25 June 2006, Volume 28 Issue 3
    

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  • Regional Parttens of Climate Change in Northwest China during the Last 50 Years Viewed from Annual Discharge Change
    YE Bai-sheng, DING Yong-jian, YANG Da-qing, HAN Tian-ding, SHEN Yong-ping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 307-311. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0044
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    The water resources are one of the key factors to restrict the development of economy and society in Northwest China,and so its research is very important.In this paper the regional characteristics of climate change are analyzed from the annual discharge change using the annual discharge data at the main rivers over the Northwest China during the last about 50 years.The increased discharge occurred at most rivers over the Northwest China during the last 50 years,especially at some rivers in south slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,where the maximum increasing rate reached 14%·5 (10a)-1.The annual discharge and its residual mass curves show that the discharge have a inverse relationship between Xijjiang Region,the west part of Northwest China,and the upper Yellow river,East part of the Northwest China.The correlation of annual discharge between the upper Yellow River and other main rivers in Northwest China shows that there is a significant negative correlation in the middle and northern areas of Xinjiang Region, while there is a positive correlation in east regions of the Northwest China.A further analysis shows that the annual discharge of the upper Yellow River has good relationship with the index of western North Pacific summer monsoon.This implies that the discharge/precipitation in the middle and northern Xinjiang Region affected by the westerly is also affected by the Asian monsoon,or by the interaction of westerly and Asian monsoon.
  • Glaciers fluctuations in the Karamilan-Keriya River Watershed in the past 30 years
    XU Jun-li, LIU Shi-yin, ZHANG Shi-qiang, SHANGGUAN Dong-hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 312-318. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0045
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    Responding to the global warming,plenty of glaciers in West China have more or less retreated.In this study,the changes of glaciers in the interior drainage areas of the Karamiran-Keriya Rivers in the Kunlun Mountains were investigated using topographic maps (1970) and Landsat ETM+ (1999) imageries.Four methods,non-supervised classification,supervised classification,threshold values of NDSI and threshold values of band ratio,were used to extract the boundaries of 176 glaciers,including smaller ones and larger ones,in the Karamiran-Keriya Rivers,with Landsat ETM+ image,and compared with the results derived from visual interpretation.It is found that the method of threshold values of band ratio is the best.Glaciers fluctuations on the whole Karamiran-Keriya River watershed were estimated by comparing the glacier boundaries derived from Landsat ETM+ images in 1999 with that derived from topographic maps in 1970.If it is not certain for only using the method of threshold values of band ratio,visual interpretation is often used in order to enhance the accuracy.From 1970 to 1999,there were 5 glaciers disappeared,the total glacier area shrank by 2.86% and the ice reserve reduced by 3.10%.
  • A Result of Greenhouse Gases Flask-Sampled on the Course of the 2nd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition,2003
    ZHANG Dong-qi, XU Jian-zhong, TANG Jie, WEN Min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 319-323. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0046
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    During the 2nd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition,2003,40 atmospheric samples were collected on the cruising course using NOAA/CMDL flask sampling method.Greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) were measured by Gas Chromatograph and Non-Dispersive infrared absorbance system.Mean concentrations of CO2 and CH4were analyzed along different latitude belts from 30°N to 80°N and the variation characteristics were studied.Mean concentrations of CO2 decrease toward high latitude,indicating an absorption effect of CO2 by ocean.Coinciding with the CH4 global distribution features,mean CH4 concentrations increase form 45°N toward high latitude.Regional or local air mass may influence the greenhouse gas concentrations near seashore in the middle latitude(30°~45°N).
  • Water Level Change in Bosten Lake under the Climatic Variation Background of Central Asian around 2002
    WANG Run, SUN Zhan-dong, GAO Qianzhao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 324-329. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0047
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    Considering the lake water level change,in this paper water balance in the Bosten Lake is analyzed,and found that the runoff change in the Kaidu River played an important role in this process.In view of the impact of climatic change on hydrology,a comparing analysis of lake water level and relevant runoff change was made around the Tianshan Mountains since 2002,and revealed that different hydrological change in different catchments can be attributed mainly to the difference in the meltwater proportion at the upper reaches under climate change background.The runoff has decreased in the rivers with more meltwater supply due to low temperature since 2003.At last a brief discussion is made on the hydrological development trend in the lake.
  • Summer Temperature Variations since 1676 AD in Luya Mountain,Shanxi Province of China,Inferred from Tree Rings
    YI Liang, LIU Yu, SONG Hui-ming, LI Qiang, CAI Qiu-fang, YANG Yin-ke, SUN Jun-yan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 330-336. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0048
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    A tree-ring chronology of 328 years is obtained by using the Regional Curve Standardization method based on conifer samples (Pinus tabulaeformis) collected from Luya Mountain,Shanxi Province.Correlation analysis shows that the tree growth in the study region significantly positively relates with the mean temperature in May and July and with the precipitation in May;and significantly negatively relates with the precipitation in July;and the mean temperature in May is the more powerful limited factor.Based on the low-frequency climate variation from RCS chronology,the summer (May to July) temperature proxy series could be divided into two phases: the first one was 1676-1865 AD and the other one was 1866-2003 AD.During the former phase,the total variation could be described as "more cold summer and less warm",with warm summers in the 1740s and 1830s,cold summers in the 1710-1720s,1750s,1780-1790s,1810s and 1740s-1850s,and a coldest period in the 1710-1720s.And during the latter phase,the total variation could be described as "continuous warming with high interannual variability",with warm summers in the 1870s,1890-1900s,1930s,1940s,1960-1970s and 1990s,and cold summers in the 1880s,1910-1920s,around 1935 AD,early 1960s and late 1970s.The correlation coefficients rang from 0.62 to 0.79 between RCS chronology and six Northern Hemisphere temperature proxy series,and the highest one is coincident with Jones (2004).As compared with temperature proxy series in North China,Tibetan Plateau and Northern Hemisphere,it is found that the RCS chronology of Luya Mountain not only contains the local temperature sign but also well synchronizes with North China and Global temperature variations.All of these indicate that the RCS chronology has a potential to capture regional climate variability on long timescales.
  • Temperature and Precipitation Series in the Tianshan Mountains Calculated Based on DEM
    YANG Qing, SHI Yu-guang, YUAN Yu-jiang, LI Yang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 337-342. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0049
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    A new interpolating scheme is applied to calculate the time series of temperature and precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains.The data of 17 meteorological stations and 10 hydrological stations in 1961-2000 in the Tianshan Mountains are used.An interpolating model based on DEM (Digital Elevation Model,the spatial resolution is about 1 km×1 km) are formed,respectively,by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and polynomial regression.Time series of annual mean temperature and annual precipitation on each grid in the area higher than 1500 m a.s.l.are calculated by using the interpolating model.According to an error analysis,the correlation coefficient of the annual mean temperature between the average value observed from the 27 stations and the area average value calculated by each grid is 0.996,and the systematic error is small,with an average relative error of 5.5%.For annual precipitation,the average relative error is 14.8%,which is higher than that of the temperature,the correlation coefficient of annual precipitation series is 0.972.There is different between the value calculated from the time series and the observed mean value from the 27 stations.As compared with the observed mean value,the calculated annual mean temperature is 4.3℃ lower and the calculated annual precipitation is 43.2 mm higher.This method is useable to obtain an area mean climate time series in mountain area with complicated terrain and less observation stations.
  • Snow Monitoring Using EOS/MODIS Data in Xinjiang,China
    HUANG Zhen, CUI Cai-xia
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 343-347. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0050
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    Snow is an important component of water resources in Xinjiang,where is arid and semi-arid area,and it is also plays a crucial role in environmental change.It is necessary to monitor the dynamic variety of snow coverage.In this paper the authors chose 13 prefectures regions in Xinjiang as monitoring objects,through processing and analyzing of nearly 2500 MODIS orbit data from Jan.2002 to Dec.2003,extracted 163 swathes which were cloud free,then calculated NDSI (Normalizing Deference Snow Index) to show the snow coverage and depth.Comparing with field work observations,the results are credible.
  • Subglacial Process Indicated by Microstructures on Ice-bedrock Surface in Glacier No.1 at the Headwater of the Ürümqi River,Tianshan
    LIU Geng-nian, PEI Zhi-yong, CHEN Yi-xin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 348-354. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0051
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    In the past years,a lot of research works have been done on the erosion,transportation and deposition of glaciers.Through these researches,the distribution of glacial deposits and glaciations on large scales has been becoming clearer.But less interaction at ice-rock interface has been reported,especially from a micro-view.In this paper,some micro-structures of thin-layer deposits on the roche moutonee surface are described mainly,such as convolute bedding,slump structure,micro-fracture,filling structure and so on.After extracting and analyzing some of the structure traces,the interaction at the bottom of a glacier can be recognized,and much useful information can be gathered.From this information,it can be verified from a micro-view that compressing friction,shearing and gravitation sliding exist at the ice-rock interface.In addition,it is demonstrated that basal sliding and water film exist at the ice-rock interface on the bottom of a continental glacier.
  • Grain-size Features and Magnetic Susceptibility Characteristic of the SurfaceLayer of the Moraines in the Muztag Ata
    LI Ya-bing, YI Chao-lu, WEI Ling, CHEN Gong-bi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 355-359. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0052
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    Grain size and magnetic susceptibility of 116 samples from moraine soil on the west of the Mustag Ata over 4000 meters were analyzed.It is found that a main peak occurs at 4~6Φ in the grain size distribution curves,the mean grain-size ranges between 2Φ and 6Φ,the sort coefficient changes from 1 to 3,and the kurtosis coefficient changes from 1.5 to 3.5.Furthermore,the grain size properties are strongly correlated with the magnetic susceptibility.The grain size characteristics are different with altitude,location and depth of the moraine soil.It is concluded that the grain-size and the magnetic susceptibility of moraine soil on the Mustag Ata are mainly controlled by the soil development, wind and the dry and cold climate under the westerlies.The original moraines lie at 30~55 cm deep below the surface.
  • Organic Acid in Snow and Ice Determined with Gradient Elution
    CUI Xiao-qing, REN Jia-wen, LIU Wei-gang, WANG Xiao-xiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 360-363. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0053
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    The Ion-chromatography method is a widely used analytical method for organic acids.Gradient elution can separate at once the organic acids and inorganic anions,improve the ion’s kurtosis and raise the separation degree and selectivity.Records of organic acids are saved in snow and ice very well.Research of organic acids in snow and ice enables us to learn the changes of paleoeatmosphere components and then to recover the paleoenvironment and paleoecosystem.Using of Dx-600 Ion-chromatography and gradient elution,the organic acid ion of snow and ice samples collected from Antarctica is determined and analyzed,and the characteristics of the organic acid ion and its influence on snow ice chemistry record are discussed.
  • Urban Sprawl Pattern and Spatial Features of Ürümqi City during the Last 15 Years
    HUANG Yue, CHEN Xi, BAO An-ming, MA Yong-gang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 364-370. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0054
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    In this paper the urban land-use change and spatial features of the urban sprawl are studied on the base of Ürümqi images of 1987 and 2002.Under the support of RS and GIS software,the land use change information was obtained from 1987 to 2002;for better description of the change of land-use pattern,several landscape metrics were calculated by using the method of landscape ecology;then grade of building density was introduced as quantity index of the spatial features of urban sprawl.During the last 15 years from 1987 to 2002,land-use status of Ürümqi appeared a dramatic variation;the most important phenomenon was the remarkable increase of built-up area and the landscape pattern became more fragmentized and complicated.The urban sprawl of Ürümqi has directional differentia;the main sprawl directions are west,northwest and northeast.
  • Progress in Study on Precipitation and Aerosol Chemistry in the Tibetan Plateau
    KANG Shi-chang, CONG Zhi-yuan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 371-379. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0055
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    Much progress has been achieved on both precipitation and aerosol chemistry in the Tibetan Plateau in recent decades,especially solid precipitation chemistry data in the high altitude areas obtained from glacier expeditions and ice core extracts.The history of precipitation and aerosol chemistry research over the Tibetan Plateau is retrospect briefly.Studies of precipitation and aerosol chemistry related with regional distribution,season variation and global comparison in the high altitude regions and meteorological stations over in the high altitude regions and meteorological stations over the Tibetan Plateau are reviewed.Observations of atmospheric trace elements,POPs,black carbon and mineral aerosol in the Tibetan Plateau should be emphasized in the future.It is also needed to establish systemic and long-term monitoring projects in some typical locations.
  • Experimental Study on the Thermal Boundary Conditions and Temperature Fields of Duct-ventilated Embankment in Permafrost Regions
    NIU Fu-jun, CHENG Guo-dong, LI Jian-jun, MA Wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 380-389. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0056
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    Duct-ventilated embankment is an available cooling method in embankment construction in permafrost regions.However,in regard of predicting its long-time effect,there are difficulties in boundary condition selection,and lack of real test to verify.In this paper,based on observation of field experimental embankments in Beiluhe Section along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,the air temperatures in the ducts and their walls were analyzed and simulated.The results indicated that the annual air temperatures in the ducts were higher than the environmental air temperatures by 1.6~1.8℃.The temperature difference was less than 1.0℃ in the thawing period and 2.0℃ in the freezing period.Of the embankment,the ground temperature at a depth of 0.5 m in south-facing slope was higher than that in north-facing slope by 3.5~5.5℃.Analyzing the ground temperature fields finds that the ordinary embankment is able to uplift the artificial permafrost table and also to increase the ground temperature around the table.Besides,the temperature field of an ordinary embankment appears a pronounced transverse asymmetry.The ventilated embankment can efficiently cool the filled earth and the underlying permafrost,particularly when the ducts are installed near the original ground surface.In case of the ducts are installed in the middle of an embankments,the transversely asymmetry of the temperature field is not so pronounced but still involves with the original ground surface.When the ducts are installed near or below the original ground surface,the total asymmetry zone is above the ducts.
  • Simulated Distribution of Active Layer Depths in the Frozen Ground Regions of Tibetan Plateau
    PANG Qiang-qiang, LI Shu-xun, WU Tong-hua, ZHANG Wen-gang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 390-395. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0057
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    Active layer is the near-surface layer of frozen soil,which thaws in summer while freezes in winter.In seasonally frozen ground regions as well as permafrost regions,active layer is the most active terrane in terms of thermodynamics.Active layer plays an important role,because almost all ecological,hydrological,pedological and biological activities take place within it.Ground surface freezing index and thawing index are simulated based on the ground surface temperature in the 1990s acquired from 80 meteorological stations on the Tibetan Plateau and nearby regions,together with digital elevation model.Taking the mean annual ground surface temperature isotherm of 0.8℃ as the boundary of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground,in consideration of thermal offset,the thawed depth in the permafrost areas and frozen depth in the seasonally frozen ground regions are worked out respectively through Stephen Formula.
  • Numerical Analyses of Deformation and Stress Fields in Permafrost Regions
    MAO Xue-song, WANG Bing-gang, HU Chang-shun, DOU Ming-jian
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 396-400. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0058
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    In order to study the features of freeze-thaw settlement in the permafrost,in this paper a two-dimensional numerical model of deformation and stress fields in embankment is established,together with finite element method,to calculate the distributions of deformation and stress fields of the freezing soil in an embankment.The variation of stress and deformation fields in the freezing zone of an earth embankment is analyzed,and the effect of different frost-heaving zones on the deformation and stress of embankment surface is calculated.The calculations show that the frost-heaving zone causes damage directly to an embankment, different sensitivity of frost-heaving zone will bring different damage,and the freezing zone under a pavement is a sensitive frost-heaving zone.
  • Numerical Analysis on the Heat Flux Density of a Freezing Pipe with Constant Outer Surface Temperature
    YANG Wei-hao, HUANG Jia-hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 401-405. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0059
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    In order to reduce the number of variables,the equations and its parameters for freezing temperature field were converted to dimensionless ones according to the theory of similitude at first.Secondly,a dimensionless model for finite-element method was established,and 167 706 numerical computations were carried out to study the dimensionless heat flux density on the outer surface of a freezing pipe with constant temperature,and then the relationships between the dimensionless heat flux density and its influential factors were obtained.It is found that the dimensionless heat flux density linearly increases with the ratio of the heat-transfer conductivity of soil to that of frozen soil,has a linear relationship with the ratio of the volumetric specific heat of frozen soil to that of soil,rises with the dimensionless latent heat of the freezing soil,and linearly decreases with the dimensionless temperature of calcium chloride brine,linearly decreases with f-1/3 (f is the dimensionless time).A regression formula among the dimensionless heat flux density and its influential factors were developed at last,which is with high accuracy and easy to use by an engineer.
  • Water Issue and Its Countermeasure in the Inland River Basins of Northwest China——A Case Study in Heihe River Basin
    CHENG Guo-dong, XIAO Hong-liang, XU Zhong-min, LI Jin-xiu, LU Ming-feng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 406-413. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0060
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    China is one of the 13 countries that have water scarcity problem according to the statistical data of United Nation.In the inland river basins,which take up 1/3 of the total area in China,with naturally limited water resources and combined with unreasonable utilization,water problems have become critical issues that impact socioeconomic development and ecological protection.Heihe Rive Basin is one of the typical inland river basins in China.Taking it as an example,this article states water,soil,ecological and management problems at basin scale. In the Heihe River Basin,the total water consumption in 1998 was 34.33×108 m3,of which 87% were used for agriculture.Meanwhile,oases in the middle reaches consume 68.1% of the total water resources.Population has increased rapidly in the past 50 years which boost the demand of water resources.Although a Water Allocation Plan has been implemented since 1997,production has been improved insignificantly due to lack of scientific approaches.In addition,water yield in the area is much less than the national average level.Therefore,so long as water yield increases through water resources effective utilization at field scale and water is rationally allocated at basin scale,economic development could be sustained and ecological security could be protected within limited water resources.Then,four components are discussed for improving water efficiency in irrigation district,which are transformation of irrigation water into soil water,biological utilization of soil water,crop water efficiency and enterprises setting as market demand.Cases such as improving water holding capacity in upper reaches of the basin,constructing water-saving oasis in the middle reaches and increasing efficiency of environmental flow in the lower reaches are discussed.In the last part of the article,it highlights social aspects of integrated basin water resources management.Social management of water resources consists of supply management and demand management;both technological benefit and allocation benefit should be considered.To construct a social management system of water resources,it involves establishment of an integrated management institute,improvement of related laws and regulations,public participance,mobilization of socioeconomic resources,implement of virtual water strategy,and form a water-saving society.Virtual water strategy has been proved as a successful case.At last,it emphasizes that there are great potential to augment integrated benefit of water,ecology and economy.
  • Responses of Seedlings of Five Desert Species to Simulated Precipitation Change
    LI Qiu-yan, ZHAO Wen-zhi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 414-420. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0061
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    The responses of seedlings to global precipitation change by artificially controlling water supply at four levels are investigated of five desert species,Reaumuria soongorica, Nitraria sphaerocarpa, Hedysarum scoparium,Nitraria tangutorum and Calligonum mongolicum,which occur frequently in the arid regions of Northwest China.It is revealed that every species exhibits its individual pattern of response to precipitation change that links to the growth strategy.The growth height and height growth rates of Reaumuria soongorica significantly decrease with the increasing water supply,however,its biomass,biomass allocation and relative water content are insignificantly influenced by water supply.Growth height,height growth rates,biomass,biomass allocation and relative water content are significantly influenced by water supply of both Nitraria sphaerocarpa and Nitraria tangutorum.Growth height,height growth rates,biomass and biomass allocation of Nitraria sphaerocarpa increase with the increasing water supply;however,they decrease constantly when they reach the highest points.Nitraria tangutorum has a way of new leaves growing and old leaves falling off to adapt to drought conditions.Absolute height growth rate,biomass,biomass allocation and relative water content of Hedysarum scoparium are significantly influenced by water supply,except for growth height and relative height growth rate.Although the relative height growth rate and biomass of it is not sensitive to water supply,Calligonum mongolicum surviving needs more water supplies,as viewed from growth height and absolute height growth rate.In biomass allocation with the increasing water supply,Hedysarum scoparium and Calligonum mongolicum have opposite trend,however,their growth are restricted by drought conditions.Reaumuria soongorica and Nitraria tangutorum acclimate the drought environments with rainfall about 29 mm.Hedysarum scoparium and Calligonum mongolicum prefer more water supply conditions,e.g.,more than 88 mm of precipitation,and Nitraria sphaerocarpa prefers the climate neither very dry nor very wet,with a precipitation range of 58~88 mm.
  • Prediction of Groundwater Level in the Irrigating Areas of the Middle Reaches of Heihe River
    JI Xi-bin, KANG Er-si, CHEN Ren-sheng, ZHAO Wen-zhi, JIN Bo-wen, ZHANG Zhi-hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 421-427. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0062
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    In this paper,based on the Person’s seasonal index theory,using 1728-month data on groundwater level in the period of 1985-2002 from 8 wells,which conducted in Pingchuan,Banqiao,Yanuan and Liaoquan irrigating areas,the groundwater level prognostic equations for different wells were established,which were applied to predict the short-term groundwater level in the irrigating areas of the middle reaches of Heihe River.The prediction shows that,in the period of 1985-2002,the number of month with fitting error of the groundwater level prognostic equation less than 0.05 m accounts for 38.33% of total tested number of month,and that less than 0.10 m accounts for 90% of the total,but that exceeding 0.25 m accounts only for 2.00%.Furthermore,the model of predicting groundwater level was tested by 96-month data from the 8 wells in different irrigating areas in 2003,showing that the prediction accuracy is in direct proportion to the significance of correlation coefficient.It is found that the number of month with predicted error of groundwater level less than 0.05 m accounts for 34.46% of the total predicted number of month,and that less than 0.10 m accounts for 95.83% of the total,but that exceeding 0.25 m accounts only for 2.00%. Therefore,it is concluded that the model of predicting groundwater level with the help of the Person’s season’s index theory is valid to predict groundwater level in the irrigating areas of the middle reaches of Heihe River.
  • Impact Factors to Soil Moisture of Alpine Meadow and Their Spatial Heterogeneity
    WANG Jun-de, WANG Gen-xu, CHEN Ling
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 428-433. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0063
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    Nine environmental factors which influence the soil moisture of alpine meadow are analyzed through rotated principal component analysis,such as community’s height,depth of root system of soil layer,land use pattern,etc.The analyses show that these environmental factors can be divided into four principal compositions successively: factors of plant,vegetation,slope,elevation,wind speed and topography.At the same time,using the software of counting,statistics of soil moistures for different depths are made and then the spatial heterogeneity of soil moistures is revealed.An overall soil section can be divided into speedy changing layer,changeful layer,second-changeful layer and relative stable layer from the top to the bottom.
  • Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies during Wetting Summer over Xinjiang Region
    ZHAO Bing-ke, CAI Cheng-xia, YANG Lian-mei, WANG Hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 434-442. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0064
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    Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis of monthly mean data set from 1961 to 2003 and summer precipitation data set from 16 observation stations of Xinjiang Region reorganized by China Meteorological Administration,the atmospheric circulation anomalies are examined in summer for the dry spell from 1971 to 1986 and the wet spell from 1987 to 2003.The main results are as following: 1) The prominent changes of atmospheric circulation took place in summer from the dry spell to the wet spell in Xinjiang Region,including remarkably strengthening of the polar vortex and the ridge of Mongolia in low- and middle troposphere,and evidently intensifying of the ridge from Li sea to Ural mountain and the trough between the middle Asian region and Balkash Lake in upper level. 2) The main differences on the stream field from the dry spell to the wet spell in Xinjiang Region include a strong air flow from Arabian Sea to middle Asian in the low troposphere and a thick cyclonic circulation in the middle Asian region from the middle-to upper troposohere. 3) The primary difference of vertical meridional circulation in summer from the dry spell to the wet spell in Xinjiang Region is the fact that the updraft in the western of Xinjiang Region intensifies remarkably.This is one of the favorable conditions for increasing precipitation of summer in Xinjiang Region. 4) In summer,from the dry spell to the wet spell in Xinjiang Region,the larger region of strengthening notably of moisture and relative humidity is the same as of increasing of the southerly.Thus,there is a southwest-northeast channel for enhancing moisture transfer from low- to middle latitude,which,likely,is one of the favorable conditions for increasing the precipitation of summer in Xinjiang Region.In addition,moistening in Xinjiang Region is not only in the lower level but also in the all troposphere. 5) The opposite change of intensities of north and south of the upper level jet streak in the west of Xinjiang Region between the wet and dry spells,in fact,is the result of the southward movement of the jet in the wet spell.This is an important difference of upper level jet between the wet and dry spells.It,maybe,plays an active role in moistening summer in Xinjiang Region.
  • Energy Balance in the Irrigational Intercropping Field in the Middle Reaches of Heihe River
    WU Jin-kui, DING Yong-jian, SHEN Yong-ping, WANG Gen-xu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 443-449. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0065
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    Based on experiments conducted in an intercropping field in Zhangye Oasis in the middle reaches of Heihe River in 2004,the characteristics of radiation budget are analyzed.Furthermore,energy balance is calculated by using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance(BREB) method.It is found that the ratio of absorbed radiation to incoming short radiation in an intercropping canopy-soil system increases with growing stage,from 0.81 in the initial growing stage(IGS) to 0.86 in the end growing stage(EGS).The net radiation,which is smaller in IGS,increases rapidly in the first phase of the middle growing stage(MGS) and reaches the maximum in the second phase of MGS.Then it decreases somewhat in EGS.The ratio of net radiation to incoming radiation has a similar trend with the net radiation.In the whole growing stage,latent heat flux,which takes up 70% or so of the net radiation,is the dominant item in energy balance.Sensible heat flux shares 20% of the net radiation and soil heat flux accounts for 10%.The characteristics of energy balance vary distinctly with growing stages.In the IGS,the ratios of latent heat flux,sensible heat flux and soil heat flux are 44.5%,23.8% and 31.7%,respectively.In the MGS,with the increase of latent heat flux and the decrease of sensible heat flux and soil heat flux,the ratios turn into 84.4%,6.3% and 9.3%.In the EGS,the soil heat flux maintains 0 W·5m-2or so.The net radiation can be divided into two parts: latent heat flux and sensible heat flux.The former and the latter take up 61.4% and 38.6%,respectively.The energy balance also shows an obvious daily variation.
  • Properties of Cold-adapted Microorganism and Their Application Prospects
    LI Tian, LIU Guang-xiu, AN Li-zhe
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(3): 450-455. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0066
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    Cold-adapted microorganism has successfully colonized at the lowest temperature,which is widely distributed in cold environment on our planet,including Polar Regions,alpine regions,glacial ice,deep sea and soils.Since living in the cold regions,cold-adapted microorganism has chronically developed a series of cold-adapted molecular mechanisms in the process of natural selection and plays an important role in eco-environment.Study on cold-adapted microorganism not only enable us to learn more about its significance and effects of microorganism,including cold environments,evolution of life,cold-adapted mechanism of organism,but also enable us to take advantage of its special gene and products.In this paper,the properties of cold-adapted microorganism and their application in the field of environment protection,food,textile,medical industry are reviewed.
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