25 April 2006, Volume 28 Issue 2
    

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  • Change of the Baseflow and It’s Impacting Factors in the Source Regions of Yellow River
    CHEN Li-qun, LIU Chang-ming, HAO Fang-hua, LIU Jiu-yu, DAI Dong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 141-148. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0021
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    The purpose of this study is to identify and assess the change of baseflow and climatic impacting factors in the source regions of the Yellow River,based on the analyses of long hydrological time series(1956-2000) from four subbasins of the source regions of the Yellow River and the whole source regions of the Yellow River.Kalinin baseflow separation technique has been improved based on the characteristics of climate and streamflow of the study regions,then applied to estimate baseflow.Statistical method is adopted in order to investigate the effect of climate factors on baseflow.Annual mean baseflow in the source regions of the Yellow River is 13.246 billion m3,accounting for more than 60% of the total runoff of the area interested.Annual baseflow is in direct proportion to annual precipitation.The sharp rise in temperature in the 1990s decreased baseflow significantly.The impacts of climate factors on baseflow are different in different subcatchment.In subbasin above Huangheyan Hydrologic Station,which is relative cold and arid with annul mean temperature of-3.84℃ and the water area accounted for 7.95% of the subbasin,both temperature and precipitation nearly had no direct impacts on baseflow on annual time scale.The increasing temperature thaws frozen soil more rapid,thus lowers the groundwater table and lake water level,hence decreases water supply of baseflow from groundwater and lake water.In subbasin between Huangheyan and Jimai Hydrologic Station baseflow is influenced both by precipitation and temperature but the response rate of baseflow to precipitation is more rapid than temperature.In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Stations precipitation and temperature area two key factors impacting baseflow,but the effect of precipitation is more pronounced than temperature,while in subbasin between Maqu and Tangnag Hydrologic Station precipitation is the only climate factor affecting baseflow in short term.The factors inducing serious decrease of baseflow in the 1990s are also investigated into.
  • Analyses of the Climatic Characteristics in the Water Diversion Areas of the Western Route Project of South-North Water Diversion and the Upstream Areas of Yellow River
    LI Zhen-chao, WEI Zhi-gang, LÜ Shi-hua, WEN Li-juan, LI Suo-suo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 149-156. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0022
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    Using the daily data of temperature and precipitation from 25 stations in the water diversion areas and the upstream areas of Yellow River from 1951 to 2000,the temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation in these areas are analyzed with the EOF method.The water diversion areas and the upstream areas of Yellow River are partitioned into 7 regions using the methods of statistic test clustering analysis and REOF.The multi-temporal scale characteristics of temperature and precipitation in each region are researched through wavelet analysis.The results indicate that the annual precipitation in the water diversion areas is more than that in the upstream areas of Yellow River.The variations of precipitation in summer,autumn and winter in these two areas are consistent primarily,with a secondary variation of inverse phase.The variations of precipitation in spring in these two areas are primarily opposite,with a secondary variation of same phase.In addition,there is an opposite variation of annual precipitation in the northwest-southeast direction.The variation of temperature in each region is increasing primarily.An analysis,which passes the significant test with the confidence of 95%,shows that the period of precipitation is quasi-3 years and the oscillatory period of temperature is mainly 2～5 years and quasi-11 years.The precipitation variations in summer during these 50 years in the water diversion areas and in the upstream areas of Yellow River are basically the same,but sometimes they are obviously different.
  • Analysis of Water Vapor Characteristics of the Precipitation in the South to North Water Transfer Areas
    WEN Li-juan, LÜ Shi-hua, WEI Zhi-gang, LI Suo-suo, LI Zhen-chao, GAO Zhi-ding, MU Ping, LEI Ming, SONG Wei-hua
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 157-163. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0023
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    Using the NCEP reanalysis data,the precipitable water,vapor flux,divergence of vapor flux and stream fields in the South to North Water Transfer areas of western China were analyzed.The results showed that from May to September,the maximum precipitable water was in July,followed by August,and then by June and September.The vapor flux inpoured into the studied area mostly from the south boundary,from the north boundary steadily and weakly and from the west boundary irregularly.Sometimes,there was outflow.The vapor flux at 600 hPa was almost converged,which was mainly caused by the convergence of wind.At the lower levels vapor came directly and indirectly from the Bay of Bengal.At the higher levels it mainly came directly from the Bay of Bengal.
  • Application of Regional Climate Model(RegCM3) in North-west China Ⅰ: Simulation of an arid extreme event
    BAO Yan, LÜ Shi-hua, LU Deng-rong, HOU Rui-qing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 164-174. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0024
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    In order to test the performance of RegCM(v3.0) in Northwest China,an arid extreme event of summer 2001 was simulated using this model.Results indicated that the simulation can well reproduce the main circulation characteristics,variation of air temperature and wind field,as well as precipitation over sub-regions. Comparing with the analysis,deviation of the large-scale features remained small.The most obvious deviation was the lower pressure centre over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the simulation of potential height in lower troposphere is to be high in the East of Northwest China.Regional-averaged air temperature had the cold bias of-1～-3℃,which was bound up with the negative deviation of surface net radiation in simulation.Too much rainfall was simulated with the minimum deviation percentage of 30%.Results also indicated simulation of air temperature and precipitation in June was the worst due to the influence of initial field of model.There are still a lot of problems in simulation of RegCM3.Further work should be done to improve the performance of RegCM3 over Northwest China.
  • Application of Regional Climate Model(RegCM3) in Northwest China Ⅱ: Sensitivity experiment for domain choice and cumulus convection parameterization
    BAO Yan, LÜ Shi-hua, ZUO Hong-chao, HOU Rui-qin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 175-182. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0025
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    Sensitivities of precipitation to several key physical processes,such as domain scale and scheme of cumulus convection were studied using the method of numerical simulation.Results indicated that the pattern of precipitation with a small domain scale(such as 4000km in west-east direction) was better than the large domain scale because model with smaller domain size had stronger restrictions between external forcing exerted by large-scale reanalysis field and interior solution of model,which made them easier to be consistent with each other.However,large domain scale removed the ripple dynamical effect from lateral boundary and the simulated rainfall was closer to the observation.So the domain size must be carefully selected based on research purpose when we do some regional climate simulations.Results also indicated that cumulus parameterization scheme of Kuo-Anthes had the better performance in spatial pattern and rainfall than scheme of Grell because scheme of Grell had the tendency to simulate more convective rainfall.At last,we found it was necessary to describe the topography in detail when the complicated topography was simulated using a regional climate model since the deviation of topography can seriously affect precipitation simulation.
  • Variation of CO2 Concentration in Active Layer in Beiluhe Permafrost Region of the Tibetan Plateau during Winter and Spring,2005
    ZHAO Yong-hua, ZHAO Lin, WU Tian-yun, TANG Su-ran
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 183-190. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0026
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    To estimate the dimension of CO2 producing and letting in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau,alpine dry grassland(Cab-Gel-Sandic Entisols),alpine meadow grassland(Cab-Mat-Cryic Cambisols) and alpine grassland(Cab-Hap-Cryic Cambisols) in Beiluhe Region were chosen for study.The distribution characteristics of CO2 conceration in soil profiles and the CO2 concentration in the soils at different times were studied in three sites.The results showed that there existed similitude for the distribution characteristics of CO2 concentration in the three soil profiles,decreasing gradually from top to bottom.The soil CO2 concentration has a peak in the spring warming,with a short dropping afterwards,and then rises with summer melting.But the time of rising has difference,which may be caused by the dissimilarity of water condition.The CO2 concentration in soil profile has significant correlativity with the total organic carbon(TOC),the heavy form of organic carbon(HFOC),the light form of organic carbon(LFOC),carbon in debris,water-deliquescent organic carbon(WDOC),the microbe carbon(MB-C) and the soil water(0~100 cm).The ranges of CO2 concentration changed successively from 1052 to 3050 mL·m-3 in Cab-Gel-Sandic Entisols,from 3425 to 39144 mL·m-3 in Cab-Mat-Cryic Cambisols and from 984 to 12250 mL·m-3 in Cab-Hap-Cryic Cambisols.These are larger than the range of CO2 concentration in Chinese Loutu soil and the soil under alpine grassland in Wudaoliang region of the Tibetan Plateau,and differ from the range of CO2 concentration in soil of farmland and grassland that has been reported.With global warming,the CO2 concentration in permafrost active layer will change the CO2 concentration of atmosphere,to which more attention should be pay.
  • Ground Energy Balance and Microclimate Characteristics in the Oasis of Lower Reaches of Heihe River
    ZHANG Yan-wu, FENG Qi, HUANG Jing, SI Jian-hua, ZHANG Xiao-you, SU Yong-hong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 191-198. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0027
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    Using the meteorological data in Ejin Oasis from May to October 2005,the ground energy balance and microclimate characteristics have been analyzed.The results showed that global radiation,photosynthesis availability radiation(PAR) and net radiation had pronounced seasonal and daily variations in the oasis,and the maximum daily peak value and maximum month integral values appeared in July.The seasonal variation of the ground energy balance was obvious.In May,August,September and October,the sensible heat flux was the major portion in the ground energy exchange,and the Bowen Ratio was greater than 4 on day time;in June and July,the latent heat flux was the major portion in energy balance,and the Bowen Ratio was less than 1 on day time.Soil heat flux was always relatively small from May to October;about 15% to 20% of the net radiation.Wind velocity in the surface layer changed between 0 and 5 m·s-1,and the variation of wind velocity was small in night and relatively large in daytime.The change of soil temperature decreased with soil depth increasing.Daily variation of soil temperature was large at the earth surface and slight at 40 cm depth.
  • The Periglacial Blow-Sand Landform and Sediment: a Review
    LI Xin, LI Xiao-ze, YI Chao-lu, ZHU Zhi-yong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 199-210. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0028
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    The periglacial Aeolian landform and deposition is the desert physiognomy formed by the blown sand under cold and arid environment,always accompanied with the impact of glaciers and freezing and thawing.Most modern periglacial deserts are distributed mainly in the high latitude or middle and low latitude regions with high altitude.Whereas,some ancient periglacial sandy deserts depositions are distributed in modern temperate deserts.Usually the scales of periglacial dunes are smaller.The periglacial dune deposits are with abundant organism,ice flakes,freeze-thawing structure and firn stratum.Also,the sand has low chemical and physical maturity.The periglacial aeolian sediment coexists with some other facieses such as loess deposition,glacier deposition,lake deposition,deep sea deposition and volcanic clastic depositions etc.Therefore,they can be used to reconstruct local ancient climate and environments.Also they provide references to research the evolution of modern temperate desert during the Glaciation period.Recently,much achievement has been acquired in this field.However,it is hard to make certain the causes and processes of the paleo-periglacial and periglacial deserts due to the immature theory,more work should be carried out.The Pruogangri periglacial sandy desert and gobi,located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau,is the typical one in China.Studies on these landforms and environmental processes can enrich the contents of sandy deserts and play an important role in understanding the local climate and environment changes since the Late Quaternary.
  • Study of Frost Heaving Susceptibility of Fine-Grain Soil of Highway Subgrade in Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions
    LENG Yi-fei, ZHANG Xi-fa, ZHANG Dong-qing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 211-216. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0029
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    Based on the results of laboratory experiments on closed frost heaving for four different plasticity fine-grained soil samples,the influences of water content,plasticity,degree of saturations and degree of compaction on frost heaving susceptibility are discussed.On the foundation of η~W-WPcurves for clay and silt,the η~(W-Wp) relation for fine-grained soil is analyzed synthetically,and the relation between η~(W-Wp) and Kd~Sr for typical soil samples are obtained.Moreover,multi-unit linearity regression equation between η~(W-Wp) and Kd~Sr for typical soil is suggested.Analyzing the regression coefficients,it is found that the overplastic limit water content (W-Wp) is the principal factor to the frost heaving susceptibility of fine-grained soil.
  • Numerical Analyses of Pavement Deformation and Stress in Permafrost Regions
    WANG Shuang-jie, HUANG Xiao-ming, HOU Shu-guang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 217-222. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0030
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    Aimed at the thawing plates developed under the highway constructed in permafrost regions,two calculation models are chosen to analyze the displacement and stress of pavement from construction to operation,using ABAQUS software.Calculated results indicate that thawing settlement is the main deformation of subgrade and the maximum deformation appears in the middle of a road in permafrost regions,with a dished deformation profile.The maximum displacement point will offset with the offsetting of thawing plate.The maximum tension stress appears at the base bottom,which is sensitive to thawing settlement.At pavement top,the maximum compressive stress would appear at the place of axis load.The section size, embankment fill and pavement structure in the models are of representative in the Qinghai-Tibet highway.When the embankment height is 3.6 m,in despite of the thawing plate offsetting or not,the tension stress of base bottom will reach the tensile strength as the thawing plate depth reach 0.5 m,indicating that the thawing settlement is likely to cause pavement failure,therefore,the embankment height(3.6 m) is so called maximum height.
  • Discussion on Protection Measures of Permafrost under the Action of Engineering from the Point of Earth Surface Energy Balance Equation in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    CHEN Ji, SHENG Yu, CHENG Guo-dong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 223-228. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0031
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    Forming,developing and existence of permafrost are closely related with the characteristics of different factors of earth-surface energy balance equation.Earth-surface energy balance in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has following characteristics: 1) Annual total radiation and net radiation are both higher;2) The albedo of most underlaying surface is usually lower than 0.4;3) Quantity of latent heat exchange is often far less than the sensible heat exchange.The latter occupies 70% of the annual net radiation;4) Thermal influx of soil in most permafrost area is positive.This results in the degradation of permafrost.Experiment on how to reduce the temperature rise of asphalt surface in the Wudaoliang Ridge Section of Qinghai-Tibetan Highway shows that,painting light color or white dope can effectively protect the frozen soil under the roadbed.Thereinto,after adopting white road surface,4m ground temperature of the center bore was lowered by more than 1℃.
  • In-situ Experiment on the Cooling Effect of Closed Ballast Layer on Permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau
    MA Xiao-jie, ZHANG Jian-ming, ZHANG Ming-yi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 229-234. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0032
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    In order to study the cooling effect of the closed ballast layer on permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau,a test field with a closed ballast pit and a gravel surface was built near the Beiluhe test site of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,and the ground temperatures beneath the test field have been monitored.The test results indicate that: 1) After two years of freezing and thawing,the annual mean ground temperature at the bottom of the closed ballast pit(at the depth of 1.30 m) is-1.11℃,which is 0.73℃ lower than that at the same depth beneath the gravel surface without a closed ballast layer;the annual mean ground temperature at the middle of the closed ballast pit(at the depth of 0.70m) is-1.60℃,which is 1.4℃ lower than that at the same depth beneath the gravel surface.2) The closed ballast layer can raise permafrost table,decrease annual mean ground temperature below the ballast layer,and protect the permafrost effectively.3) The main reason that a closed ballast layer can cool the underlying soil on the Tibetan Plateau is that the equivalent conductive coefficient of the ballast layer is variable.In summer,the temperature at the top of the ballast layer is much higher than that at the bottom,so the natural convection in the ballast layer can not take place,and the heat transfer is only in the form of conduction;in winter,however,the temperature at the top of the ballast layer is much lower than that at the bottom,so that the convective flow induced by the density gradient occurs in the closed ballast layer,which can significantly increase the rate of upward heat loss.
  • Lightweight Qinghai-Tibet Railway Digital Roadbed and Numerical Simulation Platform Based on 3S
    GE Ying-chun, GUO Jian-wen, FENG Min, SHANG Qing-sheng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 235-239. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0033
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    The purposes of building up Geographical Information System and Digital Roadbed of the Qinghai-Tibet railway are to provide management and maintenance of engineering experiment data,observation data,DEM,all kinds of special data.The platform,as a virtual,can be depicted by multi-phase and multi-dimension bases on foundational geography data.In this paper,the design,the system integration,the system functions,data items are described.It was developed under Microsoft.Net environment with GIS components and C#,and integrated GIS,RS,GPS,VR,Dataset.At present,the platform has been used in the Qinghai-Tibet railway.
  • Response of the Characteristics of Alpine Meadow Plant Community to Disturbance Gradient of Human along Qinghai-Tibet Railway: A Case Study in the Alpine Meadow in Fenghuoshan Area
    ZHOU Guo-ying, CHEN Gui-chen, CHEN Zhi-guo, MA Shi-zhen, HAN You-ji
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 240-248. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0034
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    The alpine meadow communities under different human disturbance in Fenghuoshan area along the Qinghai-Tibet railway were selected to investigation.Five sampling lines were designed and 50 plots were investigated with the sample line transect.Based on the plot data,community characteristics were analyzed,such as the specific composition,the families and genera,the community physiognomy,and so on.In the alpine meadow communities,the frequency index,coverage index and species diversity index(Shannon-Wiener index H′,and Hill index D1),the richness index(R0) and the evenness index(E1) were counted. It is found that the more intense of human disturbance,the more simple of the community composition of the family,genus and species.Along with the increase of human disturbance intensity,the species diversity index and the richness index reduce and the dominate plant species of communities trend from Kobresia pygmaea,K. pygmaea and K. humilis,Poa spp.and Littledalea racemosa,Poa spp.to Festuca spp.and Poa spp.According to the importance value of population responded to human disturbance gradient,the plant species in the area can be divided into 3 response species groups: invasive species group,sensitive species group and tolerant species group.The disturbance gradient was evidently correlative with the content of organic matter,total nitrogen,hydrolyze nitrogen,total phosphorus,readily available phosphorus,but that with total kalium and readily available kalium is not obvious.
  • Signal Functions of Nitric Oxide in the Freezing Resistance in the Leaves of Evergreen Woody Plants of Sabina
    CHEN Yin-ping, ZHANG Man-xiao, CHEN Tuo, ZHANG You-fu, AN Li-zhe
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 249-255. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0035
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    The seasonal changes of anti-oxidative systems,lipid peroxidation,apparent NO-release,activities of NO synthase(NOS) and nitrate reductase(NR) in the leaves of Sabina przewalskii(SP) and Sabina chinensis(SC) were investigated to understand the role of endogenous NO,as a signal molecule in freezing tolerance of evergreen woody plants.The results showed that activities of CAT,POD and APX,contents of GSH,Pro and Car increase with temperature decrease,and the maxima appear in the winter.MDA content,the rate of NO release,NOS and NR activity increase markedly and reach two peaks in September and February,respectively.Meanwhile,with mean temperature decreasing from August to January,the correlations between the activities of POD,CAT,APX and contents of GSH,Car and Pro and the mean temperature and MDA content in the both species become negative.Furthermore,NO generation is always found before increasing of anti-oxidative enzyme activity and antioxidant content,indicating that the anti-oxidative systems play an important role in potentiating freezing-resistance of the plant and limiting the production of free radicals to protect membrane integrity.NO as an early signal molecule is able to induce the freezing tolerance by activating the anti-oxidative system involved in both anti-oxidative enzyme and antioxidant.On the other hand,SP shows a prevailing strategy in signal function of NO and has higher anti-oxidative enzyme activity and antioxidant content than SC in order to develop the tolerance to freezing.
  • A Distributed Hydrological Model-GBHNM and Its Application in Middle-Scale Catchment
    WANG Lei, WANG Zhong-jing, YIN Hang, YANG Da-wen, HE Shan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 256-261. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0036
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    Watershed dispersion is a key issue of distributed hydrological model.Based on geomorphology analysis,a GBHM(Geomorphology-Based Hydrological Model) was established.The GBHM employs the area function and width function to lump the topography and divides catchments into a series of flow interval-hillslopes.Each interval-hillslope as a basic hydrology unit is a unique hydrological unit,which can be described by 1-D SVAT.The application of the model in the Yongding River basin shows that GBHM is of high efficiency.The Yongding River basin,a 41 692 km2 semi-arid catchment,is located in North China as a part of Hai River Basin,which is selected as the typical catchment to test the GBHM.The distributed physics-based hydrological model is used to simulate the hydrological process,together with hydrological fieldwork,GIS and RS data and distributed parameters.A 30 m?30 m grid DEM,a 1:250 000 landuse map,a 1:5 000 000 surface soil map,108 rainfall survey spots with daily data and 14 evaporation survey spots with monthly data are used as model input.18 discharge survey spots are selected to make calibration and validation.Through applying the model in the Yongding River basin to simulate natural water circle,the features and the applicability was well verified.The using of Basic Hydrology Unit could not only reflect the human activities impacting the rainfall-runoff process with physics-based parameters,but also greatly reduce the computation time.In the case study,the computation time of simulating the whole year water circle by one hour step and 150 m grid is less than three hours in the Yongding Rive basin.It is revealed that the model can be used in larger catchments.
  • Variation Pattern of Soil Water Content in Longitudinal Dune in the Southern Part of Gurbantêggêt Desert: How SnowMelt and Frozen Soil Change Affect the Soil Moisture
    WANG Xue-qin, ZHANG Yuan-ming, JIANG Jin, CHEN Jun-jie, SONG Chun-wu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 262-268. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0037
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    Based on the soil moisture on a longitudinal dune measured from March in 2004 to July 2005 and analyzing the weather station data in the southern part of Gurbantêggêt Desert,it is found that the spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture are mainly affected by snow melting and frozen soil changing.There is a stable snow cover with a depth of 20~30 cm on the dune surface during winter in the desert,it melts quickly in early spring and supplies water to soil,as a result,the spring becomes the richest season of soil moisture during a whole year.Again,there is a notable frozen soil layer in the desert,which melts from top to bottom in early spring.Under gravity,melting water moves from the dune crest downwards.Therefore,the soil moisture is high in interdune,medium on slope and little on crest in spring and early summer.This result provides the base for vegetation rehabilitation in desert.
  • Hydrological and Hydrochemical Features of Kartamak Glacier Area in Muztag Ata
    ZHAO Hua-biao, YAO Tan-dong, XU Bai-qing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 269-275. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0038
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    Based on the measured hydrological data from 1 June to 25 August 2003,the variation characteristics of meltwater runoff draining from Kartamak Glacier in the Muztag Ata are discussed.The meltwater runoff is dependent mainly on ambient temperature and precipitation.Runoff and precipitation samples were collected from 10 to 23 August 2003.Their pH,EC(electric conductivity) were determined.Besides,the major ions(Na+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl-,NO3-,SO42-) of runoff samples also determined.pH values show a positive correlation with EC for all samples.Runoff samples are slightly alkaline.Sulfate and calcium are the dominant anion and cation in the measured ions.The major ion concentrations have the similar variations in the samples collected whether on a single day or during the whole sampling period,except for NO3-,and have an inverse fluctuation with runoff or water level,because of dilution.In order to discuss the classification and origin of each dissolved chemical substance in the glacial meltwater,a principal component analysis is carried out.The results show that the fluctuations of Ca2+ and SO42- are most similar in all measured cations and anions,and that water-rock interaction determines the ion components of the meltwater.
  • Strengthen Monitoring on Aral Ecosystem in Tarim River
    WANG Shun-de, CAO Xiao-li, WANG Yan-guo, YAN Yu-hong, ZHANG Xue-rong, SHEN Yong-ping, MAO Wei-yi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 276-282. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0039
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    Tarim River is the largest inland basin with a total area of 102×104km2 located in the arid zone of Northwest China.Total water resource is 429×108m3 in Tarim River basin,with relatively scarce water and very weak ecological environment.The three tributary river systems(Aksu,Hotan and Yarkant) that contribute flows to the Tarim River join just above the Aler gauging station where the Tarim River begins.Aral Ecosystem Monitor Station is located at Xiaojiake——Aral Hydrological Gauging Station where is the meeting of Aksu,Yarkant,Hotan and Tarim River,and is an important representative regional station in the Tarim river plain.The hydrological regimes and ecological environment of Aral area control to river health of the upper,the middle and the lower reaches of Tarim River.Monitoring Aral ecosystem will help for integrated water resources planning and unified management,regulation to change and the evolvement of the ecological environment,and for development of local society economy.This station was set up in July of 1996,the monitoring items including hydrometeorology,groundwater table,tree,shrub,grass,soil,water,saline and desertification.The field monitor facilities include the river hydrology cross section and meteorological observation field.The first monitor sector is 22 km long.In addition to hydrological and meteorological monitoring items are installed in the ecosystem monitor station,and others are carried on the first monitor sector.
  • Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in the Arid Inland Areas of Xinjiang,China
    LUO Yan, WANG Xin-hui, SHEN Yong-ping, WANG Shun-de
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 283-287. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0040
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    With the concept of sustainable development going deep,it is necessary to deeply study many problems on water resources and its exploitation and utilization.To investigate the major questions in water resources and their exploitation and utilization and to understand the exploitation potential of water resourced are the precondition and basis of sustainable utilization of water resources.In this paper,the major questions in water resources and its exploitation and utilization,as well as the development and utilization potential,in the arid inland areas of Xinjiang are analyzed.Based on the analysis,countermeasures of water resources exploitation and utilization are summarized following the principle of sustainable development.
  • An Overview of the Researches on the Coupled Transport of Water,Heat and Solute in the Accumulating and Melting Processes of Snowpack
    CHEN Xiao-fei, TIAN Jing, ZHANG Xue-ping, WANG Tie-liang, XIE Li-qun, WEI Dan, YANG Guo-fan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 288-292. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0041
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    The intensification of air pollution results in mass acid rain,which is in the form of acid snow in winter.Particular attention has been pain to acid snow damage to soil environment,water and ecosystem environment in the world.The researches on the coupled transport of water,heat and solute in the accumulating and melting processes of snowpack are the theoretical foundation of the assessment and prediction of the acid snow consequence.In this paper,the research history,development situation and the problems needed to be solved in this field are overviewed based on the cited documents both at home and abroad.
  • The Eco-Environmental Sustainable Development of the Karst Areas in Southwest China Analyzed from Ecological Footprint Model——A case study in Guangxi Region
    ZHANG Yan, WU Yu-ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 293-298. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0042
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    Since the concept of sustainable development being put forward,many systems of index for measuring the development level of a region have been provided.In the late 1990s,theory of ecological footprint was put forward to deal with the development conditions a certain area.The method of ecological footprint is a simple framework for measuring sustainable development.The status of sustainable development can be judged econometrically.The theory comes from the knowledge that people’s consume can be transferred into biologically productive land,which produces all the resources and assimilates all the wastes generated by human.The Karst mountain areas in Southwest China have the well-known vulnerable ecological systems and become the representative poverty regions in China.There are many Karst mountain areas in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.The sustainable development status of ecological environment in Guangxi is estimated based on ecological footprint calculation model and using the data of 2004,and then compared with the ecological footprint in 2003.It is found that: 1) The per capita ecological footprint of Guangxi increased from 1.1378 hm2 in 2003 to 1.2239 hm2 in 2004;the per capita ecological capacity decreased from 0.5753 hm2 in 2003 to 0.5736 hm2 in 2004;the demand for resources has already exceeded the supply of resources.2) The per capita ecological deficit increased from 0.5625 hm2 in 2003 to 0.6503 hm2 in 2004;The development of ecological environment in Guangxi is in an unsustainable state.Effective countermeasures should be taken to ensure the development of ecological environment in a healthy and sustainable way.At last,several suggestions are given to maintain sustainable development of ecological environment in Guangxi Region.
  • Application of Adjustive Ecological Footprint Approach to Liaoning Province
    LI Guang-jun, WANG Qing, GU Xiao-wei, LIU Jian-xing, Ding Yi
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(2): 299-306. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0043
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    As the society is developing forward constantly,the mankind is strengthening exploitation and utilization of natural resources constantly.Success of industrial revolution caused the human being’s ability of exploiting natural resources get all-time improved,and sustained the high-speed development of economic,but at the same time,forest,soil,water,air and biologic diversity were accelerated deterioration.Environmental deterioration and ecological degeneration also affected the sustainable development of social economy.There are some indexes to appraise the sustainable development;this paper chooses the index of ecological footprint,which is very popularity in international academia as an index of sustainable development.Since it published in 1992,because of its notional visualization,easily to understand and calculation,the ecological footprint was attended broadly by a lot of researchers of academia and many governments. Liaoning Province was the largest heavy industry bases since the new China come into existence;it did great contribution for Chinese economy.The decision-making of rejuvenating the northeast old industrial base provide a new chance for the social economy of Liaoning Province,but how to rebuild and rejuvenating the northeast old industrial bases and implementing the sustainable development of Liaoning Province economy and ecological harmony,not only is a strategic problem,but also is one aim of rejuvenating the northeast old industrial bases.This paper uses the adjustive ecological footprint to research the sustainable development of Liaoning Province.The results show that the EOI(Ecological Overshoot Index)of Liaoning Province from 1996 to 2003 were all exceed 2,and is very close to 3 in some year,which means the ecological footprint of Liaoning Province greatly exceeds the ecological capacity of Liaoning province,and the ecological environment would be deteriorated in the future.The ecological efficiency had an unfaltering raise from 1996 to 2003,and the ecological efficiency increased from 2569 Yuan·hm-2 in 1996 to 4101 Yuan·hm-2 in 2003,with an average ratio of 7.5%.However,there is still a large gap as compared with industrialized countries.
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