25 February 2000, Volume 22 Issue 1
    

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  • JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0001
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  • JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 3-4. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0003
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  • JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 5-6. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0005
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  • CUI Zhi-jiu, YANG Jian-fu, LIU Geng-nian, SONG Guo-cheng, WANG Xin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 7-14. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0007
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    There were glaciers or not in the high moun-tains of Taiwan during the Quaternary is an argument for 67 years (1932-1998) , but now it is soluted. It is found at the summer of 1998 that there are many rel-ics of the paleoglaciers in Xueshan of Taiwan above 3 000 m. A.s.l., ranging they are three stages of the Last Glaciation (L.G.) .tbe Shanzhuang stage (early stage of L.G., 44.25?3.72 ka BP) , the Heisenlin stage (Max. L. G., 18.26?1.52 ka BP) and the Xueshan stage (late stage of L.G.) . The main feature of evolu-tion of the Last Glaciation is that the early stage was the Maximum one. The depression of ice erosion of U-shaped Val-ley No.2 was 7 m lower than the top of the crosswall, but the original lake sediment in the depression has been covered by the gravel of taluvium, so the height difference from the top of the crosswall to the bottom of the depression is more than 10 m. Polished surface of the broad in scale and striation was discovered in the southern side of the middle of U-shaped Valley No. 1, which is located in the Black Forest 200 m high-er than the directory board of the water source and at 3 400 m in altitude. It is estimated that this crosswall could be a cirque mouth of the Shanzhuang glacial stage. There are glacial moraine banks corresponding to the above mentioned depression of ice erosion and the crosswall outside of the crosswall of U-shaped Valley No.2, and a lateral moraine bank on the eastern side of this valley. There are moraine materials of three different periods corresponding to the landform of ice erosion on U-shaped Valley No.I. There is a highland of glacial moraine nearby the Village 369. The length of the glacier was estimated to be about 4 km and the snow line to be 3 400 m in alti-tude. There are some glacial moraine banks nearby the water source of the black forest. Glacier was esti-mated to be about 3 km in length, its ancient snow line was estimated to be about 3 500 m in altitude, the same as the upper limit of the forest at present. There is a small lateral moraine bank and a moraine highland from the tree line (3 500 m) on the U-shape d Valley No.l to 3 700 m on the northern steep slope of the main peak of the Xueshan. Glacier was esti-mated to be about 1.5 km in length, and snow line to be about 3 700 m in altitude.
  • YAO Tan-dong, SUN Wei-zhen, PU Jian-chen, TIAN Li-de, JIAO Ke-qin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 15-22. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0008
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    The relationship between δ18O in precipitation and temperature is discussed based on the study at the three precipitation sampling sites in the Ürümqi River Basin: Ürümqi City in the lower reaches, Yaojin Bridge in the middle and Daxigou at the upper reaches of the Ürümqi River. The relationship between δ18O in precipitation and temperature is δ18O (‰) (for initial temperature of a precipitation) and δ18O (‰) =0.46t-14.11 (for final temperature of a precipitation) at UrUmqi City, δ18O (‰) =0.66t-13.81 (for initial temperature of a precipitation event) and (for final temperature of a precipitation event) in Yao im Bridge, δ18O (‰) = 0.73t-12.17 (for initial temperature of a precipitation event) and δ18O (‰) = 0.77t-10.39 (for final temperature of a precipitation event) at Daxigou, respectively. 618O in precipitation in the Urhmqi River Basin also shows an altitude effect. The positive correlation between hi8O and temperature reveals that is a reliable indicators of temperature. The poor relation between 618O and temperature at Yaojin Bridge in the middle of the basin and Daxigou at the upper reaches of the basin compared with that at Urumqi City, can be attributed to the increasing local convective precipitation in the upper reaches of the basin. Nevertheless, from the seasonal variation, the relationship between and temperature is better at Yaojin Bridge and Daxigou than that at Urumqi City, indicating that b18O becomes more sensitive to temperature with the approaching of the glaciated areas.
  • ZHANG Xin-ping, YAO Tan-dong, JIN Hui-jun
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 23-28. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0009
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    The relationships between the δ18O in the Guliya ice core on the Tibetan Plateau and the SOI, as well as between the δ18O and the SST in the eastern Equatorial Pacific are analyzed. In the E1 Nino years, no matter in midsummer or in midwinter, δ18O in the Guliya ice core decreased, showing a marked decrease of temperature. The mean extents of the decrease were 1.2℃ and 0.45℃ respectively, and were 2.03℃ and 1.46℃ respectively in the strongest E1 Nino years; In the La Nina years, δ18O in the Guliya ice core in midsummer increased, showing a marked rise of temperature. The mean extents of rising was 1.02℃, and was 1.6℃ in the strongest La Nina years. However, the vanation of δ18O in midwinter was undefined; In non-La Nina years, the linear correlation between δ18O in midwinter and SOI in March of the corresponding period, as well as between and SST in January of the corresponding period became obvious.
  • WANG Gen-xu, CHENG Guo-dong, LIU Guang-xiu, XU Zhong-min
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 29-35. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0010
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    In the periglacial regions, owing to the varied spatial environment and biological type zones the special landscape structure and pattern is formed under the high-cold environment. With the law of three orientation type zones, landscape heterogeneity exhibits gradual change and sudden change in landscape types at different orientation. In the Tibetan plateau. the landscape varies in space as the following model from southeast to northwest: forest→high-cold bush→high-cold meadow→high-cold steppe→high-cold desert. Besides the horizontal variation of landscape. the vertical variation of landsca pe is also marked with the following model: the high-cold steppe (or high-cold meadow, desert) high-cold bush (or high-cold steppe) hig mountain meadowglacier→snow, bore rock. The forest matrix with high-cold bush and meadow mosaics, high-cold meadow matrix with high-cold bush. cold-warm forest and bare rock patches and river corridor mosaics, high-cold steppe matrix with high-cold meadow, swamp, lakes, bare rock and desert patches and river corridor mosaics, high-cold desert matrix with high-cold steppe, meadow, desert and bare rock patches are the four main types of landscape. There are mainly environmental patch and disturbance patches as land scape mosaics, with simple landscape structure and coarse grain. The landscape pattern change is fast in time and large in space. Climate change. all types of periglacial activities, specially the change of freeze-thaw condition of frozen soil are the main driving forces of landscape ecological processes, forming a special freeze-thaw ecological process. It is important to understand the landscape ecology on the periglacial regions for protection and improvement of the ecological environment.
  • LI Xin-qing, QIN Da-he, REN Jia-wen, ZHOU Hui
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 36-42. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0011
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    Plastics are widely used as containers for storing precipitation samples for the analysis of organic acids. Polyethylene bags are also employed to contain ice and firn samples extracted from the polar regions and double sealed for transportation. The utilization of the containers leads to the contamination of organic acids as atmosphere does with the samples exposed. Making sense quantitatively of the contamination is basically the prerequisite for studies of the organic acids in precipitation. An experimental study of acetic and formic contamination to double deionized water from plastic container and air was performed in laboratory. The result shows that the plastic container, especially the polyethylene bag is a significant source of the contamination. which occurred mainly in the process of the thermal plastic seal. While the solid polyethylene flask, of which no thermal scal is needed to keep the water inside tree of the air outside, remains an undetectable source of the carboxylic acids. The acetic acid contamination due to thermal plastic seal is about 18 times higher than that of formic acid under the same conditions. Additionally, the air is another contributor of formic acid and acetic acid to water samples, the contamination of which are much less than of the plastic bag. Consequently, the study of the carboxylic acids in snow and ice must avoid the plastic containers, especially the polyethylene bags, in the processes of sample preparations.
  • MA Wei, ZHU Yuan-lin, MA Wen-ting, CHANG Xiao-xiao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 43-47. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0012
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    The deformation of frozen soil is closely related to the load, temperature, time or strain rate basically owing to the existence of ice in the frozen soil, which is of strongly rheological property. So, it is of great significance to investigate the deformation behaviours and the stress-strain relation for both evaluating the stress-strain behaviours of frozen soil foundation and structure and developing the theory of frozen soil mechanics. In general, the stress-strain behaviours were sdudied with either constant stress creep tests or constant strain rate tests. Though many stress-strain relations are available to describe the stress-strain behaviours. the volume deformation of frozen soils has not been considered yet. Based on the triaxial constant strain-rate compression tests. in this paper the deformation behaviours of frozen clayey soils are analysesed and discussed. It is found that the volume of specimens contracted at the initial stage of loading, but as the load increased. the volume contracts to a certain value and then expands with the load continuously increasing, and the axial strain increases with the increase of deviatoric stress. The quasielastic, yielding and viscoplastic part in a stress-strain curve just corresponds to the contracting part of the volume, the maximum position of contracting part and the expanding part of the volume. respectively. The volume change is a important fact during the process of deformation. which can not be ignored. So, according to the deformation curves of frozen clayey soils, a stress-strain relation is givening which the volume change of frozen soil is considered.
  • LI Hong-sheng, YUE Qian-Jin, ZHENG Jing-ming, ZHU Yuan-lin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0013
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    Ice force is dominant for the offshore structures in ice covered region, and mechanical properties of ice are the main factors to determine the ice forces. The mechanical propeties of sea ice, a special solid material, depend on its crystal dimension, c-axes direction, anisotropy, temperature, stain-rate, stress-state and other factors. In the previous studies, some experimental models of sea ice strength were established. In this paper, sea ice strength was studied through a macroscopic and microscopic combination. which has the benefit to establish the theoretic model. and to describe the deformation law, the stress-strain relationship and the destroy criteria. Based on the physical process of ice-structure interaction, the mechanisms of formation and expansion of the micro-crack were presented through the microscopic mechanism analysis of sea ice ductile-brittle transition. The criterion of sea ice ductile-brittle transition was obtained by analyzing the Rice-Thomson model. The sea ice strength of the ductile-brittle transition zone calculated was accorded with the test result, which can be utilized to forecast the mechanical behaviors in the ice-structure interaction under general conditions, and to be theoretic foundation for the ice force design.
  • ZHENG Ben-xing
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 53-61. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0014
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    The Yulong Mount is Located in 27°10′,-27°40′N, 100°09′-100°20′E. It is the southmost snow-covered mountain in China and the southmost maritime glacier in the Eurasia. Its main peak (Sien-Tzn-Tou) is 5596 m a.s.l.. There are 19 glaciers in the mount area with an area of 1 1.61 km2, whose meltwater flows into the Jingsha River. Outside the glacier there are many relics of ancient glaciers, that can be divided into three Pleistocene glaciations, i.e., Dali, Lijiang and Yushaping ice age, equivalent to the Wurm, Riss and Mindel in the Alps. The Lijiang ice age was the biggest, when the Baishui River Glacier was 11 km long, with terminus at 2 860 m a.s.l., Lower than the margin (3100-3200 m a.s.l.) of the peidont glacier in the Yunshaping ice age and 2.5 km longer than that in the last glacial maximum of Dan ice age. The glacier evolution in the Yulong Mount is the same as in the Main Mount and the east slope of the Gongga Mountains, those all belong to the Southeast Tibet type but different to those in many highmountains in the Qignhai-Tibetan Plateau. In Yulong Mount the uplift age and height as well as climate condition are different from the interior plateau. Resently, the glaciers are changing slightly. They had retreated about 100 ~ 150 m and their termini had rosen about 50 m from 1982 to 1998, while during 1997-1998 the Baishui Glacier was advancing a little.
  • JIAO Ke-qin, WANG Chun-zu, HAN Tian-ding
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 62-64. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0015
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    Based on the observation in 1996/1997 and 1997/1998, mass balances of the Glacier No. 1 at the Headwaters of the Ürüqi River were calculated as-853.0 mm and-789.9 mm. Since 1959, the negative value of mass balance in 1996/1997 has been the maximum, next to that in 1997/1998. By analyzing air temperature and precipitation in the region, it is found that the main factor resulting in this phenomenon is abnormal temperature, especially the abnormal summer temperature.
  • KANG Xing-cheng, ZHANG Qi-hua, GRAUMLICH Lisa J., SHEPPARD Paul.
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 65-72. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0016
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    A 1835 a tree-ring chronology from the Qilian jumper (Sabina Przewalskii) has been established based on 135 specimens. The tree-ring data from tree core were collected at Ela Mountains, ranging from 3 100 to 3 700 m a.s.l. in Dulan, Qinghai Province. The studied area is local at the northeast of Tibetan plateau, and between Kunlun and Qinghai-Nanshan Mountains, with average elevation of above 3 500 m. The average annual precipitation in this region is 180 ~ 200 mm and the annual mean temperature is 0.3℃, thus it is a typical dry, high and cold area. The tree-ring series were cross-dated and measured using standard techniques, at the Laboratory of Tree-ring Research in the University of Arizona. The tree-ring chronology was compared directly to the monthly temperature and precipitation data from the closest Dulan meteorological observatory near the sampling Sites. Response function and linear regrssion analyses indicate that there are better relation of tree-ring width to mean temperature of September ~ November and precipitation of March~ June. Response surface analyses indicate that there is a good linear regrssion between tree-ring width and climate elements while it is low temperature and few precipitation. and a bad relation of that when it is high temperature and large precipitation. At the same time, based on ground temperature, soil containing water and sunlight in the studied area, it is educe that relation of tree-ring width and mean temperature of autumn, which indicate that the growing season of Jumpers is summer and autumn in the high altitude area of the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore mean temperature of September-December call be reconstruced in Dulan using tree-ring chronology.
  • WU Yan-qing, MU Fu-qiang, HE Yi-xian, LAN Yong-chao
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 73-77. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0017
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    Water resources system includes the branch systems of rainfall, surface water, and groundwater. Transformation between surface water and groundwater flow is an important part in water resources researches. Hei River is located in western Gansu Province, West China. It comes from Qilian Mountains and is one of the largest inland rivers in the arid region of the western China. In spite of multiple transformation between surface water and groundwater flow. river water finally flows into the lower reaches, the eastern Juyanhai and the western Juyanhai lakes. When the assessment of water resources was carried out in Hei River catchment, it is difficult to determine transforming relation between streamflow and groundwater flow. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the transformation path between streamflow and groundwater through geophysical exploration and analyzing the relation between eastern Guernai oasis and Hei River. After a site investigation of underground geological structure by using Stratagem EH4 electric conductivity imaging system in Dingxin-Shaomaying valley of the Hei River downstream, it is discovered that there is a fault zone that strikes east-west. This fault zone may be an ancient riverway. Most of streamflow penetrate to subsurface along this fault zone transforming into groundwater flow. The groundwater flow moves toward the eastern Guernai oasis along this fault zone. Then the groundwater flow discharges in the manner of surface evaporation and vegetation evapotranspiration in the eastern oasis of the study area. Thus, there is a close connection between the eastern Guernai oasis and the Hei River. Most of groundwater come from the Hei River in the eastern oasis. Groundwater upward rise is the base of vegetation in the eastern Guernai oasis.
  • WANG Shao-ling, YANG Mei-xue, Toshio KOIKE, ZHAO Lin
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 78-84. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0018
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    Using electromagnetic pulses, Time-Domain-Reflectometer (TDR) soil moisture is determined by measuring dielectric constant for different soil layers. TDR can be used to determine the liquid water content of soils in unbroken state in field, specially the unfrozen water content of frozen soils in different temperatures. It is more suitable to measure bulk moisture content of finegrained soils. Compared with gravitational method, the accuracy of TDR in determination of bulk moisture content on the Tibetan Plateau is:?2.5% for silt and fine grained sand, ? 3.0% for clay and sandy clay and ?5% for gravel and pebble soils. It can be concluded by repeated field practices that there are many advantages of TDR in determination of soil moisture contents in field, i.e., simple, convenient and quick for field measuring and stable in the measuring results. Based on the moistrue and temperature data (August 1997 to August 1998) from & sites along the Tibetan Highway, the moisture migration in the active layer due to freezing is analyzed in this paper.
  • PENG Wan-wei, YUAN Yi-quan
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 85-89. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0019
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    The authors have developed succeedly a kind of 500 kHz 1-3 composite broadband ultrasonic transducer used for measuring longitudinal wave and transverse wave in frozen soils. The ultrasonic transducer has the characteristics of highest sensitivity, wide frenquency-band and lower sonic impedance. It is suitable for measuring mechanical properties of frozen soils. The configuration, the corresponding characteristics and testing results are presented in this paper. The longitudinal wave and transverse wave velocities of frozen Lanzhou leoss are measured under various water contents (7%-25 %) and temperatures (-2--20℃) using this system, and the measuring precision is within 10 ps.
  • LI Ping, XU Xiao-zu, CHEN Feng-feng
    JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 2000, 22(1): 90-85. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2000.0021
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    In large permafrost and seasonally frozen ground regions, many damages to various constructions are the result of freeze-thaw action caused by water migration. In order to deepen the understanding of frost-heaving mechanism, it is necessary to research the frozen fringe closely related to unfrozen water migration. In this paper a general overview about microscopic structure characteristics of the frozen fringe and characteristic parameters of the frozen fringe including unfrozen water content, hydraulic conductivity and pressure between.ice and water was presented. And then developments of all kinds of frost heave prediction models were summarized. For further researching the frozen fringe it is urgent to continually strengthen the study of frost heave mechanism, thoroughly measure the characteristic parameters of the frozen fringe and perfect the general evaluation of frost heave prediction models.