25 April 2005, Volume 27 Issue 2

    

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  Permafrost Engineering in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway: Research and Practice

  SUN Yong-fu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 153-162. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0025

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  Based on investigations and explorations on the permafrost engineering geological conditions and characteristics along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the reasonable line location and reliable engineering types have been determined for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on permafrost regions. The research results from five different experiment-engineering sections have been used to direct designs and constructions of the railway engineering. Based on a systematic summary of the researches and practices in permafrost engineering in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway for four years, the design philosophy of “active cooling, cooling foundation and protecting frozen soils” have been put forward and the whole-measures of the roadbeds, bridges, caves and tunnels have been constituted to ensure the stability of permafrost engineering in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
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  The Influence of Boundary Conditions on the Cooling Effect and Mechanism of Ripped-rock Layers

  LAI Yuan-ming, ZHANG Ming-yi, YU Wen-bing, GAO Zhi-hua

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 163-168. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0026

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  A series of experiments were for the crushed rock layers, whose average particle diameter is 22.1 cm and thickness is 1.3 m, with open and closed boundaries, respectively. According to the temperature and velocity distributions in the crushed rock layer with the closed boundaries when the environmental temperatures are at the highest and the lowest, respectively, it is found that when the temperatures on the top of the crushed rock layer are lower than that on the bottom, the heat from lower part to upper part in the inner of the crushed rock layer is transferred by means of air convection and thermal conduction among the crushed rocks; while the heat transfer from upper part to lower part is mainly finished by the thermal conduction among the crushed rocks when the temperatures are higher on the top than on the bottom, and at that time the air in the crushed rock layer almost kept constant, which could be an obstacle to the enter of the heat. So the crushed rock layer with the closed boundaries would be considered to have the characteristics of thermal semiconductor. But when the air with an average temperature of 0.5℃ crossed through the crushed rock layer with the open boundaries from its top, the thermal transfer is mainly finished by the forced convection, and the effect of thermal semiconductor is not obvious, which is not benefit to the decreasing temperature of the frozen soil under the crushed rock layer.
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  Nonlinear Analysis of the Influence of Pavement types on Embankment Thermal Regime in Permafrost Regions on the Tibetan Plateau

  WANG Hai-nian, DOU Ming-jian, WU Min-hui

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0027

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  Enthalpy model was adopted to set up a thermal regime of permafrost embankment with phase change. In the simulation of embankment thermal regime, many meteorological factors, such as air temperature, solar radiation, wind velocity, soil moisture evaporation, were considered and concluded as a combination of the second and third boundary condition, accordingly, the finite element models of thermal regime in embankments with asphalt concrete pavement and cement concrete pavement in different temperature areas were set up and analyzed. The calculation results show that pavement types have positive influence on thermal regime in permafrost embankments, and concrete pavement can effectively decrease pavement temperature, delay falling velocity of permafrost table, and protect the permafrost under embankments effectively. Considering the effect on permafrost table, there is a kind of dynamic equivalence to some degree among pavement types, external temperature and embankment heights.
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  Temperature Control Problem of Concrete ofPileFoundationunder Construction in the Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

  MA Hui, LIAO Xiao-ping, LAI Yuan-ming

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 176-181. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0028

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  For constructing the Qinghai-Tibet railway in the permafrost regions, temperature control problem needs to be solved in the construction of driven cast-in-place pile, the strength and durability of concrete must be ensured and the disturbance to the foundation soil should be avoided possibly. Additionally, the disturbed permafrost around the piles must refreeze in an allowable time. The temperature of concrete put into mold in the pile foundation is controlled in order to reduce the thermal disturbance to some extent and shorten the refreezing time of the permafrost around the pile. As compared with the heat of hydration of concrete, the sensible heat due to the increasing temperature of concrete put into the mold in a pile foundation is very small. The thermal disturbance due to the increasing temperature of concrete put into the mold in a pile foundation is secondary by comparison with such factors as the means of boring hole of pile and so on. Under special conditions, a proper temperature rising when the concrete put into the mold in a pile foundation is adoptable and necessary.
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  Experimental Studies of Thermal Conductivity of Undisturbed Permafrost at Beiluhe Testing Site on the Tibetan Plateau

  WEN Zhi, SHENG Yu, MA Wei, DENG You-sheng, WU Ji-chun

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 182-187. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0029

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  Thermal conductivity is an important parameter for estimating thermal regime of permafrost in engineering design. Using QL-30 thermophysical instrument made in Anter Corporation in State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, thermal conductivity of undisturbed permafrost taken from Beiluhe site were studied. Experimental studies show that there are distinct difference in thermal conductivity between undisturbed permafrost and frozen soil. Ice content by volume controls the thermal conductivity of shallow permafrost. For the shallow permafrost with same soil texture, same structure and consolidation condition, it is found that its thermal conductivity has negative correlativity with gas content by volume and positive correlativity with volume density, respectively. On the other hand, gas content by volume is a dominant factor that affects the thermal conductivity of deep permafrost and ground ice. Besides, ground ice in the Tibetan Plateau has the thermal conductivity equivalent to that of pure ice, and gas content by volume affects its thermal conductivity. The studies of thermal conductivity of undisturbed permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau will be helpful to the thermal calculation in the permafrost regions of the plateau.
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  Model Experimental Study on Compressive Bearing Capacity of Single Pile in Frozen Soil

  WANG Ren-he, WANG Wei, CHEN Yong-feng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 188-193. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0030

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  A laboratory test is carried out of statical load on model pile under artificial frozen conditions, which is on the background of a high voltage transmission line construction project in Xinjiang Region. The load-bearing capacity of a single pile, in frozen soil with various temperatures, axis-direction stress, frozen strength between pile and soil, stress filed, resistance at the endpoint of a pile and the relation of vertical pile-top displacement and load are analyzed. The studies of the features of adfreezing force of pile and the relationship between vertical load-bearing capacity of a single pile and temperature are useful for pile foundation designing and constructing in western frozen areas.
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  Quaternary Glacial Deposits and Their ESR Dating Results on the South Slopes of the Ayilariju Mountains, Tibet Autonomous Region

  ZHU Da-gang, MENG Xian-gang, SHAO Zhao-gang, YANG Chao-bin, HAN Jian-en, YU Jia, DU Jian-jun, MENG Qing-wei

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 194-198. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0031

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  There are four sets of Quaternary glacial deposits along the south and north slopes and the valleys of the Ayilariju Mountains in north of Zhada basin, Tibet Autonomous Region. The ESR dating results of them are 1161～730 ka BP, 319～336 ka BP, 211 ka BP and 105～15 ka BP. These results show that the ages of the four sets of glacial deposits along the south slopes of the Ayilariju Mountains should correspond to the late epoch of the early Pleistocene, the middle and late epochs of the middle Pleistocene, the late epoch of the middle Pleistocene and the Last Glaciation in the southern Tibetan Plateau.
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  Mass Balance of the Qiyi Glacier in the Qilian Mountains: A New Observation

  PU Jian-chen, YAO Tan-dong, DUAN Ke-qin, SAKAI Akiko, FUJITA Koji, MATSUDA Yoshihiro

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 199-204. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0032

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  A new observation has been made on the Qiyi Glacier in the Qilian Mountains since 2001. The observation shows that mass balance of the glacier was-810 mm in 2001/2002 and-316 mm in 2002/2003, respectively, suggesting that the glacier was thinning dramatically. However, the glacier experienced positive mass balance of about 360 mm per year in the 1970s and 4 mm per year in the 1980s. In last two to three years the glacier has characterized by strong negative mass balance and its snow line has gone up steadily. Now the equilibrium line of the glacier has reached the highest altitude since the glacier has been observed. Both the mass balance and snow line respond sensitively to the global warming. Under the condition of global warming, it is expected that the glacier will experience negative mass balance, thinning, shrinking and snow line rising.
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  Soluble Species in the Aerosols Collected on the Route of the Second Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition

  XU Jian-zhong, SUN Jun-ying, REN Jia-wen, QIN Da-he

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 205-212. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0033

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  Marine aerosol samples are collected on the route of the Second Chinese National Article Research Expedition from July 15 to September 28, 2003. The concentrations of water soluble ions (Na⁺、NH₄^-、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、 MSA 、 SO₄^2- and so on) are obtained. By correlation analysis, the ions can be divided into three groups: 1) Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, mainly from sea salt; 2) NH₄^-, NO₃^-, markedly from coastal regions of the continents; 3) Ace, MSA, C₂O₄^2-, from other sources. Marine aerosols are the dominant ions, Cl^- and Na⁺ are the most dominant anions and cations, and these two ions (Na⁺～Cl^-) account for 60.2% of the total aerosol load. The mean ratio of NH₄^-/SO₄^2- is 0.45. Based on the balance between ions and environment, it is suggested that ammonium and sulfate exist mainly in the form of NH₄HSO₄. According to the concentration of NO₃^-, the expedition route may be divided into three parts: Japan Sea with a NO₃^- media value of 15.2 neq·m^-3, Sea of Okhostk and Bering Sea with a NO₃^- media value of 1.8 neq·m^-3 and Arctic Ocean with a NO₃^- media value of 0.4 neq·m^-3. Comparing the concentrations of main water-soluble ions between the First and Second Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition, it is found that the two concentrations are basically identical, the mean concentration of Na⁺ is 36.3 and 36.2, and that of SO₄^2- is 17.7 and 22.1, respectively. The highest MSA appears in the Bering Sea. The concentrations of the two NO₃^-’s series are quite identical, so it can be taken as an indicator of anthropogenic activity.
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  Variation of Near-Surface Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration in the Muztag Ata in Summer

  ZHENG Wei, YAO Tan-dong, XU Bai-qing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 213-219. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0034

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  By using the CIRAS~SC CO₂ and H₂O analyzer, the precise and continuous measurements of near-surface atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and water vapor were performed in the Muztag Ata, East Pamirs, in summer 2003. This paper presents the variation characteristics of atmospheric CO₂ concentration and water vapor in the inland plateau of China in summer. Observations show a decrease trend of CO₂ concentration and a clear diurnal cycle of CO₂ concentration in summer. In short scale, the variation trend is similar to the observation results in Waliguan Station (Qinghai Province), but there are some difference between Muztag Ata Station and Mauna Loa Station (Hawaii, U.S.A). Significant negative correlation between CO₂ concentration and the atmospheric absolute humidity is also discussed. The above-mentioned phenomena reveal that the variation of near-surface CO₂ concentration in the Muztag Ata is controlled not only by photosynthesis, but also by the content of water vapor in air.
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  Formation Mechanism of Hummocky Moraine in the Bodui Zangbo Valley and Its Environmental Significance

  YANG Wei, ZHOU Shang-zhe, WANG Jie, WANG Xiao-li, SUN Ai-zhi, XU Liu-bing, HAN Hai-tao

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 220-225. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0035

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  Late Quaternary Glaciations have been found in some U-shaped valleys located at Bomi County, SE China. Especially in the Bodui Zangbo valley, there are lots of hummocky moraines like tumulus. The hummocky moraines are 5~20 m high and 10~30 m wide and have high density near Lingqong about 30 km far form the existing glacier. The upper surfaces of the mounds are covered by lots of sub-rounded pebbles, showing that meltwater took part in the formation of the hummocky moraines. The insides of mounds are composed of angular granite blocks, and sometimes the internal sediments show a typical diamicton appearance with pebbles suspended in a coarse sandy matrix. The fabric and the shape of till give the evidence to prove the hummocky moraine was deposited in a stagnant ice condition and the blocks in the ice were merged out by different melt-out rate. So the mechanism of forming such a large hummocky moraine area is the combination with the large area of stagnant ice, flat base of valley and the special features of temperate glaciers. So large area of hummocky moraine suggests that glacier stagnation was more or less synchronous with climate amelioration (maybe, a temperature rising rapidly or a climate drying).
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  Extracting the Temperate Glacier Information in the Mount Namjagbarwa, Tibet Autonomous Region, Based on ETM⁺ Image

  ZHANG Ming-hua

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 226-232. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0036

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  The high-rank M阣og highway in Tibet Autonomous Region traverses through the Namjagbarwa region, where there are many temperate glaciers. In order to understand the impact of glaciers on the M阣og highway, a study is made to analyze and extract spectrum of glaciers with ETM~~ image by mans of remote sensing digital image processing based on image statistics datum. Glacier has a narrow spectrum on TM5, 7 bands, but moraine and snow and ice are different in evidence, therefore, TM5, 7 are advantageous bands for extracting glacier information. The last principal component image, which is brought by K-L transformation with multiple band images, including TM5, 7, is a differential image of both TM5 and TM7, and mainly reflects the glacier information of image. A good result has achieved with the way of image transformation and information separation to extract the glacier information for the M阣og highway engineering surveying.
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  Evolution and Climate Changes of the Juyan Lake Revealed from Grain Size and Geochemistry Element Since 1 500 a BP

  JIN He-ling, XIAO Hong-lang, ZHANG Hong, SUN Zhong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 233-240. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0037

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  The Juyan Lake, located in the north of Ejin Banner of Alxa League in Inner Mongolia, is a terminal lake of the Heihe River. The water area of the lake has gradually shrunk from 800 km² and even dried up in the past 3 000 years. The environment around the lake has also changed enormously. What is the reason bringing about such enormous changes? In this paper the lake evolution and climate changes are studied by analyzing the granularity and chemical elements of the lacustrine sediments in the Juyan Lake. The following conclusions are drawn: The lake evolution was controlled mainly by climate changes before Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the warm-humid climate resulted in an increase of inflow to the lake, which made the lake area expand and the chemical weathering strengthen; whereas the cold-arid climate resulted in a decrease of inflow to lake, which corresponded to lake water level drop, lake area shrank and chemical weathering weaken. After Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the recent 40 years, the anthropogenic factor predominated the lake evolution process. The Heihe River continuously decreases its inflow to the lake, because of large-scale land development, finally the Juyan Lake dried up due to zero inflow.
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  Landform System Structures and Characteristics of the Diancang Mountain Areas in West Yunnan Province

  WAN Ye, HAN Tian-ding, DUAN Chang-qun, YANG Hui-an

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 241-248. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0038

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  Study of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the regional environmental response was an important scientific topic. The geomorphologic actions and processes in this region are totally discussed stereoscopically in this paper by means of field expedition and in view of landform development, geomorphology group and experimental analysis. The cryogenic landform process and the Quaternary Glaciations were revealed. The research results are: There were two glaciations in the Cangshan Mountains, one was the Early Dali Glaciation and the other was the Late Dali Glaciation. The Cangshan Mountains are the southmost region of China where ancient glaciations had developed. Some geomorphologic phenomena are also demonstrated, such as palaeo-planation surfaces on mountainous tops, three erosion surfaces on mountainous slopes and three accumulation fans. The Penultimate Glaciation, i.e. the Lijiang ice period, characterized by a couple of compound mountainous glaciers, is found in the Luoping Mountain, which is located on the north part of the Diancang Mountain, 800 m lower than the highest peak of the Cangshan Mountains. The geomorphologic characteristics of the eastern mountains by the Erhai Lake and the rift valley, Huandianba basin, were also studied.
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  Analyzing Method of Carbonaceous Aerosol in Snow and Ice

  LIU Xian-qin, WANG Ning-lian, XU Bai-qing

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 249-253. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0039

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  Being one of the atmospheric aerosols, black carbon is very significant in the fields of atmosphere radiation, climatology, cloud physics, environment science and toxicology due to its specific character, and thus great emphasis is laid on its research. Although black carbon provides suitable surface for a react of chemical reactions, it itself does not react and keeps chemically unchanged for thousands of years. Therefore, the black carbon concentration in ice core samples can provide valuable information concerning the biomass burning and anthropogenic activity. But till now, there has not yet been a very suitable method adopted to determine the amount of black carbon in snow and ice. In this paper, an optimization of a 2-step thermal method for the determination of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) or black carbon (BC) concentrations in snow and ice is provided. OC is removed from the snow/ice samples under a pure oxygen flow during the first combustion step, which has been carefully optimized in terms of temperature (340℃) and a duration of 42 min. The remaining carbon content is element carbon during the next combustion step in terms of temperature (650℃) and a duration of 32 min. During the combustion steps, the evolved CO₂ is accumulated in two molecular-sieve traps respectively. After completion of the combustion steps, the traps were rapidly heated to 200℃ and the desorbed CO₂ is measured with the FID detector, The detection limits of OC and EC are dominated by the variability of the blank loads of the pre-cleaned filters, which are (6.05±0.50(2σ))μgC for OC and (7.12±0.53(2σ))μgC for EC, being relatively higher than those gained by Lavanchy (1999) mainly due to the higher content of CO₂ in the pure oxygen flow and higher carbon load during the process of sample treatment.
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  Progress in the Study on “Dark Ages” Cold Event

  ZHAO Yin-juan, ZHONG Wei, XUE Ji-bin, PENG Xiao-ying

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 254-261. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0040

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  In recent years, “Dark Ages” has drawn more and more scholars’ attention in Europe. They believe that there was an abrupt climate change during about 400～600 AD. It is characterized as cold and dry in Europe, and the coldest period appeared in the 30’s of the 6th Century. On this basis, the climate change during the “Dark Age” (400～600 AD) is expounded and proved in this paper according to the records of historical documents, tree-ring, ice core etc. It is found that the dry-cold period existed in China and other countries in the world. We can conclude that the cold event may have covered the entire Northern Hemisphere or even the globe. Because of the abrupt change, it brought catastrophic influence to human beings: agricultural failure, drought, famine, epidemic disease, followed by massive flood, plague, the disorder of society, migration, war etc. At present, there are many controversial opinions about the reason of the abrupt change of climate. The main opinions are as follow: eruption of a super volcanic, a comet or asteroid hit the earth, solar activity that caused the climate event on earth. Further study and verification is needed. Study on the transition form “Dark Age” to Medieval Warm Period will provide us some valuable references to understand the climate change from Little Ice Age to the 20th Century warming.
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  Obsevation and Analyses of Hydrological Process of the Kaltamak Glacier in Muztag Ata

  HE Xiao-bo, DING Yong-jian, LIU Shi-yin, BAO Han-zhang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 262-268. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0041

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  Based on the measurements in the Kaltamak Glacier in Muztag Ata, East Pamirs, from June to September 2003, the hydological features are analysed in this paper. The meltwater runoff is related mainly with air temperature and precipitation. The parameters of glacial meltwater runoff are analyzed and calculated. The glacial meltwater runoff depth is 463.5 mm. The mean runoff modulus is around 62.4 L·s^-1·km². From simulating the runoff process with the measured data, it is found a good relationship of glacial meltwater runoff between glacier discharge and air temperature in the observation period. Experiment of precipitation measurement loss shows that the total loss reaches 26%. The corrected annual precipitation was 134 mm in 2003.
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  Runoff Change on the South Slopes of Mount Tomur and Its Response to Climatic Variation

  XIE Chang-wei, DING Yong-jian, LIU Shi-yin, SHEN Yong-ping, HAN Hai-dong, WANG Jian

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 269-275. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0042

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  Runoff of the rivers on the south slopes of the Mount Tomur has increased since the mid 1980s, because temperature and precipitation in this area has increased rapidly. As supply rate of meltwater from glaciers is important to these rivers, fluctuation of temperature and its impact on the ablation of glaciers and snow influence the runoff directly. The respondency of runoff to temperature and precipitation is analyzed by means of cross-spectral analysis. In addition, some new functions, such as coherence function, gain function and phase spectrum function, are calculated from the cross-amplitude function and the simple-density spectrum. It is revealed that the runoff’s fluctuation with periods of 5~6 a and 11 a is controlled principally by temperature, and the change of runoff lags the fluctuation of temperature for 21 and 23 mouths. However, precipitation influences the runoff’s fluctuation a little when the frequency is low. When the frequency is high, both precipitation and temperature influence the runoff. In all the frequency, temperature has a predominate effect on the runoff. Finally, it is considered that temperature is the first factor and precipitation is the second factor to impact the change of the runoff at the south slopes of the Mount Tomur.
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  Analysis of the Extremum of Snow and Glacier Meltwater Runoff at the Headwaters of the Ürüqi River

  HAN Tian-ding, DING Yong-jian, JIAO Ke-qin, YE Bai-sheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 276-281. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0043

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  The extremum of snow and ice meltwater runoff is analyzed in this paper, based on the observation (1980-2002) at the headwaters of the Ürüqi River, Tianshan Mountains. It is revealed that there is a slight increase of the extremum at the Glacier No.1 and the Ice-Free Cirque Stations in spring, but a decrease of that in the total-Control Station; and there is an increase of the extremum at the Ice-Free Cirque and the Total-Control Stations in summer, but a decrease at the Glacier No.1 Station. Analysis of the extreme (maximum/minimum) runoff series and the correlative temperature shows temperature is the principal factor to the extremum in spring, both temperature and precipitation control the maximum runoff in summer, and relative low air temperature after a major precipitation results in the minimum runoff.
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  Comparison of Atmospheric Characteristics of Near-Surface Layer between Oasis and Desert Background in Summer

  ZHANG Qiang, WANG Sheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 282-289. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0044

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  By using the observed data, the differences of atmospheric characteristics of the near-surface layer between oasis and its surrounding Gobi are analyzed in this paper, and the microclimate features in oasis eco-system on the background of Gobi were discovered. As a result, it is revealed that oasis has the effects of decreasing temperature, keeping humidity and wind shielding. The temperature in ground surface and near-surface layer is obviously lower, the atmospheric humidity in near-surface ayer are smaller in the oasis,as compared with those in its surrounding Gobi.The sensible heat in oasis is only 20% of that in Gobi,and the latent heat in oasis is 10 times that in Gobi.At the same time,there is a considerable downward vertical motion over the oases,which contributes to the transportation of energy and vapor in oases.The Bowen ratio of oasis is about 1/20 that of Gobi, showing an obvious difference in climatic features between oasis and Gobi.
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  Variations of Groundwater in Zhangye Basin of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River in Recent Two Decades

  YANG Ling-yuan, WANG Gen-xu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 290-296. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0045

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  To study the variation of groundwater, which is an important source and the best choice for drinking water in the arid regions, is vital to the sustainable exploitation, utilization, and reasonable management of groundwater. Based on the investigation of hydrogeological conditions in Zhangye Basin in the middle reaches of the Heihe River and the division of groundwater, the temporal-spatial variations of groundwater level and storage from 1981 to 2001 are analyzed. It is revealed that: (1) Due to the difference of the storage conditions, the annual variation of groundwater is differential remarkably in the four sub-areas. In the upper-middle of the alluvial-diluvial fan, the storage of groundwater totally reduced 56.47×10⁶m³ in the 1980s, and 150.83×10⁶m³ in the 1990s; in the lower part of the alluvial-diluvial fan, it reduced 11.80×10⁶m³ in the 1980s, and 77.50×10⁶m³ in the 1990s; in the fine-grained soil plain, it reduced 0.56×10⁶m³ in the two decades; and in the river-valley plain, it totally increased 1.78×10⁶m³ in the two decades. Furthermore, the variation range increased individually in the 1990s. (2) The monthly variation of groundwater of every area in the basin was complicated, and had the remarkable temporal differential. Exploited and hydrological-runoff variations were primary in the upper-middle of the alluvial-diluvial fan; there were hydrological-runoff and irrigated variations in the lower part of the alluvial-diluvial fan; the irrigated-exploited and the irrigated-runoff types were dominant in the fine-grained soil plain; and in the river valley plain the irrigated-runoff was the primary variation type. Moreover, the monthly variation seemed to be enhanced to some extent in the 1990s.
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  Hydrogeochemistry of Shallow Groundwater in Ejin Banner, Inner Mogolia

  SU Yong-hong, FENG Qi, ZHU Gao-feng, LÜ Shi-hua

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 297-303. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0046

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  Water resources, especially those in the arid regions, concern all of us more and more. Ejin Banner lies in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, where the mineralization in the shallow groundwater is high. Water was sampled in the banner in May 2003 to analyze the chemical features of shallow groundwater. The analysis was carried out in Lab of Hydrology and Soil in Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science. The mineralization of most samples is high, ranging from 800 mg·L^-1 to 3000 mg·L^-1. The hydrochemistry types of the samples are mainly HCO₃-SO₄ Na、Cl-SO₄ Na-Ca、HCO₃-Cl Na-Ca and SO₄-Cl Na. At the same time, two sections (a-a′ and b-b′) were elected, from which, it is revealed that a) there is an positive relation between mineralization and distance to the water sources, with a lower mineralization about riverway and a higher mineralization far from riverway; b) chemical types of shallow groundwater in Ejin Banner accord with solute movement regulation in groundwater in the arid and semi-arid areas, depending on leaching effect, evaporation process, concentration process and mixture process. At the same time human activities have had a bad effect on the hydrochemical environment of shallow groundwater in the banner; c) the changes of mineralization and content of ions accord with the distance from supplying regions, depending on water quantity in the upper reaches.
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  Architecture Design and Key Technique Research of the Graphic Management System of Geological Borehole Information

  FENG Min, GUO Jian-wen, GE Ying-chun, RAN You-hua

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2005, 27(2): 304-310. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2005.0047

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  Boring is an important method to realize underground situation. During the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, a great deal of borehole information is needed for helping engineers to understand the geological conditions along railway and to provide support for the route selection and building of railway. It is necessary to solve the storage and operation problems well on borehole information at first. Owing to the borehole information involves spatial and non-spatial information, the hybrid data model is selected, which adapts to stand-alone PC environment for fieldwork to store and manage borehole information. Traditionally, the borehole information is represented by manual histogram, which cannot be understood by computer, and has some difficulties in effective update and modification. So a graphic histogram representation module is designed for borehole information through which users can perform borehole information querying and modifying visually. This module also provides other interrelated functions, such as locating borehole and identifying borehole’s detail information at specify position on GIS map etc. The architecture design of the module is based on UML and systemic designing ideology, which is helpful to improve stability and expansibility of a software system.