25 February 1995, Volume 17 Issue 1

    

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  Ice Flood Disaster and Its Reduction Measures in the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River

  Xu Jianfeng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0001

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  Iee flood occurs yearly in the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River for its particu-lar geographic location and hydrometeorogical conditions. Freeze up occurs upstream butbreak up downstream. As a result of break up,ice pack flows with water and clogs together toform an ice jam,causing ice-jam flood disaster.The disaster in the Inner Mongolia Sectionhad reduced in some degree since the completion of Liujiaxia Reservoir in 1968,as the reser-voir is operated against ice flood by regulating its discharge and heat flux as well.Largedischarge during iee flood period decreases after the completion of Longyangxia Reservoir in1986.Since then,however,the river bed has accreted in the lnner Mongolia Sectionfor thewater and sand come from different sources. Thus the flow capacity decreases obviously,andthen ice fiood disaster increases year by year. For reducing the ice flood disaster effectively it is necessary to realign the river,tostrengthen the levee,to reinfore the ice forecast, to regulate the reservoirs more satisfactorily,to take local iee breaking measures and to build the Haibuowan Reservoir in the InnerMongolia Section as soon as posible.
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  Grey Relational Analysis of the Leading Climatic Factor Influencing the Challges of the Equilibrium Line

  Wang Ninglian

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 8-15. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0002

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  Abstract In the paper,the theory of grey relational analysis is introduced into the domain ofglaciological study.Analysed the relations between climatic factors and the equilibrium linesof east and west branches of Glacier No. 1 in the headwaters of the Urumqi River in theTlanshan Mountains by means of the theory,it is found that summer mean air temperature isthe leading climatic factor which dominates the fluctuation of the equilibrium line,and thereexist disparities in the influences of precipitations during different periods in a balance yearon the changes of the equilibrium line.
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  Experimental Stody of Influence of Soil Type on Ice Formation and Cryogenic Structure of Freezing Soils

  Wang Jiacheng, Xu Xiaozu, Zhang Lixin, Deng Yousheng

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 16-22. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0003

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  By laboratory freezing tests of five kinds of soils under the same temperature conditions,the influence of soil type on ice formation and cryogenic structure of freezing soils was stu-died.Results show that formation of segregative iee layers and cryogenic structure in freezingsoils mainly depends on hydraulic and thermal properties and dispersity of soils.Iee layerwith the highest thickness of 7.2 cm was formed in Japanese volcanic ash by higher hydraulicconductivity of frozen fringe and lower freezing rate. For Linxia kaolinite,Neimong clay andLanzhou loess the thickness of segregative ice layers was gradually decreased from 10 to 3mm,even less than 3 to 1 mm by hydraulic conductivity decreasing and freezing rate in-creasing and cryogenic structure was changed from thick layers to the thin layers.ForLanzhou sand only massive cryogenic structure could be seen because of in-situ freezing.
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  A Study on the Geomorphological Characteristics and Glaciations in Paleo-Daocheng Ice Cap,Western Sichuan

  Zheng Benxing, Ma Qiuhua

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 23-32. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0004

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  Various landforms of glacial erosion and glacial deposition,recognized in Daocheng IceCap,are divided into four distictive zones,according to their developing scales,distributionareas and composition characteristics.They are(A)Weak erosional and depositional zone lo- cated in the center of the paleo-ice cap,(B)Moderate erosional and depositional zone,(C)Intensive erosional and weak depositional zone and(D)Intensive depositional zone in themargin troughs.The large number of glacial relics indicated that three glaciations had occurred in this region since Middle Pleistocene and the glaciations of Daocheng can be comparaedwith the glaciations in Mt. Gongga region。However the model of glaciation evolution between the two regions is different.The glaciation maximum occurred during Early stage ofMiddle Pleistocene in Paleo-Daocheng lce Cap region,but the glaciation maximum occunredin penultimate glaciation on eastern slope of Mt.Gongga. The reason is the uplift ofmoun-tain in Late stage of M iddle Pleistocene. At that time,the precipitation decreased inDaocheng area,but on the east slope of Mt. Gongga a good precipitation conditionappeared.
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  Preliminary Research on Axial Splitting Method for Determining Tensile Strength of Frozen Soil

  Shen Zhongyan, Peng Wanwei, Liu Yongzhi, Chang Xiaoxiao

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 33-39. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0005

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  The paper discusses influence of temperature and machine speed on the results of theaxi al splitting test and its laws,and the possibili ty o f using axial splitting method toundirectly determine tensile strength of frozen soil through the test on saturated frozen loess。The test results show that obtained values of strength are stable,well related to the tempera-ture and machine speed and expressed in certain functions.The axial splitting test is reliablefor detemning tensile strength of frozen soil through correction。It is of value especially todetennine a tensile strength of undisturbed specimens in-situ.
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  The Strain Rate Sensitivity Analysis of Compression Strength of Frozen Soil

  Li Hongsheng, Yang Haitian, Chang Cheng, Sun Xiutang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 40-48. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0006

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  The samples of frozen soil are made in the laboratory artificially,and experiment studiesof uniaxial compression are carried out.The curves of stress-strain are obtained with differ-ent strain rates and at different temperatures.At a certain temperature,the relation betweenstrength and strain rate is explored,a formula, σ_c=(α-βθ)(ε/ε₀)ⁿ is obtained.within a certain temperature range, a expression of relation between strength and temperature, σ_c=σ₀+K(ε/ε₀)^m|θ| is presented and a range ofvalues for parametar α,β,n and σ₀,K, m obtained.Fimally above formulae are employed to calculate the compression stenghth.Theresults are in good accordance with practical measurements.
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  Study on the General Thermal Parameters of the Frozen NaCl Soil

  Zhang Lixin, Tao Zhaoxiang, Gu Tongxin

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 49-53. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0007

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  Using the steady comparing method,we measured the thermal conductivity of the frozen Lanzhou sand and Lanzhou loess with various salt content and water con-tent.We also measured the values of speciflc heat of the soil grain and pure sodium chloride and calculated the thermal diffusivities.The data show that the speciflc heat of soils increases with the increasing of salt content.The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of Lanzhou sand go down with the increasing of salt content atthe same temperature. For Lanzhou loess however,the two parameters go up at firstand then go down with the increasing of saIt content,there is a maximum of theparameters corresponding to the concentration about 5% of NaCl solution in soil.
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  Selection and Evaluation of Water Supply Sources in the Permafrost Area

  Bai Yuanxu

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 55-64. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0008

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  The distribution characteristics of groundwater sources are discussed in brief accordingto the analysis of hyd rogeologic factors in the permafros t a rea in Xilinji. Crevice watersources should be developped and utilized besides surface water sources.The objective of asteady water supply will be attained through groundwater storage regulation in thaw zones soas to satisfy the needs of water sources in dry season.
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  Factors of Influencing δ¹⁸O in Precipitation and Their Relative Importance

  Zhang Xinping, Yao Tandong

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 65-72. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0009

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  The oxygen isotope ratio in precipitation is not only related to the condensation temper-ature,but also affected by the initial conditions of vapor origin,the transporting patterns ofvapor,the supersaturated condition and the liquid-water content in cloud(called as the sec-ond category factor).In this paper two simulations of δ¹⁸O in precipitation have been per-fonned under the parameters of δ¹⁸O observed by global network.One represents δ¹⁸O varia-tion caused by temperatue(△δ₁).Another caused by other factors(△δ₂).The results show thatthe second category factors have substantial influence on δ¹⁸O in precipitation.
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  The Characteristics of Glacier Hydrology in the Area of the Gongga Mountains

  Cao Zhentang

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 73-83. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0010

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  The hydrological characteristics of glaciers in the Gongga Mts.have been revealed in re-cent years,based on the hydrologic and meteorologie observations in the glacier area of Gongga Mts.and Other observation in adjacent areas. In the investigated area characterised by a temperate climate, abundant precipitation and intense ablation the nourishment of icemelt water is about 55-60% of the runoff in the glaciated area, the glacier melt runoff modulus is 100-145 L /(s·km²),and the depth of glacier melt runoff is about is about 2000-4500 mm.The intra-annual vahation of glacier melt runoff which coincides with the intra -annual variation of air temperature is comparatively smooth. The amount of glacier melt runoff during the intense ablation season,from May to September,accounts for 80% of the annual amount of runoff, that from June to Augtist for about 60%,and the peak value occurs in July or August.
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  The Study of Calculation Method of Soil Frost Depth ln the Forest Zone

  Ai Jun, Liu Baozhong, Zhang Haitao, Gong Li

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 84-92. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0011

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  In differenthrest areasLbecomes a complicated pfoblem about the calculation of soilfrost depth under the influence of green covering and ground characteristics.32 observationpoints set up in Liangshui Protection Area,Xiao Xinggan Mountains,have been studing for2 years.We put forward a calculation method by converting thennal conductivity and con-verting equivalent frost depth.Verification by observation shows that it is a way to determinethe buried depth of a foundation in the forest zone.
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  Another Verification on the Fluctuation Prediction of the Batura Glacier, Karakoram

  Wang Wenying

  JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY AND GEOCRYOLOGY. 1995, 17(1): 93-96. https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.1995.0012

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  In August to Septembcf,1994,the Batura Glacier Investigation Group of International Karakoram Highway once more verfied the Batura Glacier fluctuation prediction made in 1974-1975,using GPS and other advancing technics.The results proved that the glacierfluctuation prediction is fundamental exact and coincident with oUective facts,withsomeerrors in time and distance of the end of advancing phase. The prediction have been tested for 20 years and is satisfactcry.