in curved channels were not fully understood.By changing the flow conditions and ice discharge in a flume in the laboratory,the ice jam formation and its thickness distribution was studied.The experiment results showed that when model ice cover was pre-placed in the curved channel,the advancing rate of the initial front edge of the ice jam increased with the increase of the channel flow Froude number(F_r).When model initial ice jam was pre-placed downstream of the curved channel,it was found that there were two kinds of sequences in ice jam forming,jam forming from upstream to downstream or reverse,depending on the channel flow condition.The threshold Fr numbers for whether an ice jam would form were established for this curved channel in the laboratory.
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  An Experimental Study of Ice Jam Formation and Its Thickness Distribution in a Curved Channel

  WANG Jun, GAO Yue-xia, YIN Yun-ji, GUO Li-wen, ZHAO Hui-min

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 764-769. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0124

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  Ice jam is a common phenomenon for rivers in cold regions.Lodgment and gorging can easily occur especially in curved channels.The formation of ice jam and its thickness distribution in curved channels were not fully understood.By changing the flow conditions and ice discharge in a flume in the laboratory,the ice jam formation and its thickness distribution was studied.The experiment results showed that when model ice cover was pre-placed in the curved channel,the advancing rate of the initial front edge of the ice jam increased with the increase of the channel flow Froude number(F_r).When model initial ice jam was pre-placed downstream of the curved channel,it was found that there were two kinds of sequences in ice jam forming,jam forming from upstream to downstream or reverse,depending on the channel flow condition.The threshold Fr numbers for whether an ice jam would form were established for this curved channel in the laboratory.
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  Design and Implement of Highweight Qinghai-Tibet Railway Digital Roadbed and Numerical Simulation Platform

  GUO Jian-wen, FENG Min, SHANG Qing-sheng, GE Ying-chun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 770-776. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0126

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  Owing to the high requirement of Qinghai-Tibet railway constructing and scientific researching in the spatial data management,analysis and use,as well as the design scheme simulation and the decision-making support,the lightweight version of digital roadbed and simulation platform can’t satisfy the demand.However,the highweight version of digital roadbed and simulation platform provides mainly a support on the distributed application,spatial analysis,simulation and spatial decision-making.The system is implemented on the Microsoft.Net platform with a GIS system as a kernel.Meanwhile the remote sensing,GPS,virtual reality and spatial database technology are used in the system construction.By integrating with several certain permafrost analysis models,the highweight version of digital roadbed and simulation platform is a powerful spatial analysis and decision-making support tool for the Qinghai-Tibet railway management.
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  Design and Implement of Highweight Qinghai-Tibet Railway Digital Roadbed and Numerical Simulation Platform

  GUO Jian-wen, FENG Min, SHANG Qing-sheng, GE Ying-chun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 770-776. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0125

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  Owing to the high requirement of Qinghai-Tibet railway constructing and scientific researching in the spatial data management,analysis and use,as well as the design scheme simulation and the decision-making support,the lightweight version of digital roadbed and simulation platform can’t satisfy the demand.However,the highweight version of digital roadbed and simulation platform provides mainly a support on the distributed application,spatial analysis,simulation and spatial decision-making.The system is implemented on the Microsoft.Net platform with a GIS system as a kernel.Meanwhile the remote sensing,GPS,virtual reality and spatial database technology are used in the system construction.By integrating with several certain permafrost analysis models,the highweight version of digital roadbed and simulation platform is a powerful spatial analysis and decision-making support tool for the Qinghai-Tibet railway management.
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  Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Water Use Efficiency of Vegetation in West China

  LU Ling, LI Xin, HUANG Chun-lin, Frank Veroustraete

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 777-784. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0127

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  Water use efficiency(WUE) is the ratio between the net amount of carbon absorbed by the plant(NPP) and the amount of water lost through evapotranspiration(ET).West China includes large arid and semi-arid regions and has suffered water shortage and ecosystem degradation in recent decades.Therefore,investigating the spatio-temporal characteristics of WUE for different vegetation ecosystems and identifying their distribution with low WUE and high WUE are important for the conservation and management of water and land resources in West China(73皛112癊,26皛50癗).In this paper,the Monteith type carbon model-C-FZX driven by temperature,radiation and fAPAR retrieved from remote sensing was used to estimate NPP in West China in 2002.Meanwhile,the Common Land Model(CoLM) was also applied to estimate actual ET in the same year.The input data mainly included the NCAR 6-hour and 0.9(metrological datasets,1 km IGBP land cover data,1 km USGS soil data,the global 0.25(monthly MODIS LAI data and the 1 km VGT-S10 NDVI data.Then the WUE values were estimated by the ratio of NPP to ET in each 1 km pixel.Some field measurements of WUE for different plants in West China were used for validation.The study represented the preliminary overview of WUE in West China.The total annual NPP and actual ET in West China in 2002 were estimated about 0.96 PgC and 2 098 km³,respectively.The mean annual WUE per square meter was about 0.32 gC·mm^-1·m^-2.Meanwhile,the annual and seasonal spatial patterns of WUE in the region were pronounced.The high WUE level mainly distributed in the northwest part of Xinjiang Region with the highest WUE reaching to 4 gC·mm^-1·m^-2,followed by the south corners of Tibet Region and Shaanxi province with WUE ranged from 1 gC·mm^-1·m^-2 to 2 gC·mm^-1·m^-2.The low WUE level was showed in the sandy deserts and the most part of the Tibetan Plateau with WUE ranged from 0.4 gC·mm^-1·m^-2 to zero.On the other hand,some arid inland river basins in West China including the Tarim River Basin,the Heihe River Basin and the Shule River Basin showed in relatively high WUE patterns,especially in the summer,indicating that some particular ecosystems living in the arid basins might have predominant function in water use efficiency.In addition,it is also investigated that the WUE properties of different ecosystems and their seasonal profiles in West China.In general,the annual WUE of the main ecosystems in West China was ranked in the order as: mountain forest>desert shrub and woodland>irrigated farmland>alpine meadow>cold desert and Gobi.
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  Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Water Use Efficiency of Vegetation in West China

  LU Ling, LI Xin, HUANG Chun-lin, Frank Veroustraete

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 777-784. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0128

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  Water use efficiency(WUE) is the ratio between the net amount of carbon absorbed by the plant(NPP) and the amount of water lost through evapotranspiration(ET).West China includes large arid and semi-arid regions and has suffered water shortage and ecosystem degradation in recent decades.Therefore,investigating the spatio-temporal characteristics of WUE for different vegetation ecosystems and identifying their distribution with low WUE and high WUE are important for the conservation and management of water and land resources in West China(73°~112°,26°~50°).In this paper,the Monteith type carbon model-C-FZX driven by temperature,radiation and fAPAR retrieved from remote sensing was used to estimate NPP in West China in 2002.Meanwhile,the Common Land Model(CoLM) was also applied to estimate actual ET in the same year.The input data mainly included the NCAR 6-hour and 0.9(metrological datasets,1 km IGBP land cover data,1 km USGS soil data,the global 0.25(monthly MODIS LAI data and the 1 km VGT-S10 NDVI data.Then the WUE values were estimated by the ratio of NPP to ET in each 1 km pixel.Some field measurements of WUE for different plants in West China were used for validation.The study represented the preliminary overview of WUE in West China.The total annual NPP and actual ET in West China in 2002 were estimated about 0.96 PgC and 2 098 km³,respectively.The mean annual WUE per square meter was about 0.32 gC·mm^-1·m^-2.Meanwhile,the annual and seasonal spatial patterns of WUE in the region were pronounced.The high WUE level mainly distributed in the northwest part of Xinjiang Region with the highest WUE reaching to 4 gC·mm^-1·m^-2,followed by the south corners of Tibet Region and Shaanxi province with WUE ranged from 1 gC·mm^-1·m^-2 to 2 gC·mm^-1·m^-2.The low WUE level was showed in the sandy deserts and the most part of the Tibetan Plateau with WUE ranged from 0.4 gC·mm^-1·m^-2 to zero.On the other hand,some arid inland river basins in West China including the Tarim River Basin,the Heihe River Basin and the Shule River Basin showed in relatively high WUE patterns,especially in the summer,indicating that some particular ecosystems living in the arid basins might have predominant function in water use efficiency.In addition,it is also investigated that the WUE properties of different ecosystems and their seasonal profiles in West China.In general,the annual WUE of the main ecosystems in West China was ranked in the order as: mountain forest>desert shrub and woodland>irrigated farmland>alpine meadow>cold desert and Gobi.
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  GIS-Assisted Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Water Content in Anjiapo Catchment of the Western Loess Plateau

  ZHAO Chuan-yan, FENG Zhao-dong, NAN Zhong-ren

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 785-794. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0130

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  Understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of soil water content(SWC) can provide an important baseline for assessing ecological(for restoration) and economic(for agriculture) conditions at micro-and meso-scales.To characterize the soil water content,a small catchment,Anjiapo(10 km²) in the semiarid western Loess Plateau was selected.Soil moisture has been measured at 36 sites for 16 years in the catchment.Several conclusions can be drawn from the analytical results of data: 1) wetter soil moisture conditions occur in two periods(one period from April to May,the other from the late August to October).2) SWC varies with slope position,aspect and land use type.SWC is higher in low slope position than in higher slope position,higher in north-facing slope than in south-facing slope,and higher in cropland than in shrub land and forestland.3) a hydrological active layer of soil moisture generally occurs at 0~40 cm depth from surface in grassland and forestland,0~30 cm in wasteland,0~100 cm in farmland.The soil moisture in the active layer is affected by meteorological,biological,and anthropogenic factors and exhibits larger amplitude of variations than other layers.Wetness index model was used to predict the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture patterns in this study.Comparing predicted soil moisture with the observed soil water content shows that the correlation is significant in April,August and September at the 0.01 level,while the correlation is significant in other May,June and July at the 0.05 level.According to the empirical relationship between the wetness index and observed soil water content,the wetness index can be converted into soil water content to serve for water resource assessment and ecological restoration.The objective is to build physical processes-based model that can explain the variability of soil water content and that can be applicable to larger scales and other bio-climatically similar area.
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  GIS-Assisted Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Water Content in Anjiapo Catchment of the Western Loess Plateau

  ZHAO Chuan-yan, FENG Zhao-dong, NAN Zhong-ren

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 785-794. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0129

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  Understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of soil water content(SWC) can provide an important baseline for assessing ecological(for restoration) and economic(for agriculture) conditions at micro-and meso-scales.To characterize the soil water content,a small catchment,Anjiapo(10 km²) in the semiarid western Loess Plateau was selected.Soil moisture has been measured at 36 sites for 16 years in the catchment.Several conclusions can be drawn from the analytical results of data: 1) wetter soil moisture conditions occur in two periods(one period from April to May,the other from the late August to October).2) SWC varies with slope position,aspect and land use type.SWC is higher in low slope position than in higher slope position,higher in north-facing slope than in south-facing slope,and higher in cropland than in shrub land and forestland.3) a hydrological active layer of soil moisture generally occurs at 0~40 cm depth from surface in grassland and forestland,0~30 cm in wasteland,0~100 cm in farmland.The soil moisture in the active layer is affected by meteorological,biological,and anthropogenic factors and exhibits larger amplitude of variations than other layers.Wetness index model was used to predict the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture patterns in this study.Comparing predicted soil moisture with the observed soil water content shows that the correlation is significant in April,August and September at the 0.01 level,while the correlation is significant in other May,June and July at the 0.05 level.According to the empirical relationship between the wetness index and observed soil water content,the wetness index can be converted into soil water content to serve for water resource assessment and ecological restoration.The objective is to build physical processes-based model that can explain the variability of soil water content and that can be applicable to larger scales and other bio-climatically similar area.
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  The Climate Change and Its Effect on the Water Environment in the Hulun Lake Wetland

  ZHAO Hui-ying, LI Cheng-cai, ZHAO Heng-he, TIAN Hui-chun, SONG Qing-wu, KOU Zhi-qing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 795-801. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0131

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  Records from three meteorological stations were utilized to analyze the climate change and its effect on water environment from 1961 to 2005 in the Hulun Buir wetland.At the same time,using the hydrological data,Hulun Lake water environment was analyzed by regression and contrast methods.Results from simulations have spatially consistency well with climate change tendency;the terrain is a key factor to the climate change.Owing to climate warming and desiccating,shortage of water resources,depravation of water environment and desertification of land around the Hulun Lake take place.These tendencies definitely accelerate water area reducing,water level descending and water environment deteriorating.
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  The Climate Change and Its Effect on the Water Environment in the Hulun Lake Wetland

  ZHAO Hui-ying, LI Cheng-cai, ZHAO Heng-he, TIAN Hui-chun, SONG Qing-wu, KOU Zhi-qing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 795-801. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0132

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  Records from three meteorological stations were utilized to analyze the climate change and its effect on water environment from 1961 to 2005 in the Hulun Buir wetland.At the same time,using the hydrological data,Hulun Lake water environment was analyzed by regression and contrast methods.Results from simulations have spatially consistency well with climate change tendency;the terrain is a key factor to the climate change.Owing to climate warming and desiccating,shortage of water resources,depravation of water environment and desertification of land around the Hulun Lake take place.These tendencies definitely accelerate water area reducing,water level descending and water environment deteriorating.
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  Relationship of Elm Growth and Hydrometeorological Factors of Horqin Sandy Land and Climatic Series Reconstruction

  MA Long, LIU Ting-xi, KOU Zhi-qiang, KANG Chun-feng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 802-807. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0134

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  Using the annual ring datum of elm nearby Lubei Town of Jarutqi,Tongliao City,established the length for 97 years elm standard timeline,according to the standard timeline and the hydrometeorology datum of Lubei area,analyzed the relationship between the elm growth and the hydrometeorology factor.The analysis indicated that the relationship between the annual ring index and rainfall amount of July,the whole year rainfall amount,the transpiration amount summation of August and September has the biggest correlation coefficient,from this,reconstructed the sequence of July rainfall amount,the whole year rainfall amount,August and September transpiration amount summation of 1906-1951,46years in this local area through the standard timeline,after the confirmation,the reconstruction sequence has a good reliability.From the comparative analysis,it indicated that accompany with the average value of annual rainfall increase,the average value of annual ring index increase,the total days break out of the sand storm increase,on the contrary,the total days break out of the sand storm fall off,it indirect explained that the break out of sand storm may bring about negative affect to the growth of elm tree.
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  Relationship of Elm Growth and Hydrometeorological Factors of Horqin Sandy Land and Climatic Series Reconstruction

  MA Long, LIU Ting-xi, KOU Zhi-qiang, KANG Chun-feng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 802-807. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0133

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  Using the annual ring datum of elm nearby Lubei Town of Jarutqi,Tongliao City,established the length for 97 years elm standard timeline,according to the standard timeline and the hydrometeorology datum of Lubei area,analyzed the relationship between the elm growth and the hydrometeorology factor.The analysis indicated that the relationship between the annual ring index and rainfall amount of July,the whole year rainfall amount,the transpiration amount summation of August and September has the biggest correlation coefficient,from this,reconstructed the sequence of July rainfall amount,the whole year rainfall amount,August and September transpiration amount summation of 1906-1951,46years in this local area through the standard timeline,after the confirmation,the reconstruction sequence has a good reliability.From the comparative analysis,it indicated that accompany with the average value of annual rainfall increase,the average value of annual ring index increase,the total days break out of the sand storm increase,on the contrary,the total days break out of the sand storm fall off,it indirect explained that the break out of sand storm may bring about negative affect to the growth of elm tree.
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  Heavy Precipitation and Flood Disaster in Tianshui Prefecture of Gansu Province during the Last 45 Years

  GUO Hui, HUANG Tao, DENG Mao-zhi, SHEN Yong-ping, SUN Lan-dong, HUNAG Jin, LIN Su, TAO Jian-hong, BA Duo-hui, WANG Xiao-yan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 808-812. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0136

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  Based on the data of heavy precipitation and flood disaster in Tianshui Prefecture of Gansu Province,the interdecadal variations of heavy precipitation and flood disaster and their relationship are analyzed.The analyses show that there are prominent seasonal and interdecadal variations.There is no heavy precipitation or the flood disaster event over the whole prefecture.However,local flood disaster often takes place owing to the poor in soil store water.The flood disaster could be caused by a common heavy precipitation.Especially,along with the climate warming,the events of heavy precipitation and flood disaster become more and more.More attention should be given to the key task of reducing flood disaster brought by heavy precipitation.
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  Heavy Precipitation and Flood Disaster in Tianshui Prefecture of Gansu Province during the Last 45 Years

  GUO Hui, HUANG Tao, DENG Mao-zhi, SHEN Yong-ping, SUN Lan-dong, HUNAG Jin, LIN Su, TAO Jian-hong, BA Duo-hui, WANG Xiao-yan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 808-812. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0135

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  Based on the data of heavy precipitation and flood disaster in Tianshui Prefecture of Gansu Province,the interdecadal variations of heavy precipitation and flood disaster and their relationship are analyzed.The analyses show that there are prominent seasonal and interdecadal variations.There is no heavy precipitation or the flood disaster event over the whole prefecture.However,local flood disaster often takes place owing to the poor in soil store water.The flood disaster could be caused by a common heavy precipitation.Especially,along with the climate warming,the events of heavy precipitation and flood disaster become more and more.More attention should be given to the key task of reducing flood disaster brought by heavy precipitation.
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  The Precipitation Characteristics in the South to North Water Transfer Area of West China

  WEN Li-juan, LÜ Shi-hua, WEI Zhi-gang, LI Zhen-chao, LI Suo-suo, GAO Zhi-ding, MU Ping, LEI Ming, SONG Wei-hua

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 813-818. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0138

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  The climatic characteristics of precipitation and the maximum precipitation in the west course of the South to North Water Transfer were analyzed using the daily precipitation data of thirty meteorological stations from 1965 to 2000.It is revealed that the mean annual precipitation is 520.5 mm.The contour lines of the mean annual precipitation run from northeast to southwest.The diversion from the semi-arid region to humid region runs along Yushu-Qingshuihe-Dawu-Henan-Hezuo-Lintao.Precipitation processes are almost longer than five days;most of them are in three days.According to the shape of precipitation,the precipitation process could be classified as two categories.One is latitudinal,and the other is diagonal.The latter has a larger percentage,with northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest shapes.The center of precipitation often moved from northwest to southeast.Sometimes the center moved a little,but the rain area is large and then gradually shrinking.The 1-day maximum precipitation occurs mostly in Rangtang,following in Ruoergai and Lintao.The 3-day maximum precipitation occurs mostly in Lintao,following in Zoig? and Rangtang.The extreme values of the 18 precipitation processes are distributed similarly to the extreme values of mean annual precipitation.For the eight high water years,the precipitation processes in 1984 and 1992 were weaker and those in 1981,1989 and 1999 were stronger.
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  The Precipitation Characteristics in the South to North Water Transfer Area of West China

  WEN Li-juan, LÜ Shi-hua, WEI Zhi-gang, LI Zhen-chao, LI Suo-suo, GAO Zhi-ding, MU Ping, LEI Ming, SONG Wei-hua

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 813-818. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0137

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  The climatic characteristics of precipitation and the maximum precipitation in the west course of the South to North Water Transfer were analyzed using the daily precipitation data of thirty meteorological stations from 1965 to 2000.It is revealed that the mean annual precipitation is 520.5 mm.The contour lines of the mean annual precipitation run from northeast to southwest.The diversion from the semi-arid region to humid region runs along Yushu-Qingshuihe-Dawu-Henan-Hezuo-Lintao.Precipitation processes are almost longer than five days;most of them are in three days.According to the shape of precipitation,the precipitation process could be classified as two categories.One is latitudinal,and the other is diagonal.The latter has a larger percentage,with northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest shapes.The center of precipitation often moved from northwest to southeast.Sometimes the center moved a little,but the rain area is large and then gradually shrinking.The 1-day maximum precipitation occurs mostly in Rangtang,following in Ruoergai and Lintao.The 3-day maximum precipitation occurs mostly in Lintao,following in Zoig? and Rangtang.The extreme values of the 18 precipitation processes are distributed similarly to the extreme values of mean annual precipitation.For the eight high water years,the precipitation processes in 1984 and 1992 were weaker and those in 1981,1989 and 1999 were stronger.
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  Analysis of Ice Jam Floods in River Basins on the North Slope of Middle Section of Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang

  WAN Jin-tai, ZHANG Jian-guo, MIAO Yan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 819-823. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0139

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  Ice jam floods(ice flood) is a special winter floods of rivers in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang,its outbreak and occurred is mainly affected by air temperature,inverse temperate rang,the water storage of winter rivers,ice thickness and ice conditions,topography,river bend of the river and conditions,and other factors.Ice flood has characteristics of randomness,regularity,and not repeatable.Hydrograph of ice jam flood peak similar to the type of storm flood with steep up-downing characteristics,before the peak is steep and some relative ease.Take Sikeshu River Basin as an example for typical ice jam floods,we studies development and movement of ice jam flood caused and found that the floods have an "ice water drum opening" phenomenon.The Sikeshu River basin is a cold winter period during the 1970s to 1980s,lead to a maximum period of ice jam flood;ice jam flood recession trends since the 1990s as global warming,and other factors,show that climate warming on ice flood affected greatly.
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  Analysis of Ice Jam Floods in River Basins on the North Slope of Middle Section of Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang

  WAN Jin-tai, ZHANG Jian-guo, MIAO Yan

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 819-823. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0140

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  Ice jam floods(ice flood) is a special winter floods of rivers in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang,its outbreak and occurred is mainly affected by air temperature,inverse temperate rang,the water storage of winter rivers,ice thickness and ice conditions,topography,river bend of the river and conditions,and other factors.Ice flood has characteristics of randomness,regularity,and not repeatable.Hydrograph of ice jam flood peak similar to the type of storm flood with steep up-downing characteristics,before the peak is steep and some relative ease.Take Sikeshu River Basin as an example for typical ice jam floods,we studies development and movement of ice jam flood caused and found that the floods have an "ice water drum opening" phenomenon.The Sikeshu River basin is a cold winter period during the 1970s to 1980s,lead to a maximum period of ice jam flood;ice jam flood recession trends since the 1990s as global warming,and other factors,show that climate warming on ice flood affected greatly.
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  Hydrological Feature and Flood Analysis in Keping River on South Slope of Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang

  YAN Yu-hong, SHEN Yong-ping, LI Yu-an, WANG Guo-ya, WANG Shun-de

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 824-829. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0142

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  Keping River located on south slope of the Tianshan Mountains(77°00′～79°05′ E,40°20′～40°55′ N) is a typical rain and spring water supply river,and the most river water come from spring and base flow of the underground water,and annual runoff is very stable,but the emergence of heavy rain caused floods often occur.Hydrological observation of Keping River is only less than a year,but the river is spring water supply,runoff is very stable.According to field investigations and analyzed of Keping River hydrological changes of year 1957,the hydrological feature of Keping River was analyzed.Based on investigation and documentation of historical flood survey to verify the floods in Keping River Basin,the combination of meteorological observation data,studied typical flood events of the last century,and the establishment of a different probability flood in the flood peak flow and the process.The climate warming and precipitation increased in recent decades lead to the strength of the storm flood and increase the frequency.The paper suggested that we should be strengthened the monitoring extreme weather events,and the flood monitoring and building responding measure,specially in agriculture and the safety of reservoirs operation should pay attention to the establishment and strengthening of the measures to deal with climate change.
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  Hydrological Feature and Flood Analysis in Keping River on South Slope of Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang

  YAN Yu-hong, SHEN Yong-ping, LI Yu-an, WANG Guo-ya, WANG Shun-de

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 824-829. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0141

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  Keping River located on south slope of the Tianshan Mountains(77°00′～79°05′ E,40°20′～40°55′ N) is a typical rain and spring water supply river,and the most river water come from spring and base flow of the underground water,and annual runoff is very stable,but the emergence of heavy rain caused floods often occur.Hydrological observation of Keping River is only less than a year,but the river is spring water supply,runoff is very stable.According to field investigations and analyzed of Keping River hydrological changes of year 1957,the hydrological feature of Keping River was analyzed.Based on investigation and documentation of historical flood survey to verify the floods in Keping River Basin,the combination of meteorological observation data,studied typical flood events of the last century,and the establishment of a different probability flood in the flood peak flow and the process.The climate warming and precipitation increased in recent decades lead to the strength of the storm flood and increase the frequency.The paper suggested that we should be strengthened the monitoring extreme weather events,and the flood monitoring and building responding measure,specially in agriculture and the safety of reservoirs operation should pay attention to the establishment and strengthening of the measures to deal with climate change.
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  Quantificational Appraise of Social Capital:Method and Application——A Case Study in Heihe Drainage Basin

  LI Yu-wen, XU Zhong-min

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 830-836. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0143

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  Social capital refers to the norms and the networks that enable people to act collectively.It exists among the people,which can urge the people to participate in the collective activity,including the norms people observed and the relational network people composed as well as the social system.This paper correspondingly appraises the social capital in the Heihe drainage basin by constructing social capital index that is composed of structural social capital and cognitive social capital.The social capital index is switched to number from 0 to 100.In all villages and towns investigated,it is found that villages and towns for social capital indexes under 50 are 61%,villages and towns for indexes form 50 to 80 are 32%,villages and towns for indexes over 80 are 7% only.So one can see the level of social capital for the Heihe drainage basin is not high.On the whole,social capital index gradually decreases form upriver to downriver in the basin.Cognitive social capital is higher than structural social capital in the basin.And individual relations do the most contributions for social capital.People can use cognitive social capital such as comity to get through crisis.These accords with real status of development phase for the Heihe drainage basin.At the same times,it is found that in the Heihe drainage basin social trust and social capital in city are higher than those in country.Social capital index of the developed county is relatively higher.For example,although Shangqind and An’yang are subjected to Ganzhou district,social capital index is 59 in the former while is 20 in the latter;because that net income per capita of the former is double than the latter.In this paper,method of social capital is applied to quantificationally estimate the social capital in the Heihe drainage basin.It will be useful to the research of socialization water management.
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  Quantificational Appraise of Social Capital:Method and Application——A Case Study in Heihe Drainage Basin

  LI Yu-wen, XU Zhong-min

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 830-836. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0144

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  Social capital refers to the norms and the networks that enable people to act collectively.It exists among the people,which can urge the people to participate in the collective activity,including the norms people observed and the relational network people composed as well as the social system.This paper correspondingly appraises the social capital in the Heihe drainage basin by constructing social capital index that is composed of structural social capital and cognitive social capital.The social capital index is switched to number from 0 to 100.In all villages and towns investigated,it is found that villages and towns for social capital indexes under 50 are 61%,villages and towns for indexes form 50 to 80 are 32%,villages and towns for indexes over 80 are 7% only.So one can see the level of social capital for the Heihe drainage basin is not high.On the whole,social capital index gradually decreases form upriver to downriver in the basin.Cognitive social capital is higher than structural social capital in the basin.And individual relations do the most contributions for social capital.People can use cognitive social capital such as comity to get through crisis.These accords with real status of development phase for the Heihe drainage basin.At the same times,it is found that in the Heihe drainage basin social trust and social capital in city are higher than those in country.Social capital index of the developed county is relatively higher.For example,although Shangqind and An’yang are subjected to Ganzhou district,social capital index is 59 in the former while is 20 in the latter;because that net income per capita of the former is double than the latter.In this paper,method of social capital is applied to quantificationally estimate the social capital in the Heihe drainage basin.It will be useful to the research of socialization water management.
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  Input-Output Analysis on Ecological Footprint of Gansu Province in 2002

  SHANG Hai-yang, XU Zhong-min

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 837-844. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0146

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  After reviewing the standard calculation of ecological footprint(EF),a new calculation of EF which is developed and used widely in the recent years is introduced.The calculation is based on the input-output model proposed by Bicknell and advanced by Ferng.Having summarized in detailed how to use the method to calculate the EF,the EF calculation of Gansu province in 2002 is taken as a case study.The result shows that the EF caused by final domestic demand is 8.73×10⁷ hm²,nearly twice as the total land area of Gansu,obviously overloading the environment supply in Gansu.And the EF exported is 1.28×10⁷ hm² with 91% of the energy-density’,and the EF imported is 2.28×10⁷ hm² with 45% of the energy-density’.The EF imported is twice as large as EF exported.It is also estimated how reliant of Gansu on import to sustain consumption,which is represented by the ration of EF imported to EF final demand.This result to Gansu is 0.26.
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  Input-Output Analysis on Ecological Footprint of Gansu Province in 2002

  SHANG Hai-yang, XU Zhong-min

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2007, 29(5): 837-844. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2007.0145

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  After reviewing the standard calculation of ecological footprint(EF),a new calculation of EF which is developed and used widely in the recent years is introduced.The calculation is based on the input-output model proposed by Bicknell and advanced by Ferng.Having summarized in detailed how to use the method to calculate the EF,the EF calculation of Gansu province in 2002 is taken as a case study.The result shows that the EF caused by final domestic demand is 8.73×10⁷ hm²,nearly twice as the total land area of Gansu,obviously overloading the environment supply in Gansu.And the EF exported is 1.28×10⁷ hm² with 91% of the energy-density’,and the EF imported is 2.28×10⁷ hm² with 45% of the energy-density’.The EF imported is twice as large as EF exported.It is also estimated how reliant of Gansu on import to sustain consumption,which is represented by the ration of EF imported to EF final demand.This result to Gansu is 0.26.