25 February 2006, Volume 28 Issue 1
    

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  • HAO Zhen-chun, WANG Jia-hu, LI Li, WANG Zhen-hua, WANG Ling
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0001
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    A visible climate change in China,together with the global change,is outlined in detail in the IPCC’s reports.The head regions of Yellow River supply about 1/3 water of the whole river basin.The impact of global worming is much sensitive in the high and cold regions.So it is important to make clear the change of water resources under changing climate in the regions.Observations in the past 50 years show that the temperature in the regions increased 0.02 ℃ per year,while the precipitation fluctuated without any obvious trend.13 Scenes under 2 SRES from 7 GCMs are downloaded from IPCC’s DDC.Validation shows that the average of 7 GCMs’ results is better than individual one and Scene B2 is more rational than Scene A2.Prediction of the future 100 years shows: temperature will increase continuously,especially in Huangheyan Station,while precipitation will be inconsistent among the GCMs’.Overall trend of all scenes seems to have a fluctuation before 2030 and then increase.A distributed hydrological model is established to derive runoff change from climate change,with a cell size of 25 km×25 km and a time step of 24 hours.The effects of snow,glaciers and permafrost are taken into consideration in the model.The parameters of the model are calibrated by 30-year(1961-1990) observations,and validated by the observations of the following 10 years.Runoff forecasted in the validation fits well with observations.Water in the future 100 years in the study regions will fluctuate in the early 20 years and then will decrease about 5% per year.The trouble of washy or drouthy years will increase,and the interannual variation will increase as well.The water demand in the line of Western Route Project of South-North Water Diversion is discussed briefly.
  • WANG Ke-li, CHENG Guo-dong, DING Yong-jian, SHEN Yong-ping, JIANG Hao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 8-14. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0002
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    On the basic of weather station precipitation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,interannual change of precipitation over the source regions of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are respectively analyzed.Composite characteristics of the geopotential height and wind field on 500 hPa,the flow field on 600 hPa,the atmospheric water vapor content and water vapor transport for the typical rainiest and rainless years over the source regions of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are respectively analyzed and compared.The results show that,the long-term change trend of the precipitations over the source regions of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are not clear during the last 50 years but obvious decreased over the source regions of the Yellow River and increased over the source regions of the Yangtze River during the last 10 years.There are obvious circulation difference characteristics between rainiest and rainless years.In the rainiest/rainless year,the Mongol low pressure on 500 hPa is weaker/stronger and so the westerly speed is weaker/stronger,the Plateau convergence line on 600 hPa moves north /south,the water vapor content over the river source regions increases/decreases,the water vapor transport from south by the southwest monsoon increases/decreases and make more/less water vapor source to the river source regions and so make more/less precipitation.There are similar atmospheric circulation difference characteristics between the source regions of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River for rainiest and rainless years but the circulation difference degree is stronger over the source regions of the Yellow River than over the source regions of the Yangtze River.
  • WANG Bao-jian, HUANG Yu-xia, TAO Jian-hong, LI Dong-liang, WANG Peng-xiang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 15-21. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0003
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    Analyzing the regional features and variations of water vapor in Northwest China reveals that: There are three climate regions in Northwest China,i.e.,region of westerly belt,region of plateau and region of East Asian monsoon.Water vapor is transported from Northwest and West and Southwest to Northwest China.The atmosphere precipitable water and vapor flux in Northwest China is abundant in the region of East Asian monsoon,followed by the region of westerly belt,and then the region of plateau.In the vapor flux field there is a convergence center of precipitation.The net vapor flux was negative in the region of westerly belt before 1978,and then turns to positive.The net vapor flux was negative in the region of plateau during the past 43 years.Before the 1990s,the net vapor flux was positive in the region of East Asian monsoon,and then turns to an equilibrium state,with a value higher than the other two regions.There were abrupt changes of precipitation and water vapor in the region of westerly belt in 1990 and 1985,and no in the other two regions.
  • HE Yuan-qing, PANG Hong-xi, LU Ai-gang, DIAN Zhang, ZHANG Zhong-lin, NING Bao-ying, SONG Bo, ZHAO Jing-dong, YUAN Ling-ling
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 22-28. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0004
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    In order to understand spatial and temporal variations of the stable isotopes in atmospheric precipitation,snow cover and glacial runoff in different regions of China,sampling and isotopic analysis in the systems of snow-cover,ice and glacial runoff in different types of glacial areas in China,Mt.Yulong and Samdain Kangsang in Nyainqê ntanglha Range(temperate-glacier area),the head area of Ürümqi River in Tianshan Mountains(subpolar-glacier area) and Muztag(polar-glacier area),both in summer and winter,has been carried out between 2000 and 2003.The analyzed isotopic results(δ18O) show that there is an apparent "altitude effect" in new snow fell in winter,reflecting the features of winter monsoon,but a reverse pattern,the "amount effect" in summer snow,indicating a varied altitudinal feature of summer monsoon,which is similar with that in Samdain Kangsang in Nyainqêntanglha Range.Differentially,the δ18O values in summer snowpack in the polar-glacier distributing areas of Tianshan Mountains and Muztag decrease with increasing altitude and decreasing air temperature,indicating an "altitude effect" or a "temperature effect".An marked fractionation process has occurred in residual or melting snowpack both in temperate and polar glacier areas,showing that higher δ18O values have been measured in the samples from the residual snowpack containing with meltwater than those in new snow.During the fluvial process,δ18O values in meltwater increase with decreasing altitude,increasing flowing distance and time.
  • ZHANG Xin-ping, YANG Da-qing, LIU Jing-miao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 29-36. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0005
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    The characteristics of temporal-spatial distribution of δ18O in precipitation and its relationships with temperature,precipitation amount and ENSO were analyzed in this study.The analyses show that the latitudinal distribution of the mean δ18O in precipitation is very remarkable in the North America,regardless over lands or oceans.The mean δ18O differences between continent and ocean are less besides high latitudes.With increasing latitude,the δ18O in precipitation decreases quickly.It is found that the temperature effect appears over the whole North America continent,and becomes much more marked with increasing latitude.The variations of extension and intensity characterize a distributional difference of temperature effect on different seasons.The amount effect happens mainly in low-latitude oceans,east coast of the low-middle-latitude Pacific Ocean and northwest coast of Gulf Stream.However,no amount effect in inland.Similarly,the variations of extension and intensity characterize also a distributional difference of amount effect on different seasons.In inland and high latitudes of the North America,the Δδ18O displays greater positive value corresponding to the distinct temperature effect;in low-latitude oceans,it does smaller or a negative value;and in the same latitudes,Δδ18O in land is markedly greater than that in ocean.Furthermore,there are distinct positive correlations between SST in Nino-4 and δ18O in precipitation at Ottawa and Midway Island that stand for continental and oceanic situations respectively,in which,the continuous correlations between the precipitation δ18O in May and SST in Nioo-4 are remarkable,showing that the strong signal form ENSO has important impact on the variations of stable isotopes in precipitation of the land and the ocean in this period.
  • LI Xiang-ying, LI Zhong-qin, YOU Xiao-ni, WANG Fei-teng, LI Chuan-jin, ZHU Yu-man
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 37-44. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0006
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    Characteristics of ice formation zones on a glacier and stratigraphy profiles of snow pits that relate the basic features of a glacier are the basic objects of glaciology.The study of ice formation zones on the Glacier No.1 at the headwaters of Ürümqi River in the Tianshan Mountains began at the beginning of the 1960s,when Xie Zichu and Huang Maohuan and others divided the glacier into four ice formation zones.In 1988,Wang Xiaojun and others found that cold-percolation-recrystallization zone on the glacier disappeared and was replaced by percolation zone.Therefore,in1989,Liu Chaohai and others divided the glacier into three ice formation zones.The glacier has changed a lot since the 1990s,because of temperature increase,resulting in shift of ice formation zones and stratigraphy profiles of snow pits.This is a key issue that attracts more attention.In this paper new division of ice formation zones and physical properties of stratigraphy profiles is presented by study of a series of snow pits on the glacier.It is found that characteristics of stratigraphy profiles and ice formation zones on the glacier have a transformation trend from cold to warm.In addition,a strong ablation phenomenon has been found in the top of east branch,showing the percolation zone locally transform into ablation area.
  • WANG Fei-teng, LI Zhong-qin, YOU Xiao-ni, LI Chuan-jin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 45-53. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0007
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    Physical process of snow to ice transformation is one of important research objects in Glaciology.However,most previous studies on the Glacier No.1 focused mainly on properties of snow profiles,rather than the process,because of lack of long-term field observation.The currently launched PGPI(the Program for Glacier Process Investigation) provides a unique opportunity to observe this evolution process and to trace every change in snow-firn pack at PGPI observation and experimental site on the Glacier No.1,which in turn made a great contribute to PGPI.During PGPI field campaigns from 2002 through to 2004,about 110 snow/firn stratigraphy profiles(in weekly interval) were obtained at PGPI site(4 130 m a.s.l.,in the percolation zone),on which various physical measurements and observations have been made simultaneously,as a result,the evolution process can be analyzed in detail.Particular effort was contributed to those visible layers on snow-firn stratigraphy,such as different sized firn,dust layers,ice slices,etc.,by tracing their evolution processes.The results have reveled enormous details of these processes over the two-year period.It is found that percolation of meltwater has a definitive impact on the transformation process.Ice formation process in a year can be divided into four periods depending on features of the process: winter steady period,spring fluctuation periods,summer intense period and autumn fluctuation period.Different periods have been discussed respectively in this paper.
  • WEN Jun, Dai Mo, Deroin Jean-Paul, WANG Zhi-jun, ZHANG Tang-tang, Humbert Louis
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0008
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    In this paper,the seasonal variations of extent and depth of snow cover over the Nyainq ntanglha Range are assessed using the remote sensing data.The seasonal variation of snow cover extent over the study range is estimated from Earth Observation System / MOD erate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer EOS /MODIS data,which,however,can not derive out snow depth.With considerations of the microwave radiative transfer and interaction between microwave radiation and snow/soil,a retrieval algorithm of snow depth is developed for applying the ENVISAT/ASAR data.The speckle noise in the ASAR data is reduced using a self-adjective Lee filter.The effects of the slope and aspect of mountain are also considered in the ASAR data calibration.As a result,the snow covers take about 28.9%、69.9%、11.6% and 14.7% of the interesting region in April,May,July and September 2003.The seasonal variation of the estimated snow depth is evident;The depth reaches a maximum in May and a minimum in July.It is necessary to mention that the complex mountain elevation and summer melting of snow surface largely impact the retrieved snow depth.Using the ASAR data to estimate snow depth still has a certain difficulty in a large-scale,therefore,a thorough study is necessary in the future.
  • WANG Jin-ye, WANG Yan-hui, LI Xin, JIN Wen-mao, GE Shuang-lan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 62-69. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0009
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    In this paper,the water situation in the Pailugou basin is tested and analyzed. The water situation and runoff production has a spatial differentia and regularly changes with slope direction and altitude.Water in the basin,both on shady or sunny slopes,is enough for plant(arbor forest) to grow,and precipitation is adequate.Water situation in high altitude is better than that in low altitude,with more runoff.There is no significant difference in runoff coefficient between shady slope and sunny slope at the same altitude,but in the forest on shady slope,the contribution and the regulating action of runoff are better than those in the meadow on sunny slope are.It is concluded that the higher the altitude and the larger the forest area of a river basin are,the better the water situation and runoff production are.Moreover,due to the regulation of forest,the larger the forest area on the shady slope is,the more stable the runoff is.
  • S Feng, XIA Dunsheng, TANG Maocang, CHEN Fahu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 70-75. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0010
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    A pollen-spore record of an 8.2 m-long loess section from Qin’an(35.76°N, 105.82°E) in western Loess Plateau,one of the origins of Chinese civilization,was studied.It provides insights into monsoonal climate change in this semiarid region,a climatologically sensitive region.The variations of pollen-spore concentration in Qin’an are closely related to centennial dry/wet fluctuations in semiarid regions of China in the recent 2 000 years.The abrupt drop of pollen-spore concentration around 3 200 a BP is also consistent with millennium scale dryness and environmental deterioration around 1150-1300 a BC revealed by document records.A singular spectrum analysis suggests that the dry/wet fluctuations in Qin’an have 2 300 a,1 060 a,650 a and 390 a periods.The 2 300 a cycle is well correlated to the variations of South Asian monsoon during the Holocene.When South Asian monsoon is strong,the western Loess Plateau is wet,and vice versa.The 2 300 a period is also related to solar variability.
  • LI Ying-nian, ZHAO Liang, XU Shi-xiao, YU Gui-rui, DU Ming-yuan, WANG Qin-xue, SUN Xiao-min, TANG Yan-hong, ZHAO Xin-quan, GU Song
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 76-84. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0011
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    Both swampy and lacustrine wetlands coexist in the Haibei area of the Qilian Mountains.There is few plant species in the plant community of alpine wetland in the Haibei area.From center to fringe of the wetland there is a significant difference in dominate species and the structure of plant community changes obviously.There are Carex pachyrrhiza meadow dominated by Carex pamirensis at the center area,and Kobresia tibetica meadow dominated by Kobresia tibetica distributed at the fringe area.There are 25 species(of 10 families and 20 categories) from the center area to the fringe.Both aboveground(349.373 g·m-2) and belowground have higher biomass(10769.301g·m-2 just from 1 to 40 cm),and belowground biomass is higher than that of aboveground.The belowground biomass decreases almost equally from surface to deep.Alpine meadow is significantly different from Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa shrub.The proceeds ration to livestock is low for higher crude fibre content in some wetland plants such as Carex pamiroalaica,Kobresia tibetica,Carex alrofusca,and Blysmus sinocompressus.Due to the higher replenishment to soil organic matter both by aboveground and belowground,there appears a turf level,2~3 m deep,in the alpine wetland in the Haibei area,after many years accumulation.Alpine wetland is an important carbon sink.The decomposition of all the half-decomposed and no-decomposed soil organic matter will accelerate as the climate warming,and more greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane release.
  • CHANG Xue-xiang, ZHAO Wen-zhi, ZHAO Ai-fen
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 85-90. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0012
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    In the middle reaches of Heihe River,leaf area index(LAI) and water consumption of Gansu Poplar(Populus gansuensis C.Wang et H.L.Yang) were measured by direct method and Heat Pulse Meter SF300 made in Australia during growing season,respectively,and the variation of leaf area index of Gansu Poplar and its relation to water consumption were studied.The measurements suggest that the increase of LAI of Gansu Poplar follows the Logistic relationship during growing season.The Gansu Poplar LAI from 10 m to 14 m in tree height accounts for 75.5 percent of the total.For the Gansu Poplar,there is an exponential relationship between the individual LAI and the product of square diameter at the breast height(DBH) and tree height.The water consumption increases from 42.95 L·d-1 to 140.30 L·d-1 when the LAI increases from 0.44 to 4.94.There is a linear relationship between the water consumption and the LAI.
  • TANG Shu-lin, QIN Da-he, REN Jia-wen, KANG Jian-cheng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 91-100. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0013
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    As an important component of global climate system,the Polar sea ice impacts global climate by sea surface radiation balance,mass balance,energy balance,as well as the circulation of sea water temperature and salinity.Sea ice has been studied for a long time.Many correlative sea ice projects were established through extensive international cooperation,from the primary research of strength and bearing capacity of sea ice to the development of sea/ice/air coupled models. Based on these studies,sea ice variations were combined with global climate change.The research fields about sea ice includes: the physical properties and processes of sea ice,together with snow cover,the ecosystem of sea ice regions,albedos of sea ice and its snow cover,mass balance of sea ice regions,sea ice and climate coupled model.A simulation suggests that both the extent and volume of polar sea ice will decrease in the 21st century.With the developing of sea ice researches,more new scientific questions are raised,such as the interaction between sea ice and the other factors of global climate system,the seasonal and regional distributions of Polar sea ice thickness,Polar sea ice boundary and area changing trend,sea ice growth,melt and its influencing factors,the role of the polynya and sea/air interactions.
  • ZHANG Yong, LIU Shi-yin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 101-107. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0014
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    Degree-day model is one of the simple but sufficiently accurate ones to estimate ice or snow ablation.It bases on linear correlation between ablation and sum of daily mean temperatures above melting point,the cumulative positive temperature,during a period.Although more physically based energy balance models can describe more properly the processes of ice or snow ablation,the degree-day model has been used for more than a century for its convenience in practice.Comparing with another climate variables,air temperature is the most readily available data in general,hence,degree-day model becomes the most widely used method for calculating ice and snow ablation in the studies of mass balance,hydrological process,ice dynamic process and climate sensitivity.Despite its simplicity, it is demonstrated that the degree-day model is a powerful tool for ablation modeling on a catchment scale,rather than the energy balance models.Due to generally good performance,low data requirements and simplicity,the degree-day model is accepted widely at present and will be accepted in the future in snow and glacier ablation modeling.However,it is necessary to understand its limitations,in order to refine and develop.
  • FENG Wen-jie, MA Wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 108-115. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0015
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    There are a lot of active measures to protect permafrost adopted in the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,of which one is awning.The heat preservation effect of the awning can be seen after one year’s awning.After a cycle of cold and warm seasons,an awninged embankment temperature is 3~5 ℃ lower than an ordinary embankment,and the permafrost table ascends 1.0~1.7 m,with an average of 1.1 m,under the berm,the road shoulder and the road center.The protection effect of awning on permafrost is more categorical and obvious than other active measures of permafrost protection.Awning is one of the top-priority choices to actively protect permafrost.
  • PEI Jian-zhong, DOU Min-jian, HU Chang-shun, WANG Bin-gang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 116-121. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0016
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    There are many longitudinal cracks in the embankments in permafrost regions,which are widespread and difficult to control.In this paper,on the basis of investigation,together with analyses of deformation characteristics and embankment temperature regimes,the main reasons for forming longitudinal crack are attributed to the unstable area under the slope foot of an embankment,and a new model for analyzing the mechanism is presented.Through an analysis with FEM of elastic-plastic theory,the deformation and strain variations in an embankment are studied,and then three phases of the forming course are puts forward,i.e.,the initial deformation phase,strength decrease phase and a phase of failure in stability.Corresponsively,there are three zones with different characteristics within the embankment and roadbed,i.e.,developing zone,restraint zone and inducement zone.Study of the mechanism of longitudinal cracks is helpful to take measures against the cracks.
  • WU Qing-bai, PU Yi-bin, JIANG Guan-li, DENG You-sheng, XING Li-li, FENG Xiao-tai
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 122-125. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0017
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    The experimental research of formation and decomposition processes of methane hydrate by computerized tomography(CT) is expatiated on in this article.It is proved by the research that CT could describe the formation and decomposition processes of methane hydrate distinctly.The processes of formation and decomposition of methane hydrate can be well comprehended from the density changes shown in CT images and the frequency distribution and the mean variance change of CT value.And also,the changes of CT value during formation and decomposition processes are helpful for accurately judging the phase balance conditions of methane hydrate.
  • BING Hui, HE Ping, YANG Cheng-song, SHI Ye-hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 126-130. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0018
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    The existence of solutes and their redistribution during freezing have a deep influence on the process of soil freezing.Unidirectional freezing experiments were performed in an open system with red clay collected at the Beiluhe test site along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.Groundwater supply of the soil was simulated in the experiments by attaching a liquid replenishment system to the bottom of the specimen container.In order to see the influence of the salt on the evolution of the specimen during the unidirectional freezing,two types of experiments were done.(i) The soil specimen was supplied with a sodium sulfate solute of 5% concentration,and(ii) only distilled water without any salty component was added.Based on the freezing temperature measurements of salty soil,with the migration of sodium sulfate solution towards the lower temperature zone,it is found that during freezing 0℃ isothermal in the soil falls gently,but frost depth of the soil ascends slowly when cool is given constantly.Compared to the experiments with distilled water replenishment,amount of frost-heaving is lesser in the specimen with sodium sulfate solution replenishment.Moreover,based on the frost depth curve,Na2SO4-H2O system and solubility curve of sulfate sodium,amounts of frost heaving and salt expansion in the specimens have been calculated,respectively.From the calculations,one can see that deformation of the specimen is mainly caused by frost heaving in early stage,and by crystallization of sulfate sodium in later stage,which is demonstrated by the dry density after the experiments.
  • ZHANG Shu-juan, LAI Yuan-ming, ZHANG Min-yi, YU Wen-bin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 131-135. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0019
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    According to a series of dynamic loading experiments with temperature records,it is found that when the initial temperature of specimen is -6 ℃,the temperature in the specimen under dynamic loading gradually increases,even if a constant cold energy is supplied.The temperature increases in logarithmic and exponential forms with increasing frequency and stress amplitude,respectively;and decreases in exponential and linear forms with increasing dry density and water content,respectively.The strength of frozen soils also shows different descent under the above-mentioned conditions.Comparison of the results from regression equations and experiment curves under the same condition reveals that the regression equations are reliable to predict the temperature change in specimen.It is important for analyzing the experimental data that there is a temperature increase due to loading.
  • LI Hong-sheng, LIU Xiao-zhou, SHI Jun, ZHAI Wei, ZHANG Geng-yuan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2006, 28(1): 136-140. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2006.0020
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    Drainage-pumping stations in cold regions will be damaged by ice and frost,even lose their function completely.The causes of the damage due to ice and frost on a drainage-pumping station are analyzed.Arranged frame columns are destroyed by co-exertion of ice pressure and freezing-thawing cycle.Slope protections of collecting tank are damaged owing to repeated freezing-thawing cycles.These processes were quantitatively calculated.According to the analyses and calculations,a design scheme against the ice and frost is put forward.In order to avoid the damage of ice and frost,positive cone and waterproofing layer should be applied to arranged frame columns.Three different configurations of slope protection are put forward,which are demonstrated by numerical calculations,i.e.,concrete-block protection,concrete plate protection and reconstructed revetment.