25 August 2002, Volume 24 Issue 4
    

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  • CHENG Guo-dong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 335-343. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0062
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    Vulnerable environment and lagging economy are the main characteristics of the ecological economic system in Heihe River watershed located in the arid region of Northwest China. The shortage of water resources has become a main limiting factor for the sustainable development in the watershed. With population increasing and economy growth and during the development of water resources, there are many problems such as water used for environment impropriated by economic sectors, the distribution of water projects being unreasonable, conflicts among different stakeholders often occurring, and the management mechanism of the development of water resources needing reform, etc. Due to the interaction between ecological function and human economy, there exist practical and theoretic significances to study ecological economic problems occured in Heihe River watershed from the view of ecological economic system. Water resources are not only the most important limiting factor for the development of watershed’s economy, society and environment, but also the bridge between economic sub-system and ecological sub-system.The framework of the integrated study of ecology and economy, whose center was the sustainable development of water resources, was put forward based on the summary of international study about ecological economics in watershed scale and the relative studies in Heihe River watershed. The framework consists of five portions as follows: (1) study of simulation model of ecological process; (2) study of modeling the development of water resources based on macro-economy; (3) study of sustainable development of water resources under changing environmental conditions, including natural condition (climate change, etc.) and social-economic conditions (including China’s entering into WTO, etc.); (4) study of managing the sustainable development of water resources; (5) and study of decision-making support system, etc. Finally, it is identified that the following key problems should be solved: the construction of integrated ecological and economic accounting; the development of simulation model of ecological process in unit scale and transferring the model from unit scale into region scale, even the whole watershed scale; the valuation of ecosystem services and damage of eco-environment; the coupling of ecological model and economic model; the development of common model environment; and the policies of water resources management under market-economy system, etc.
  • ZHANG Zhi-qiang, CHENG Guo-dong, XU Zhong-min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 344-360. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0063
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    Management requires measurement. Managing activities and decision-making processes in order to move towards sustainable development requires new ways of assessing progress. Now as never before, international agencies, non-governmental organizations, governments and communities are concerned with establishing the means to assess and report progress towards sustainable development. Indicators are one important tool in this process. Therefore, the indicators and methodologies of measuring sustainability have been becoming one of the frontiers and hot issues of sustainable development research.Based on the brief introduction to the concept, function and selection criteria of indicators of sustainable development, the authors firstly identify the categories and framework models of indicator sets of sustainable development in detail. Secondly, several typical systematic sets of sustainable development indicators developed respectively by United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Conservation Union and World Bank are reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of these indicator sets are also analyzed. Moreover, the authors conduct an in-depth analysis of the research, development and application of the most representative social indicators, economic indicators and eco-environmental indicators at international level. In the end, the properties and trends of the research on the indicators for sustainable development are pointed out.
  • CHENG Guo-dong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 361-367. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0064
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    From the view of history, in this paper, the concept of carrying capacity is investigated to provide an improved understanding about its contribution to solve environmental and resources problems.The evolution of the concept of carrying capacity can be divided into three stages. The first stage began with an examination of the bedrock of carrying capacity, which was the Malthus’ population theory. In the theory, the mathematical formulation (logistic growth equation), the rigid assumptions of logistic equation and the uncertainty of terms were found not to follow an equivocal calculation and prediction. But the Malthus’ theory provided the bedrock of carrying capacity. The second stage was a development stage, mainly furnished by ecology research. This stage definition induced the idea of interaction between population of animal species and state of the environment. It shifted the attention from equilibrium quality to the environment range. The third stage consummates the concept of bearing capacity. In this stage, the notions of bearing capacity are placed in the background of ecological economics system for human beings. The matter is complicated by some factors, such as substantial individual difference in types and quantities of resources consumption, rapid cultural evolution of the types and quantities of resources supplying each unit consumption, institutions background, and patterns of socially controlled resources distribution. The notions put a premium on value judgments, institutional settings and interaction between ecological and economics system.In the second part of this paper, the notion of water resources bearing capacity was analyses in detail and redefined. An analysis framework of water carrying capacity in Northwest China is produced. In the new analysis framework, more attentions were paid on the ecological process, the interaction between ecological and economic systems, and management practices.
  • Xu Zhong-min, Chen Dong-jing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 368-373. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0065
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    The concept of the multiplier, Particularly multisectoral and multidimensional versions, still dominates much of the current literature in regional science and regional economics. Multipliers and their use in impact analysis had evolved from twenty years of experience in constructing regional economic models. Until recently, analyses have focused on the application of the social accounting matrix model at the regional level. In this paper, based on our building Pingchuan SAM, we use the SAM multipliers to help us understand more about the nature of linkages within a regional system as well as to create a more workable model for assessing the impact of external shocks. Firstly, social accounting matrix framework was set out in Pingchuan country context, and mathematical development of output multipliers was demonstrated in details. The impact of SAM multipliers was decomposed into three parts: (1) inter-group effect, contains the effects that injections into one group of accounts have on itself through interdependencies within the group;(2) intra-group effect, depicts own-direct effects, these are the effects resulting from the circular flow of income between groups of accounts;(3) extra-group effects, shows the effects that an injection into one group of accounts has upon some other group. Secondly, the social accounting matrix of Pingchuan country was presented in details, and some preminary analysis was made on the built social accounting matrix. The SAM multipliers were calculated based on former analysis. Finally, based on the construction and use of social accounting matrix, some proposals on how to improve Pingchuan country economy condition were put forward. With a viewing to improve Pingchuan country economy condition, prioritious development should be placed on stockbreedingand meatpacking industry.
  • CHEN Dong-jing, XU Zhong-min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 374-379. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0066
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    Emergy theory offered by Odum H T was applied widely to track energy flow and evaluate ecological and economic benefit in eco-economic system. In the paper, basic concepts were explained in brief. Then an empirical analysis of agricultural eco-economic system in Zhangye Prefecture in the middle reaches of the Heihe River was made. A paradigm (1999) of the emergy flow of agricultural eco-economic system was presented in Zhangye Prefecture, together with the main indices that reflect the situation of the system. For the last five years (1995-1999), the analysis showed that environmental load increased from 0.816 to 1.564, yield ratio decreased from 2.116 to 1.902, the ratio of economic input which reflects economic cost of product rose from 3.93 to 6.33, and the index of sustainability reduced from 2.59 to 1.216 in Zhangye district. These indices, which reflect the efficiency of resources use, showed that the development of agricultural eco-economic system faced severe situation in Zhangye Prefecture. Some measures, such as changing agriculture’s structure and increasing the price of water resource etc., should be taken to improve agricultural product conditions in order to achieve sustainable development of agriculture in Zhangye Prefecture. Emergy technique is probably useful at integrated environmental and economic accounting.
  • GONG Zeng-tai, XU Zhong-min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 380-386. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0067
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    Rational development and utilization of water resources is a problem dealing with many factors and multi-purposes. Based on the construction of the sustainable development and the hypothesis of that the inland river basin can be divided into a certain number of typical regions, mathematical models for managing the water resources of inland rivers in arid regions are established. In this paper, first, the pursuing objectives are analyzed under the frame of sustainable utilization of water resources, and then the pursuing objectives are quantitatively expressed under the frame and the hypothesis of that the inland river basin can be divided into a certain number of typical regions. Then a multi-objective model for sustainable utilization of water resources is established based on the analysis of support and restriction conditions. Since the specific distribution of water resources, the approach of three-phase compromise of decision-maker fuzzy satisfactory problem is proposed, and a fuzzy satisfactory function is put forward and solved. The solution is as follows: A previous compromise is made among the decision-makers of special areas. Then a final compromise is made among the decision-makers of the special areas (as a unit) and of the whole basin.
  • LI Zi-zhen, HUI Cang, XU Zhong-min, LIU Fa-ming
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 387-392. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0068
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    Niche construction theory is a development of niche research. Taken the desert vegetation as the research object, this paper will, in terms of evolutionary ecology, discuss the mechanism of niche construction for desert vegetation, develop the concept of niche construction by K N Laland et al., set up the construction pattern of n-dimensional super-volume niche, upbuild the dynamical model for construction effect and measures for the calculation of niche fitness. Experimental results show that the niche construction effect of Haloxylon Ammodendron is mainly represented by the adaptive property for arid environment, which can change and construct local environment. In addition, its multi-wattle modality structure and leaf character for physiological metabolizing can effectively hold and save water, and accumulate nutrients around roots to develop fertile island. Calculated results show that construction force and fitness increase with the decrease of artificial forest density, which reach the maximum for construction force and fitness under the condition of 518 individuals per hectare. This can support quantitatively the artificial construction of Haloxylon Ammodendron forest.
  • SU Hua, WANG Zhong-jing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 393-399. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0069
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    In the social and economic development of the west of Inner Mongolia Region, there are a lot of urgent problems, such as deterioration in local ecological zones and inadequate utilization of water resources. The above embarrassment is also prevalent in some other arid regions of Northwest China. So in this paper an integrated macro-economy and ecology model is put forward based on local water resources utilization. This multi-objective macro-model consists of many development methods (scenarios) through linear optimization. The optimization model uses stocking rate of natural grasslands as “bridge factor” and designates “net green area” index (GREEN) as one of the four objectives used in the model, which includes the ecological information of grassland. The model describes mutual impressing procedure of ecology and economy in the pasturing area. Four impacts of the boundary parameters on the sustainable development of local area are studied. They are water saving extent, investment extent, stocking rate and water supply projects. Meanwhile, the financial intensity of the area itself is illustrated and that the rational allocation of water resources should be warranted by investment and stable water supply projects is pointed out. Whatever the financial investment out side the local area would be, the model approves that the current stocking rate should be steadily reduced and gives the most suitable reduction rate according to different methods raised in the model. Finally the grasslands’ ecological and environmental damage value of some methods is computed out by “natural grassland ecological service value (per unit)” and the model’s objective variant interface. These results, however, confirm the relevant methods in the model.
  • SU Zhi-yong, XU Zhong-min, ZHANG Zhi-qiang, CHEN Dong-jin, LONG Ai-hua, ZHANG Bo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 400-406. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0070
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    Based on former research, the concept of carrying capacity is defined from the view of ecological economics. New concept’s characteristic has been investigated to provide an improved understanding about its contribution to solve environmental and resources problems.The carrying capacity of regional water resources is embedded in the macro-economic system, and multiple objective analysis technique is developed in the basis of integration of economy, society, environment, population and water resources systems. The carrying capacity model of water resources in Heihe River watershed consists of seven sub-model, i.e., macro-economic model, population model, land resources subject model, water resources development and utilization model, water environment model, water project investment model and ecological value model. In the integrated process of ecological and economic system, the comprehensive framework of development of environmental capacity during planning period is introduced. Based on previous research, the environmental capacity lost due to current and previous human activity is calculated, and then environmental adjusted GDP (EDP) is gotten by deducting environmental cost from GDP and taking the EDP as an objective of multiple objective models instead of former GDP.Through operation of the multi-objective model, the carrying capacity of water resources in Zhangye Prefecture is analysis in detail.Finally, the calculated results of the model show that: water resources development and utilization situation is worse and worse as economy grows and population pressure increases. The main thing in future is to save water resources by economical use with a view to accelerating economic growth. At the same time, the current model’s disadvantages are identified. Without a systematic, quantitative, structured relationship between the environment and the economy, it is hard to know what are the various economic contributions to environmental damage, and how the damage might be remedied. In methodology, integrated environmental and economic accounting can be regarded as a necessity in the further research.
  • LONG Ai-hua, XU Zhong-min, ZHANG Zhi-qiang, WANG Jing-feng, SU Zhi-yong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 407-413. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0071
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    The optimal spatial allocation and rational using of water resources has been a hotspot all over the world. Water resources allocation among districts or regions always tends to adopt administrative quotas in China, which has brought many conflicts between districts or regions. The paper proposes a spatial balanced allocation model based on marginal revenue degression and marginal cost increasing by degrees theories. To make the maximal revenue for water resources, it is pointed out that the water (except the essential water resources for living and ecology demands) must be allocated to the optimal district, where water resource turns out the maximal marginal revenue. Then the water is allocated to the second optimal district and so on. If there are enough water resources, every district will have their water early or late, otherwise only the districts where the better marginal revenues can be seen have the chance to get their water.In this paper, Zhangye Prefecture is taken as a case to expatiate how to compute the marginal revenue. The Cobb-Dauglas function is adopted to get the industrial and agricultural marginal revenues. As a result, it is considered that when the amount of water input (W) ranges from 0 to 0.4248×108m3, Gaotai County should be given water first, and when W≥1.1905×108t, both Linze and Shandan Counties may have water. At last, the estimation of calculation parameters and the application perspectives of the model are discussed.
  • ZHANG Bo, ZHANG Kai
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 414-420. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0072
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    Studies of the mass and energy spatial differential in the oases in arid regions greatly conduce to better understanding the natural background of the inhomogeneous oases formation and evolution and the characteristics of agricultural resources combination. The studies can offer a theoretical basis of rational agricultural allocation and optimum disposition of natural resources. The spatial differential of physical geography elements obviously appears in the oases of the Heihe River basin. The stability of climate becomes worse and worse from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, the annual precipitation gradually reduces from south to north, and the drought, together with desertification extent, increases gradually. The structure of geomorphology and the level of groundwater influence soil salinization. Under the basis of integrated analysis of the physical geographical elements of climate characteristics, geologic structures, geomorphologic evolution, surface water and groundwater hydrochemistry features, soil properties and water supply, the Heihe oases can be classified into three types, that is, higher position oasis, which is between 1 400 and 2 200 m a. s. l. with annual precipitation of 150~370 mm; the middle position oasis, which is between 1 100 and 1 400 m a. s. l. with annual precipitation of 60~110 mm, and the lower position oasis which is between 900 and 110 m a. s. l. with annual precipitation of 38 mm. Moreover, the climate suitability of main crops changing with slopes in every type of oases in the Heihe River basin is also analyzed. An important theoretical basis for optimum disposition of agricultural resources is provided.
  • ZHANG Wu-wen, SHI Sheng-sheng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 421-425. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0073
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    Erjina oasis is a alluvial plain of lower reaches of Heihe River in Erjina Banner of lower reaches of Heihe River. Affected by natural and human factors, vegetation of the oasis degenerated greatly ,and its ecological function declined ,which made the oasis being at the edge of collapse.Based on the research achievements of the major project Groundwater Exploration and Ecological Environment and Geological Investigation in Erjina Plain of Northwest groundwater Special Plan from the original Geology and Mineral Department and the major project of Study on Ecological Environment Comprehensive Control and Moderate Use in Erjina Desert Oasis from the Science and Technology Department, the paper gave rounded analysis to groundwater dynamics and groundwater balance characters: groundwater recharge capacity is less than discharge capacity and groundwater storage capacity reduced 92.5×106m3 making it to be negative balance ;recharge in middle and deep layers is not obvious while phreatic fluctuation is complicated resulting a general decline of groundwater level which some places declined 1~2 m. Compared the area from the result of Forest Resources Investigation 2002 with the area 30 years ago, Diversifilious Popular forest reduced 20 600 hm2, reaching 29 400 hm2now, and Chinese Tamarisk forest and Saxaul forest reduced significantly .Meanwhile, other desert plant species such as Mongolian Calligonum, Siberian Nitraria and Desert Wormwood died in large areas, leading to a 20%~50% decline of vegetation coverage.The main natural factors causing vegetation degeneration in the oasis are groundwater dynamics changes and groundwater table decline originated from the reduced discharge capacity of Heihe River and the balance irregularity of groundwater .Thus keeping a certain amount of river discharge capacity is the base of stability and rehabilitation of the oasis vegetation for the Erjina Plain groundwater system dependent mostly on the outer runoff recharge as well as effective measures of changing the using way of water resources and regulating groundwater dynamics.
  • YIN Yong-yuan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 426-432. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0074
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    The main purpose of the research work on climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation methodologies is to identify and apply the best available methods in climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessments. A first step of this type of research is to understand the current use and availability of such adaptation evaluation tools. This paper describes a wide range of decision tools that have been used across and within different natural resources and socioeconomic sectors. The paper provides readers with key information about available tools, special features of each tool, and the strengths and weakness of different tools.By focusing on adaptation evaluation tools or methods, this paper first presents a range of adaptation concepts and definitions. This is followed by a brief introduction of two broad categories of adaptation evaluation: adaptations with impact assessment and the evaluation of adaptations in policy analysis. Then, some examples of the conventional approach in dealing with issues related to climate change impacts and adaptation studies are presented.An alternative approach aimed at improving adaptability and resilience of various systems sensitive to climate change, and strengthening system sustainability is also presented for comparison. Various methods or tools for evaluating adaptation options will then be reviewed and discussed. This review of adaptation evaluation tools leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to discover and pursue new directions that are essential if the impacts and adaptation studies are to remain relevant in sustainability decision making.This paper also presents in some detail an integrated approach that integrates climate change impact assessment/vulnerability identification, adaptation option evaluation, and multi-stakeholder participation. In the fourth part, the paper discusses some new direction and its research framework advised by UNEP .
  • HU Guo-hua, XIA Jun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 433-437. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0075
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    The concepts of grey probability, grey probability distribution, grey probability density, grey expectation and grey variance are applied based on the theory of probability and grey system approach. Directing towards stochastic and grey uncertainties of environmental system, a method for determining the level of non-sudden environmental risk is presented based on the concept of grey probability. In this method, the non-sudden environmental risk is attributed to stochastic uncertainty and grey uncertainty of environmental system. The variables influencing on environmental capacity and the consumption of environmental discharge are treated with grey probability distributions, and the non-sudden hazard of environmental system is quantified with the level of environmental risk expressed in the form of grey probability. The level of environmental risk can be transformed into ordinary probabilistic environmental risk and computed using advanced first-order second-moment method. An example of application for calculating the risks of organic pollute in the Cangxi reach of the Jialing River is given. The results can fully reflect and quantify the stochastic and grey uncertainties influencing on environmental quality.
  • XIE Bing-geng, LI Xiao-qing, LU Hui-hong, HE Qu-fu
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 438-443. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0076
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    The west of Hunan Province, including Huaihua Municipality, Zhangjiajie Municipality and Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture in the upper reaches of the Lishui and Yuanshui Rivers, has much impact on the downstream valleys of the two rivers and the Dongting Lake area. Ecological environment is vulnerable in this area. Taking remote sensing image as the major data sources, a synthetic assessment of ecological environment in the west of Hunan Province is carried out by the use of geographical information system technology. Aimed at the main ecological environment problems, form different types of factors, i.e., water and heat factors, topography and geomorphology factors, land use/ land coverage and soil erosion factor are chosen to study. Seven sub-factors, i.e., cumulative temperature above 10℃, annual precipitation, altitude, slope, soil erosion intensity, land use type and vegetation coverage are selected to transform quantitative and standardized series, thus, a complex assessment model of eco-environment quality can be constructed with grid data, the scale of which is 100×100 m2. The synthetic assessment index of ecological environment quality is computed for every basis evaluation unit by using the model. Afterward, all of the synthetic assessment indexes of ecological environmental quality are divided into 9 grades. Meanwhile, the average synthetic assessment index of ecologic environment quality is computed for every county.The assessment shows that the synthetic assessment index of ecological environment quality in the west of Hunan Province is almost symmetry, in which the second grade, third grade and fourth grade of eco-environment account for 85 percent of the whole. Generally speaking, the eco-environment quality in the southeast part is better than that in the northwest part, and in valleys is better than that in hilly areas. The average synthetic assessment index of ecological environment quality is the best in Luxi County and Huaihua Municipality, and is the worst in Sangzhi County and Longshan County.
  • MAO De-hua, XIA Jun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 444-451. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0077
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    In this paper the main ecological and environmental problems and their causing mechanisms in the Dongting Lake wetland are analyzed according to new investigations and observations. There are four main ecological and environmental problems. Firstly, water pollution becomes more serious and eutrophication is going to be considerable; Secondly, the infectious range of schistosoma japonicum disease has expanded and its harmful affection has recovered; Thirdly, flood and waterlogged disaster is frequent and serious, drought disaster occurs occasionally and meteorological disaster is diversified; Finally, wetland resources have degraded and ecological balance has been destroyed.There are consecutive features in the water pollution and eutrophication, such as nitrogen and phosphorus are the main pollution factors and living pollution is predominant; water pollution and eutrophication are slight as a whole and less changes in a year, but their regional difference is large; the water pollution is gradually aggravated and the eutrophication becomes obvious.Flood and waterlogged disaster in the Dongting Lake wetland is due to the synthetic influence of artificial and natural factors, such as regional link mechanism, abnormal atmospheric circulation, responding mechanism to El Nino and influence of land use change.The causing mechanism of harmful schistosoma japonicum disease contains micro-mechanism and macro-mechanism. The former is that the oncomelania-breeding region is expanding in accordance with the beach expansion and has expanded greatly to the polders due to the frequent flood disaster, increasing drainage culvert and offtake. The later is that the density of oncomelania closely relates to altitude and coverage of the beach vegetation, and is controlled by the beach environmental factors, such as groundwater table and soil water content.Water pollution and entrophication result from the synthetic effect of sewage discharged from point sources and area sources, hydrological and climatic conditions. The paper mills and fertilizer industries are the main pollution sources. The most serious pollution region is the western Dongting Lake. Generally speaking, the eutrophication in the Dongting Lake is not so obvious. The reason is the special water environment of the lake.The causing mechanisms of biodiversity reducing and ecological balance destroyed is the ecological succession from sand deposit to beach vegetation; over-fishing, over cultivation of beach and water area, water pollution and the return course of fishes broken by hydraulic structures.
  • MA Ming-guo, JIAO Yuan-mei, WANG Xue-mei, CHENG Guo-dong
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 452-456. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0078
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    The study area of this paper is the Heihe River Basin, a rather big inner river basin in the arid regions of Northwest China. In the middle of this basin, there are a lot of oases, which are important commercial grain production bases. Because the oasis agriculture consumes much more water and some destroying events occur, such as disorderly reclamation, denudation, and excessive farming, the desertification processing of the basin speeds up. Especially in Ejin Banner in the lower part of the basin, under the effect of fast decreasing runoff, ecological environment seriously deteriorates, which has been widely regarded. So an efficient tool is demanded to dynamically monitor the ecological changes, in order to cumulate dependable information for ecological planning and resume. Remote sensing has the advantages of repeatable acquirement. As one of the satellite data, Landsat TM/ETM+ image data has been widely applied in a lot of ecological monitoring fields, such as land use, landscape change, water resources, city and town land change, and debris flow monitoring. Two periods of Landsat TM/ETM+image data have been used in this paper. One is from 1986 to1990 and the other is from 1999 to 2000. The fourth, third and second or fifth, fourth, third bands consist of red, green and blue bands. Then the color balance is optimized. After geometric correction and digital mosaic, TM/ETM+ mosaic image maps of the two periods are finished. The geometric correction accurateness is calculated by using root mean square method and the digital mosaic accurate is estimated by using sampling point method. The geometric correction of single TM/ETM+image could be controlled within one pixel. When multi-scope images are digitally mosaiced, RMS error of most of the sampling points is less than two pixels. The total digital mosaic RMS error is between 1.3 to 1.5 pixels. The accurateness of using images as the geometric correction data resource is higher than that of using relief maps. From the TM/ETM+ mosaic image, one can have an intuitionist understanding of the ecological characteristics and landscape pattern of the study area.
  • WANG Lu-cang, SHI Pei-ji
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 457-462. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0079
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    Towns grew slowly at the eastern fringe region of the Tibetan Plateau owing to the unique geographical environment and the restriction of multitudinous nationalities, cultures, religions and economy. The driving force of urban growth mainly root in the center administrative organizational system. For some towns, the super affinity of nationality culture, religion and trade plays important role. Urban growth is characterized by lower standard, small scale, indistinct function and differential spatial allocation. The unique nature-human geographical environment determines the urban growth and regional coordination. So it is necessary to select a regional urbanization model, which exhibits small scale, multiple levels, multiple centers and reasonable congregation. It is a good way to enhance the economic level through development of animal husbandry, electric power, metallurgical industry and building material industry. Towns of harmonious relationship between environment and social-economy should be developed through carrying out construction of eco-environment. Those towns are good for improving the human living circumstances. At last, it is suggested to improve the outer environment in order to help concerted development of urban and region.
  • ZHANG Zhi-bin, ZHANG Xiao-ping
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 463-469. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0080
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    The urban systems in Hexi Region is spatially characterized by oasis town, and according to their functions, the urban systems are mainly synthetic; Based on their scale, they have the common characteristics of the urban systems of the undeveloped economy regions. The structure of the urban systems that accord with oasis environment must be set up in the future to make sure that the water resources can support the development of the major towns. Surrounding the four regional central cities (Jiuquan, Zhangye, Wuwei, and Dunhuang), it is necessary to consciously make use of the dot-axis" construction, positively develop the second-class center towns, and form an urban system network with the reasonable spatial distribution, various functions and assortative scale, so to promote the sustainable development of socio-economy in Hexi Region.
  • SHI Hui-chun, CHENG Guo-dong, XU Zhong-min, ZHANG Zhi-qiang, ZHANG Bo
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2002, 24(4): 470-476. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.0081
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    Leaning-organization theory is one of the most two advanced management theories in the world nowadays, which has been thought much of and applied widely. Dr. Peter Senge showed that: “Leaning-organization is such an organization that can exert the largest creative ability of each members, and try to form a learning mood which will be filled among the groups and organization, In it the individual values can fulfill, the organization’s efficiency can be improved greatly by learning.”In this paper the background of the learning organization theory is introduced, together with its development tendency. The model of learning-organization is also expounded, which is made-up of system dynamic of learning process (Jay Forrester) and the fifth discipline (Peter Senge). The construction and management of eco-economy research group are reviewed based on the learning-organization theory. At last, the application in actual research and the progress in the past few years is argued. All the practices showed that it is an efficient pattern for developing ecological economics research group.