25 February 2004, Volume 26 Issue 1
    

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  • Permafrost Degradation and Its Environmental Sequent in the Source Regions of the Yellow River
    ZHANG Sen-qi, WANG Yong-gui, ZHAO Yong-zhen, HUANG Yong, LI Yong-guo, SHI Wei-dong, SHANG Xiao-gang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0001
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    From the available data of eco-environmental geology and desertification due to permafrost degradation in the source regions of the Yellow River, it is found that the eco-environment is deteriorating in permafrost regions. Permafrost degradation results in lowering or disappearing of the level of groundwater in the seasonal thawing layer, on which the growth of alpine meadow in cold regions depends. Thus, the alpine meadow in cold regions is degrading, together with water environment aggravating. It is the main reason that the alpine meadow, which holds the balance in the source regions of the Yellow River, is losing water and going to desertification.
  • Climatic Features of Eco-Environment Change in the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in Recent 40 Years
    YANG Jian-ping, DING Yong-jian, SHEN Yong-ping, LIU Shi-yin, CHEN Ren-sheng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 7-16. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0002
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    Based on monthly data of air temperature, precipitation, maximum and minimum air temperature, duration of sunshine, the features of climatic change in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are analyzed comprehensively over the last 40 years, and the climate changes in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are compared with that in the Tibetan Plateau, in whole China and in the globe. It is found that air temperature in the regions as a whole has a rising trend in the recent 40 years with a rising amplitude of 0.7～0.8 ℃ in annual air temperature. So the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are one of unusual warming areas on he Tibetan Plateau. Major warming characteristics are increase in the minimum air temperature and duration of sunshine in the source regions of the Yellow River. Great increase in the maximum and minimum air temperatures and long duration of sunshine, longer than that in the source regions of the Yellow River, are the main features of climatic warming in the source regions of the Yangtze River. Increasing air temperature is not chief in winter, while warming in spring, summer, and autumn is greater than that in winter in the source regions of the Yangtze River, unlike in the Tibetan Plateau, the whole China and the globe. Warming is not the result of increasing air temperature in winter in the source regions of the Yellow River. Warming in autumn amounts to that in winter. Moreover, warming in other seasons cannot be neglected. Precipitation is slight increase in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the recent 40 years. But increase in precipitation reflects mainly on the noticeably increasing precipitation in winter and spring after the middle and later 1980s. As a whole, a continuous decreasing trend of precipitation can be seen in some regions, although precipitation in summer has no marked change. Comparison of climate changes in the globe, in the whole China, and on the Tibetan Plateau shows that the response of climate in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers to climate warming is most sensitive. Climate warming firstly began in the source regions of the Yangtze River and the Tibetan Plateau. 15 years later, markedly warming began in the source regions of the Yellow River and the whole China. Increase of precipitation in the source regions of the Yellow River and in the northern source regions of the Yangtze River indicates that climate warming is favorable for increasing precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau.
  • Eco-environmental Change and Its Impact Factors in the Ebinur Lake Catchments during the Past 50 Years
    QIAN Yi-bing, WU Zhao-ning, JIANG Jin, YANG Qing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 17-26. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0003
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    The Ebinur Lake of Xinjiang is located in an arid area, being a closed inland lake with a peculiar wetland-arid ecosystem. The shrinking process of the Ebinur Lake can be divided into 4 stages: (1) The period of a natural shrinkage (from the end of the later Pleistocene to the 1950s), when the area of the lake shrunk from 3000 km2 to 1 200 km2 because the climate gradually became dry during the several decade thousands of years; (2) The period of a rapid shrinking (from the 1950s to the 1970s), when the area of the lake shrunk from 1 200 km2 to 520 km2 because the population grown greatly and the water and soil resources were exploited in a large scale; (3) The period of a relative stability (in the 1980s), when the area of the lake was kept in about 500 km2 owing to less population growth and less reclamation expansion, and a stable supply of runoff and underground water from the main rivers to the lake; (4) The period of a new expansion (from the later 1980s to 2002), when the area of the lake increased, in a fluctuant way, to about 1 000 km2 because precipitation increased, followed by a water supply increase. The change of hydrological state has brought a significant impact on the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake catchments, including the changes of the non-biological factors, such as soil, water, temperature et al. and the biological factors, such as animal, plant et al. The Lake shrinking weakened its ecologic function which is as a good living habitat for animals and can adjust the local climate and moisture cycle and slow down blown sand. It is clear that the naked, dry, loose and salty lakebed is the source of sand-dust. Since the later 1980s the fluctuant expansion of the lake s area has made the azonal vegetation recovery in the marginal zone of alluvial-fluvial fans and the area where the river water joins into the lake, but the degradation status of the zonal vegetation in the surrounding area did not get better. The coupling relationship between human activities and the natural environment in the lake area shows that positive measures of eco-environmental protection and construction must be adopted to control and prevent the local ecological deterioration.
  • Diagnostic Characteristics and Taxonomic Classification of Forest Soils on the East Slopes of the Gongga Mountain
    HE Yu-rong, ZHANG Bao-hua, HUANG Cheng-min, ZHOU Hong-yi, CHENG Gen-wei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 27-32. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0004
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    Representative types of soils in forestry regions ranging from 2 200 m to 3 650 m a.s.l. on the east slopes of the Gongga Mountain they were classified based on soil taxonomic classification. The main diagnostic horizons and diagnostic characteristics are umbric epipedon, albic horizon, cambic horizon, lithic contact, perudic soil moisture regime, and gelic, or cryic, or frigid or mesic soil temperature regime. Lithologic and diagnostic indices of debris flow deposit and till were proposed, because debris flow deposit and till greatly affect soil properties in this region. Searches of representative soils were done by the Chinese Soil Taxonomy in accordance with the diagnostic horizons and diagnostic characteristics of soils in the region. It is the first soil classification based on the lithologic characteristics of debris flow deposit and till.
  • Climatic Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Deglaciation: Correlation with Europe and Greenland
    WANG Peng-ling, JIA Yu-lian, ZHU Cheng, MA Chun-mei
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 33-41. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0005
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    On the basis of biological, lacustrine and glacial sediment stratigraphy records, the paper analyzed the features of climate change during the last deglaciation in the Tibetan Plateau, and correlated to the climatic evolution sequences in Europe and Greenland. It is found that the climatic evolution sequence during the last deglaciation generally can be divided into two phases at the three regions. The first phase was warm and humid with a series of abrupt returns to cold climate. In Europe and Greenland, the climate turned warm rapidly after Henirich 1(H1), and Bolling stage was warmer than Allerod stage. While in the Tibetan Plateau, temperature and precipitation gradually increased for the strengthening of summer monsoon little by little (i.e., Allerod a little warmer than Bolling); which caused high lake level in some catchments, especially in the ones with glaciers in high mountains.;On the contrary, the second phase was cold, with deteriorated climate in some degree and showed a feature of turning to glaciation, especially in Europe and Greenland. The climate in the Tibetan Plateau was cold and dry, with desert expanding, ice advancing and lake level lowering.;The similarities and differences of climatic evolution sequence between the three regions suggested that the climatic system of the Atlantic Ocean might impact on the Tibetan Plateau in some degree during the cold period of north hemisphere for the westerlies farther shifting to low latitude in cold stage; while during the warm period of north hemisphere, the relationship of climate systems among the three regions became weak for the westerlies shifting to high latitude; thus in this interval the climate evolution sequence of the Tibetan Plateau and Europe or Greeland was different.;Concluding, it was suggested that for the cold phase——the best-known Younger Dryas event being, the climatic evolution pattern of these three regions in general, was similar, i.e., from warm phase to cold phase.
  • Correlation between δ18O in the Monsoonal Precipitation and Some Astronomy-Atmosphere-Ocean Events
    PANG Hong-xi, HE Yuan-qing, ZHANG Zhong-lin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 42-47. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0006
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    There are varied factors that control the variations of stable isotope in precipitation in different locations under different climatic conditions. The isotopic contents in precipitation in monsoonal regions vary complicatedly. The 36-year isotopic data in precipitation at New Delhi, an IAEA/WMO station in southwest monsoon region, has been used to compare with the indices of some Astronomy-Atmosphere-Ocean events, such as solar activities, atmospheric wind speeds and the ENSO events. The results suggest that the changing trend of δ18O in monsoonal precipitation, as a result of temperature effect, is significantly agreed with that of sunspots. In addition, variation of the ratio of temperature to precipitation positively correlates with that of the δ18O in precipitation . A teleconnection between the isotopic variation in precipitation at New Delhi and ENSO events is found, resulting from the interactions of coupled air-sea systems in tropical Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, which is ascribed to the precipitation amount effect. At the height of 500 hPa, evaporation of cloud droplets and the exchange between the cloud droplets and the monsoonal vapors may be the major reasons of a positive correlation between δ18O and wind velocity at the height of 500 hPa. The temperature effect and the precipitation amount effect strengthen the correlation.
  • Transformation of Water Resources in the Inland River Basins of Hexi Region
    GAO Qian-zhao, LI Xiao-yan, WU Yan-qing, HU Xing-lin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 48-54. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0007
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    In this paper, the formation of water resources in mountain areas, scatter and disappear of water resources in plain areas and duality composition of water resources in artificial oases are discussed, and the water transformation features and interrelation in the water cycle of inland river basins in Hexi Corridor are revealed, through an analysis of the key links of water cycle in the inland in Northwest China. Water consumption in mountain areas, transformation between surface water and ground water, water consumption increase caused by artificial oases construction in the Hexi Corridor, and water shortage in the lower streams in inland river basins are quantitatively analyzed. Finally, an entire concept of water cycle is put forwards to evaluate the effect of water consumption in the front plains, and a conclusion is made of improving water transformation in sustainable utilization of water resources in Hexi inland river basins during the development of the western region of China.
  • Abnormal Space Distribution of Precipitation in Hexi Corridor in the Late Spring and Early Summer and Its Inter-Decadal Variability
    LIU Hong-lan, LI Dong-liang, GUO Jiang-yong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 55-60. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0008
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    Using EOF and REOF methods, precipitation data from May to July from 19 representative stations in Hexi corridor up to 2002 were analyzed to reveal the drought characteristics and abnormal space distribution of precipitation in Hexi corridor from the late spring to the early summer. Basing on climate sectoring, inter-decadal variability of precipitation is discussed for the first time series and every representative station, and the coefficient between the first time series and the prophase circulation factor is calculated on the 500 hPa geopotential height in northern hemisphere. It is found that precipitation in Hexi corridor in the late spring and early summer has a better coherence in the first space. There are three nature sectors in the second space. There are five nature sectors in the third space. Precipitation in the 1980s is the maximum of the recent 5 decades. Precipitation in the 1990s decreased, and from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century precipitation has an obvious increasing trend in China. If the early Eurasian meridional circulation strengthens in winter, then polar vortex area will enlarge, polar vortex intension will strengthen and cold air will be more active, propitious to precipitation in Hexi corridor in the late spring and early summer. Wave train in Europe, Tibetan Plateau, North China and West Pacific results in a typical pluvial stream with high in east and low in west on the 500 hPa geopotential height, especially the ram and move of East Asian trough. Foreshadow model of precipitation in the late spring and early summer in representative station has a fitting percent of about 72.
  • Progress and Perspective of Distributed Hydrological Models
    WANG Shu-gong, KANG Er-si, LI Xin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 61-65. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0009
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    Distributed hydrological models are the most active aspect in hydrological modeling field and a efficient approach to solve the problems of hydrology, ecology and environment, which are facing to watershed comprehensive management. Based on the researches about distributed hydrological models in the past two decades, this paper reviews the progress in the following five aspects: 1) the common structure of distributed hydrological models; 2) the relation between distributed hydrological models and GIS and RS; 3) the calibration of distributed hydrological models; 4) the application field of distributed hydrological models; 5) the problems facing the development of distributed hydrological models; 6) the suggestion for the future development of distributed hydrological models.
  • Deploitation of Glaciology in China and Retrospect of Studies on Climatic and Environ mental Change
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 66-72. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0010
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  • Pollen Evidence of Vegetation and Climate Changes in Daihai Lake Area During the Holocene
    XU Qing-hai, XIAO Ju-le, Toshio NAKAMURA, YANG Xiao-lan, ZHENG Zheng-hua, LIANG Wen-dong, LI Yue-cong, Yoshio INOUCHI
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 73-80. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0011
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    A high-resolution pollen analysis of the Daihai Borehole 99a reveals the vegetation succession and climate changes of Dahai Basin since 12 000 cal. a BP. It was dominated by winter monsoon climate changing from cold and humid to warm and dry during the Early Holocene. There was a forest dominated by Betula and grass vegetation with cold and humid climate in the period of 12 000～11 000 cal. a BP. Since then, the Betula forest has reduced as climate changing to warm and dry until 7 900 cal a BP. Then it was influenced by summer monsoon climate changing from cold and dry to warm and humid during the Middle Holocene. It was the best times for trees growing with warm and humid climate in the period of 7 900～4 450 cal a BP, and the forest began to reduce seriously in the period of 4 450～2 900 cal a BP while climate became cool and dry. Under the influence of cooler and drier climate and human destroy,the forest almost disappeared in Daihai Basin Area since 2 900 cal. a BP.
  • Relationship between the Surface Pollen and Vegetation in Shiyang River Drainage, Northwest China
    CHENG Bo, ZHU Yan, CHEN Fa-hu, ZHANG Jia-wu, HUANG Xiao-zhong, YANG Mei-lin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 81-88. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0012
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    In order to investigate the surface pollen and its significance in indicating the surrounding vegetation, surface soil samples collected from 76 sites in different vegetation zones in the Shiyang River drainage were analyzed, and then the pollen assemblages of every zone were obtained. It is found that the relationship between the surface pollen and surrounding vegetation is very complex, and the representation of certain pollen is different in different vegetation zones. Picea, Pinus, Compositae and fern spores are over-representative. Sabina, Betula, Ericaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Gramineae and Polygonum are under-representative in the vegetation zone where their matrix plants dominate, and their representation differs from other vegetation zones in the drainage. Nitraria is well representative. Artimisia is well representation in the mountains and over-representation in the lower reaches of the Shiyang River. Chenopodiaceae is well representation in mountains, over-representation in grass and desert grass vegetation zones and under-representation in other zones. Picea pollen in the forest zone and the atmospheric circumfluence in the drainage are the main factors, which influence the relationship between the surface pollen and surrounding vegetation.
  • Comparison of Interception Loss in Shrubby and Sub-shrubby Communities in the Tengger Desert of Northwest China
    WANG Xin-ping, KANG Er-si, ZHANG Jing-guang, LI Xin-rong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 89-94. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0013
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    Forty years of re-vegetation, mainly by xerophytic shrubs Artemisia ordosica Krasch and Caragana korshinskii Kom, in the Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station has established a dwarf-shrub and herbaceous cover on stabilized sand dunes. Precipitation, as the sole source of water replenishment in the semi-arid area, plays a pertinent role in sustaining the desert ecosystem. A field study was conducted to measure the interception loss by the shrubs canopy evaporation during individual rainfall events, and determine the rainfall-storage capacity of two plants canopy. The relationship between interception and rainfall parameters is discussed. The importance of vegetation cover can be seen in the distribution of rainfall and interception loss. Xerophyte shrub species could affect interception loss. For the Artemisia ordosica community with an average cover of 34 and the canopy projection of 39 cm×100 cm, the canopy storage capacity is 0.7 mm, and average interception loss is 26.82 of the total annual precipitation. In contrast, for the Caragana korshinskii community with an average cover of 30 and the canopy projection of 40.7 cm×100 cm, the canopy storage capacity is 0.3 mm, and average interception loss is 17 of the total annual precipitation. Both shrubby and sub-shrubby communities appear particular interception patterns, closely relating to the characteristics of rainfall during experimental periods. The proportion of interception loss to gross rainfall decreases with the rainfall intensity increasing when rainfall intensity is less than 0.5 mm·5h-1. However, the proportion tends to remain constant at about 0.3～0.4 for Artemisia ordosica plant and 0.2～0.3 for Caragana korshinskii plant when the rainfall intensity is more than 1 mm·5h-1.
  • Plant Diversity of Alpine Kobresia Meadow in the Northern Region of the Tibetan Plateau
    GUO Zheng-gang, CHENG Guo-dong, WANG Gen-xu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 95-100. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0014
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    Based on the survey in 75 zones, plant diversity of alpine Kobresia meadows is discussed in the northern region of the Tibetan Plateau. It is found that the α-diversity index of different grassland communities decreases gradually: Kobresia pygmaea meadow, K. tibetian meadow, K. humilis meadow, and that the α-diversity index of native communities is bigger than those of restorable communities. Again, the α-diversity index of aboveground communities first increases and then decreases in the degrading process of permafrost. The study also indicates that the β-diversity appears in steady state for sampling area of 8～16 m2, and the β-diversity index of different grassland communities decreases gradually: K. pygmaea meadow, K. humilis meadow, and K. tibetian meadow. In addition, the β-diversity index of native communities is bigger than those of restorable communities, and the β-diversity index of aboveground communities first increases and then decreases in the degrading process of permafrost.
  • Study on the Long-Term Effects of Ballast Embankment of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
    XU Xiao-zu, SUN Bin-xiang, LAI Yuan-ming, LIU Qi, WANG Shuang-jie, ZHANG Jin-zhao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 101-105. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0015
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    The main factors, including the ballast quality, weathering, moisture migration, hydrological condition, geographical condition and vibration associated with permanence operation of the ballast embankment, are analyzed. The analysis is based on a cross section of embankment with sandwich of ballast and optimum porous diameter. The mechanisms of natural and forced convection in the embankment with sandwich of ballast are discussed. Rigid and flexible measures are presented for keeping permanence operation of the ballast embankment.
  • Numerical Analysis for the Hydration Heat of Cast-in situ Concrete Foundation of the Culvert on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
    ZHANG Xue-fu, LAI Yuan-ming, YU Wen-bing, ZHANG Jian-ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 106-111. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0016
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    In this paper, taking phase change and heat generation of cast-in-situ concrete into account, the governing differential equations of the problem of temperature field are presented, and the finite element formulae of this problem are obtained from Galerkin s method. From the analyses for the effect of the hydration heat of cast-in situ concrete of culvert foundation at DK1258+240 on the regions of Golmud-Lhasa in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, it is well known that the effect of the hydration heat of cast-in situ concrete of culvert foundation on the rock or soil surrounding the culvert is very great within half a year, and the effect is still in existence until the second year end. To reduce this effect, in this paper, the temperature fields of the rock or soil surrounding the culvert constructed with insulation material of 10 cm in thickness under the culvert cast-in situ concrete foundation are computed and analyzed. The insulation material is constructed with two types: one is that the width of the insulation material is equal to that of the culvert foundation, and the other is that the width of the insulation material is 5 cm more than that of the culvert foundation. From a comparison, it is revealed that the insulation material constructed under the culvert foundation can greatly reduce the effect of the hydration heat of cast-in situ concrete of culvert foundation on the rock or soil surrounding the culvert, and that insulation material should be constructed with the second type.
  • A Discussion on Frost-Heaving Force on Tunnel Lining
    WANG Jian-yu, HU Yuan-fang
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2004, 26(1): 112-119. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2004.0017
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    Some measures may be used to protect from frost of tunnel constructed in severe cold regions. Drainage system for preventing groundwater accumulation and thermal insulated panels are often used.;Even though, in most cases frost-heaving force on tunnel lining still appears obviously. They usually cause lining deformed, cracked and broken.;On base of tracing mechanism and characteristics of frost-heaving force, different models for calculating it in case of rock and soil surrounding ground are adopted respectively.;Take a designed tunnel cross section for example, by using numerical method a sensitivity analysis of the influences of lining parameters and construction condition on the frost-heaving force are achieved. Effects of lining thickness and place of water-contained space behind the lining structure are shown as tables1 and 2.;Finally, some conclusions are presented as follow:;(1) Frost-heaving force cannot be expressed as a constant pressure. As a kind of deformation load, its distribution and value depend not only on climate condition, properties of rock or soil of surrounding ground but also on lining rigidity the thicker the lining is, the larger the frost-heaving force appears.;(2) In case of rock tunnel, the gaps or spaces remained between the lining and the surrounding rock may be the very origin that causes a frost-heaving force. Analysis shows that it is especially damaging to remain a gap or space in crown or invert. To make lining and surrounding rock tightly contacted is important for tunneling in severe cold regions. In that case, adopt of smooth blasting is necessary and muck filling behind lining must be strictly forbidden.;(3) Thermal insulated panel pays an important role for reduction of frost-heaving force. The material of panel should be chosen and tested carefully.
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