冰川冻土, 2021, 43(1): 254-262 doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1053

第四纪与行星冰冻圈

青藏高原及毗邻山地利用冰川地貌重建古气候的研究综述

崔航,1,2, 曹广超,1,2, 陈克龙1,2, 郭华3, 蒋刚1,2

1.青海师范大学 青藏高原地表过程与生态保育教育部重点实验室,青海 西宁 810008

2.青海师范大学 地理科学学院 青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室,青海 西宁 810008

3.青海师范大学 外国语学院,青海 西宁 810008

A review on the reconstruction of palaeoclimate by glacial landform in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains

CUI Hang,1,2, CAO Guangchao,1,2, CHEN Kelong1,2, GUO Hua3, JIANG Gang1,2

1.MOE Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,China

2.Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process,College of Geographical Sciences,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,China

3.College of Foreign Languages,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,China

通讯作者: 曹广超,教授,主要从事青藏高原环境变化研究. E-mail: caoguangchao@126.com

编委: 武俊杰

收稿日期: 2018-05-18   修回日期: 2018-08-01  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目.  41801032.  41571060
冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室开放基金项目.  SKLCS-OP-2020-1
青海省自然科学基金项目.  2018-ZJ-972Q

Received: 2018-05-18   Revised: 2018-08-01  

作者简介 About authors

崔航,副教授,主要从事第四纪冰川与环境变化研究.E-mail:cuihang071987@163.com , E-mail:cuihang071987@163.com

摘要

利用冰川地貌定量重建冰期时的古气候特征是探讨冰川驱动机制的关键。利用冰川地貌反演古气候的模型主要有两类:基于物质平衡线高度变化和基于估算古冰川表面物质平衡的气候重建模型,因其原理、所需数据量的不同,适用性存在着差异,应用时需根据冰川区的具体特征选取多种模型重建古气候,提高模拟的精度。青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的基于古冰川的气候重建数据显示:MIS 6以来冰川变化为气温变化驱动,冰川规模还受降水量增多的影响;MIS 3中期冰川的规模较之末次冰盛期(Last Glacial Maximum,LGM)更大,主要是该较冷的亚阶段降水比LGM时期更为丰沛所致。

关键词: ELA ; 物质平衡 ; 气候重建 ; 模型 ; 青藏高原

Abstract

It is critical for understanding the relationships between glacier and climate change based on the palaeoclimate derived from glacial landform records. There are two approaches to reconstruct climate based on palaeoglacier. One is climatic reconstruction upon glacier equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) variation, and the other approach is climatic reconstruction based on glacier mass balance variation. With the difference between principle and required datasets of models, the applicability and accuracy of different models are variable. To improve the modeling accuracy, it is essential to apply a variety of models to reconstruct palaeoclimate based on the physical characteristics in the study area. Based on the previous palaeoclimate derived from glacial landform records in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains, the glaciations were driven by the drop of air temperature and the expansion of the extent of palaeoglaciers were also affected by the change in precipitation. Due to more abundant precipitation during mid-MIS 3 than Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the extent of palaeoglacier during mid-MIS 3 was more extensive than that of LGM.

Keywords: ELA ; mass balance ; climate reconstruction ; model ; Tibetan Plateau

PDF (722KB) 元数据 多维度评价 相关文章 导出 EndNote| Ris| Bibtex  收藏本文

本文引用格式

崔航, 曹广超, 陈克龙, 郭华, 蒋刚. 青藏高原及毗邻山地利用冰川地貌重建古气候的研究综述[J]. 冰川冻土, 2021, 43(1): 254-262 doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1053

CUI Hang, CAO Guangchao, CHEN Kelong, GUO Hua, JIANG Gang. A review on the reconstruction of palaeoclimate by glacial landform in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2021, 43(1): 254-262 doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2018.1053

0 引言

雄踞北半球中低纬度的青藏高原及毗邻山地分布有除极地外数量最多的现代冰川,其中中国境内共发育有46 377条现代冰川,冰储量达5 600.25 km3[1。在第四纪冰期与间冰期旋回中,青藏高原及毗邻山地频繁且广泛地经历了古冰川作用,留下了丰富的古冰川遗迹2-4。此外,青藏高原及毗邻山地海拔高、地势险峻、范围广阔且地理位置独特,对区域或全球的气候变化反映灵敏5-7,是研究全球气候变化背景下冰川发育与地貌演化的热点地区。因此,利用冰川地貌定量重建青藏高原及毗邻山地各次冰川作用时的气候特征,对深入探讨区域或区域间冰川变化与气候波动间的关系具有重要意义8-9

利用冰川地貌定量重建冰川作用时古气候特征(气温与降水)的方法主要有两种:一是应用计算冰川物质平衡线高度(equilibrium-line altitude,ELA)的算法重建古冰川的ELA10-13,进而与现代ELA相对比得到ELA的变化量,最终结合基于ELA变化的气候重建模型反演冰川作用时的气候特征14-17;二是以研究区或其周边的现代气象资料(气温与降水)为输入数据,应用模拟冰川消融过程的模型,如度日模型反演冰川作用时古冰川不同海拔处的物质平衡,进而根据相应的模拟目标重建冰川作用时的气候特征1518-25。冰川的ELA和物质平衡与气温和降水的关系密切26-29,对二者的变化反映灵敏,是气候变化最直接的反映。当冰川作用时气温(降水)的值能够通过其他古气候代用指标(如孢粉、化石等)加以限定时,基于上述模型就可获取冰川作用时降水(气温)的变化量14-25

目前,青藏高原及毗邻山地第四纪冰川的研究主要集中于冰川遗迹的年代测定,获得了大量的绝对年代数据1930-34,基于此构建了中国近80万年以来的冰川演化序列,由老到新分别为对应于MIS 18~16的“昆仑冰期”、对应于MIS 12的“中梁赣冰期”、对应于MIS 6的“古乡冰期”、对应于MIS 4~2的“大理冰期”和对应于MIS 1的全新世以来的冰川作用事件35-36。然而,由于青藏高原及毗邻山地面积广阔,现有的定量反演的古气候资料较少且分布不均匀37,不利于探讨区域或区域间第四纪冰川的演化规律。此外,高海拔区的古气候数据,尤其是利用冰川地貌定量重建的古气候数据稀少。研究表明,气温波动值在不同海拔是有差异的,低海拔区要低于高海拔区38-40,而在高海拔区,尤其是冰川区利用冰川地貌定量重建的冰川作用时的古气候特征,是探讨冰川进退与气候变化间关系最关键的指标。因此,本文总结分析了目前在第四纪冰川研究中常用的几种基于古冰川的气候重建模型,然后依据青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的基于古冰川的气候重建数据,探讨影响冰川发育的驱动因子,为阐释冰川变化与气候波动间的关系提供理论依据。

1 基于古冰川的气候重建模型

1.1 基于ELA变化的气候重建模型

(1) ELA处气温与降水关系模型(P-T模型)

研究表明,气温和降水的变化是导致冰川ELA升降的重要因素,ELA变化是二者相耦合的结果41-43。因此,根据现代冰川ELA处气温和降水观测数据构建的关系式被广泛的应用于气候重建的研究中1517。应用P-T模型时,首先利用ELA的变化量及气温递减率求得由于ELA位置变化导致的气温变化量。然后假定冰期时冰川ELA处气温和降水的关系与现代的相一致,根据孢粉记录、湖泊水位等古降水代用指标求得降水变化量,进而将其代入ELA处气温和降水的关系式中,得到由于降水波动导致的气温变化量,最后将上述求得的两个气温变化量相加即为冰川作用时气温的波动值。

(2) 气温递减率模型(lapse-rate model,LR模型)

与P-T模型相比,LR模型还考虑了积累梯度对模拟结果的影响44。此外,LR模型应用ELA处冰川积累量与温度的转换系数f,将由于ELA的升降导致的降水变化量转化为相应的气温变化量。

T2-T1=TzELA1-ELA2-fczELA1-ELA2-fc1-c2

式中:ELA1为现代冰川的ELA(m);ELA2为冰川作用时古冰川的ELA(m);T1为现代冰川在ELA2处的气温(℃);T2为冰川作用时古冰川在ELA2处的气温(℃);c1为现代冰川在ELA2处的积累量(mm);c2为冰川作用时古冰川在ELA2处的积累量(mm);f为ELA处冰川积累量与温度的转换系数(℃·mm-1)。

(3) 能量与物质平衡模型(energy and mass balance model,EMB模型)

EMB模型根据冰川ELA处积累量与消融量的等量关系及能量平衡,构建ELA的变化量与气温、积累量及影响冰川消融的能量因子(太阳辐射、潜热交换和湍流交换等)变化量间的关系式44-47

h=KτLmQR+(αs+αr)Ta+(1Lv,s-1Lm)QL-cc(z)z-KτLmQRzz+αs+αrTazz+τ(1Lv,s-1Lm)QL(z)z

式中:z为海拔(m);Δh为ELA的变化量(m);K为形成附加冰时的融化耗热量与没有形成附加冰时融化耗热量的比值,其值介于1~5/3之间46τ为消融期天数(通常取平均值);Lm为融化潜热,其值为0.334 MJ·kg-1[47LvLs为气化潜热和升华潜热,其值分别为2.514 MJ·kg-1、2.848 MJ·kg-1(当冰川表面温度≥0 ℃时,使用Lv;当冰川表面温度<0 ℃时,使用Ls48αs为块体交换系数(MJ·m2·d-1·℃-1);αr为一常数,其值为4×σ×273.153σ为斯蒂芬-波尔兹曼常数,σ=4.9×10-9 MJ·m-2·d-1·℃-4);ΔQR、ΔQL、ΔTa和Δc分别为ELA处太阳辐射量、蒸发(升华)耗热量、气温和积累量的变化量(单位分别为MJ·m-2、MJ·m-2、℃、mm);∂c/z、∂QR/z、∂Ta/z和∂QL/∂z分别为积累量、太阳辐射量、气温和蒸发(升华)耗热量随海拔变化的梯度(单位分别为mm·m-1、MJ·m-2·m-1、℃·m-1、MJ·m-2·m-1)。

1.2 基于估算古冰川表面物质平衡的气候重建模型

(1) 度日模型(degree-day model)

度日模型基于冰川的融化量和正积温之间的线性关系。

i=1na=DDFi=1nT(n)t

式中:Δt为时间间隔,即把冰川的消融期n等分的时间;a为冰川表面在Δt内的融化量(mm);Tn)为Δt内的正积温(℃);DDF为度日因子(degree-day factor,单位为m·d-1·℃-1)。

应用度日模型模拟冰川物质平衡时,认为冰川海拔z处的消融量az)和积累量cz)分别可用该海拔处的冰川表面融化量(由度日模型求得)和固态降水量代替49-50,则冰川海拔z处的物质平衡Mz)为

M(z)=c(z)-DDFT+(z)

式中:T+z)为海拔z处的正积温(℃)。

重建古气候时,首先基于研究区或其周边的气温和降水数据、适宜的DDF值及式(4)模拟在现代气候条件下的古冰川物质平衡,然后根据模拟目标,如古冰川的总物质平衡为015或古冰川积累区面积比率(area altitude ratio,AAR)为0.6518,设定气温和降水变化的步长,改变气温与降水的值以达到模拟目标,进而得到一系列的气温与降水组合,结合其他古气候记录对模拟结果进行限定,即可得到冰期时的古气候特征。

(2) 耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型

耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型的基础是冰川热力学和动力学,将冰川物质平衡的模拟和冰川流动过程的模拟相耦合,以匹配相应冰川遗迹(如侧碛垄、终碛垄)的位置为模拟目标重建相应冰川作用时的古气候特征19-2051-52。模型主要分为两个部分,即模拟冰川物质平衡的模型和模拟冰川流动过程的模型。目前,模拟冰川物质平衡的模型主要有两类,能量模型和度日模型。其中能量模型虽精度高,但其所需参数较多,对于能量平衡监测数据匮乏的青藏高原及毗邻山地而言并不适用。青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的基于耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型的古气候重建多是应用度日模型[式(4)]模拟冰川的物质平衡19-25,模拟冰川流动过程则是基于以下质量守恒方程。

Ht=M-qxx-qyy

式中:M为冰川的物质平衡(mm·a-1);H为冰川的厚度(m);t为时间(a);qxqy 分别为冰川在水平面上沿xy方向的冰通量(m2·s-1)。

冰通量为H和冰川的水平速度在垂直方向上的平均值U的乘积。

q=HU

U由冰川内部变形速度Ud和底部滑动速度Us组成。

U=Us+Ud=25(1-f)HAτm+fBτn

式中:AB分别为冰川内部变形速度与底部滑动速度的系数(通常取A=1.0×10-7 a-1·Pa-3B=1.5×10-3 m·a-1·Pa-1[52);mn分别为其指数(通常取m=3,n=252);f为调节变形速度和滑动速度所占流动速度比例的参数,通常取f=0.552τ为基底剪切应力。

τ=ρgHsinα

式中:ρ为冰的密度(0.9 g·cm-3);g为重力加速度(9.8 m·s-2);α为冰川表面的坡度(°)。

耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型基于现代气象观测资料及研究区的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),设置不同的气温和降水变化组合以达到模拟目标,进而得到一系列气温降低值和降水波动值,之后结合其他气候记录对得到的结果加以限定,最终得到相应冰川作用期的古气候状况19-2551-52

2 模型对比分析

不同模型因其原理、所需数据量等的差别使得其适用性存在差异。现代冰川的监测需要投入大量的人力和物力,耗时长且需进行重复观测,难以大范围的推广。此外,监测的数据分散且大多数冰川观测的时间序列较短53。因此,对于模型的选取应基于研究区的具体特征加以遴选,避免不必要的误差。与上述其他模型(其中耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型指的是应用度日模型模拟古冰川的物质平衡时的情况,下同)相比,EMB模型包含了几乎所有影响冰川变化的气候因素54-55,所需数据最多,在数据充足的情况下其精度也是最高的。然而在实际应用中EMB模型所需的参数往往难以全部获取,因此需根据研究区的具体特征对模型进行相应的简化,增强模型的适用性56。如对青藏高原及毗邻山地的海洋型冰川和部分亚大陆型冰川而言,冰川消融主要由于冰川表面的融化所致,蒸发(升华)引起的冰川消融可忽略不计57-58,此时应用EMB模型能大幅简化模型的计算,进而增强了模型的适用性。P-T模型、LR模型所需数据为研究区DEM、气温和降水等观测资料175659,而度日模型和耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型与之相比还需研究区现代冰川的DDF值(通常是经验统计或应用模型验证的数值)1519-25。因此,这四种模型所需数据较少,适用性强,即使对于没有气象监测的区域,通过周边气象站观测数据的拟合亦可获取该区域气温和降水的分布情况1519-25,进而应用P-T模型、LR模型、度日模型和耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型定量重建古气候。此外,P-T模型、LR模型、EMB模型和度日模型需要依据冰川地貌的识别及年代判定重建出相应冰川作用时的古冰川范围,当根据冰川遗迹难以恢复相应的古冰川作用范围时则不能应用这四种模型。而耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型通过对冰川物质平衡和冰川流动过程的模拟来匹配冰川遗迹的位置51-52,依据残存的冰川遗迹亦可恢复古冰川的范围60。因此,在应用基于古冰川地貌的气候重建模型反演冰川作用时的气候状况时,应根据研究区的特征选取相应的模型,尤其是在数据充足的情况下尽可能的综合应用多种模型重建古气候,并对比分析各个模型的结果,提高模拟结果的精度和可信度。

然而在应用P-T模型、LR模型、度日模型和耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型定量重建古气候时往往难以在研究区获得模型所需的监测数据,相应的数据多是通过现有的数据统计分析获取1519-202360,这样难免会代入相应的误差。已有研究表明60,即使是基于能量平衡模拟冰川物质平衡的耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型(所需数据充足的情况下几乎是最为精准的模拟方法),模型的误差也在1 ℃左右,其他类型的模型误差更大(如度日模型的误差要明显大于这一值18)。此外,模型所需的参数、变量多是取一个范围而非单一值1519-2023,以期能够尽可能地捕获冰川作用时的古气候特征。因此,对于模型结果的验证主要是通过与其他古气候指标进行对比,进而增强模拟结果的可信度1519-2023

3 冰川作用驱动因素探讨

目前,随着测年技术在第四纪冰川研究中的应用,尤其是测年精度的提升,冰期中冰川作用事件的细化研究越来越受到重视,在青藏高原及毗邻山地发现了大量对应于MIS 361-62、晚冰期63-64和全新世早、中期65-66的多次冰川作用记录。这些对应于气候较暖阶段(与深海氧同位素偶数阶段相比) 冰川作用的发现引发了对冰川作用驱动因子的争论。Owen研究组认为气候较暖阶段太阳辐射强,增强的南亚季风带来了丰沛的降水(在冰川区以固态降水为主),进而导致冰川的积累量增加且超过由于气温升高而引起的消融,ELA下降,冰川前进6166-68。然而,现代冰川物质平衡模拟的结果表明气温是驱动冰川变化的主要因子69-70,当气温升高1 ℃时,若要冰川处于稳定状态,则需降水量增加约25%71-72。因此,对于气候较暖阶段冰川作用,如MIS 3冰川作用,国内学者多认为是这一时期中阶段冷湿的气候所致41562-6373。二者的争议主要聚焦于气温与降水在驱动冰川变化时所占的比重,而探讨这一问题的关键因素是基于古冰川地貌的气候重建数据(气温与降水变化的组合)。

目前,青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的基于古冰川地貌的气候重建数据如图1所示。全球标准深海氧同位素曲线显示,MIS 6是温度异常低持续时间非常长的时段74。Zhou等17应用P-T模型重建了藏东南波堆藏布谷地古乡冰期(MIS 6)的古气候特征,结果表明当冰期时降水为现代降水的60%时,气温比现代低7.8 ℃,气温的降低是这次冰川作用的驱动因素。

图1

图1   青藏高原及毗邻山地基于古冰川的气候重建数据15-1719-2575-76

注:竖线及黑点代表基于古冰川的气候重建数据;当某次冰川作用存在多个基于古冰川的气候重建数据时,黑色边框为这些数据所代表的最大范围

Fig.1   Reconstructed air temperature series (up) and precipitation proportion relative to modern precipitation series (down) in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains15-1719-2575-76


全球标准深海氧同位素曲线74及西昆仑山脉古里雅冰芯77δ18O记录表明MIS 5/4气温比现代低;湖北三宝洞78-79和江苏葫芦洞80石笋的δ18O记录显示MIS 5/4降水较之现代更为丰沛。Xu等22基于耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型重建了青藏高原西北部塔什库尔干流域Kuzigun谷地MIS 5/4冰川作用时的古气候,发现当时的降水大于现代降水的140%时,与现代相比,此次冰川作用时的气温降低值为<4 ℃,丰沛的降水和较低的气温相耦合导致了这次冰川前进。

MIS 3 (32~58 ka)是末次冰期的间冰段,据西昆仑山脉的古里雅冰芯记录显示81,MIS 3按时间先后可分为a、b、c三个亚阶段,其中MIS 3a与MIS 3c时的δ18O值比现代高,气温分别比现代高4 ℃、3℃,而在中期MIS 3b时的δ18O值比现代低,气温比现代低5 ℃73。MIS 3a与MIS 3c青藏高原上夏季风的增强使得这两个亚阶段的降水量增加,降水量相当于现代降水量的140%~200%82-84。而在MIS 3中期夏季风的强度较低,降水量减少84。Rao等85基于现代C3植物的δ13C和降水量的关系定量重建了末次冰期至全新世期间青藏高原东北缘临夏塬堡剖面夏季降水的变化量,发现MIS 3中期的降水量相当于现代降水量的50%~100%。末次冰盛期(Last Glacial Maximum,LGM)(MIS 2)气候严寒且干燥,青藏高原上的气温与现代相比降低了6~9 ℃,降水量减少了30%~70%84。与MIS 3相比,此时极低的降水量使得冰川上的固态降水减少,不利于冰川的积累与发育8286。目前,青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的10Be暴露年代数据表明,在高原上的某些区域(如达里加山地区4)MIS 3冰川作用的规模明显大于LGM时期。据青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的基于古冰川地貌的气候重建结果显示,当MIS 3、LGM的降水分别为现代降水的50%~200%、30%~80%时,气温较之现代分别降低了-0.2~6.8 ℃1521-2225、2.13~8 ℃16-1719-222575-76图1)。因此,MIS 3气温较之LGM时期更高,且降水更为丰沛,增加的降水量导致MIS 3冰川区的积累量增多,抵消甚至是超过了由于气温的差异导致的冰川消融量的变化,进而使得MIS 3冰川作用的范围超过LGM时期。然而,现有的MIS 3基于古冰川的气候重建数据仅在季风区有相关成果发表1521-2225,在西风区则缺乏相应的研究,不利于区域间冰川演化模式的对比分析,亟待加强。

Heinrich事件(简称H事件)是指在末次冰期期间一系列时间跨度上千年或是几百年的极端冷事件87,其中H1的年代为16.8 ka87-88。据西昆仑山古里雅冰芯记录81,H1时期的气温较现代明显偏低。Xu等24应用耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型重建了念青唐古拉山中段桑丹康桑峰北坡两个谷地内对应于H1时期的冰川作用的气温和降水状况,结果表明当H1时期的降水量为现代降水量的60%~70%时,气温与现代相比降低了2.6~2.8 ℃,气温的降低是驱动这次冰川作用的主要因素。

晚冰期(Late Glacial,12~16 ka)是指LGM结束之后至新仙女木(Younger Dryas,YD)事件之间的冰川活动,又称为近冰阶89。基于耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型,Xu20重建了青藏高原东南部的雀儿山晚冰期时的古气候,结果表明当晚冰期时的降水量为现代降水量的80%~100%时,气温比现代低3.4~3.7 ℃,气温的降低是这次冰川作用的驱动因素。

新冰期是指进入全新世晚期后气温降低,青藏高原及毗邻山地普遍经历了1~3次冰川作用的时段36。据耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型的模拟结果显示2023,新冰期时青藏高原东南部的雀儿山和贡嘎山海螺沟气温比现代低0.3~3.1 ℃,而此时的降水相当于现代降水的80%~120%,冷湿的气候是冰川作用的驱动因素。

小冰期(Little Ice Age,LIA)气候极不稳定,据青藏高原东北缘祁连山敦德冰芯的δ18O记录90,在公元1420—1520年、1570—1680年和1770—1890年间气温明显降低,在青藏高原及毗邻山地现代冰川的外围一般沉积有1~3道终碛垄,冰碛物风化很弱,冰碛垄上没有土壤发育且无植被覆盖89。Xu等23应用耦合冰川物质平衡-流动模型重建了贡嘎山海螺沟LIA时的古气候,发现当LIA时的降水为现代降水的80%~120%时,气温较之现代降低了1~2.2 ℃,冷湿的气候是冰川作用的驱动因素。

4 结论与展望

基于冰川地貌的气候重建模型将影响冰川变化的气候驱动因子及其过程概化为模型,是探讨冰川与气候变化之间关系的有效手段。不同模型由于其原理、所需数据量等的差别导致它们的适用性有所不同,应用时需根据冰川区的具体特征(如冰川类型、气候条件及气候观测数据等)选取适宜的模型,综合应用多种模型进行运算,可有效提高模拟的精度。

青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的基于古冰川地貌的气候重建数据表明,MIS 6以来多次冰川变化为气温变化驱动,而冰川规模的大小还受降水变化的影响,MIS 3中期较之LGM时期较为丰沛的降水使得MIS 3中期的冰川作用规模明显超过LGM时期的。然而,相对于青藏高原及毗邻山地大量的第四纪冰川测年数据而言,现有的基于古冰川地貌的气候重建数据稀少且分布不均匀,如MIS 3相应的气候重建数据仅存在于季风区。此外,基于古冰川的气候重建数据主要集中于末次冰期,尤其是MIS 3和LGM时期,更老及末次冰期结束以来的基于古冰川的气候重建数据严重不足,不利于区域或区域间冰川演化规律的对比分析。因此,结合青藏高原及毗邻山地已有的第四纪冰川绝对年代数据,应用基于古冰川的气候重建模型反演不同区域、不同期次冰川作用时的古气候特征是目前第四纪冰川研究中亟待开展的工作。

参考文献

Shi Yafeng. Concise Chinese glacier inventory[M]. ShanghaiShanghai Popular Science Press2005.

[本文引用: 1]

施雅风. 简明中国冰川目录[M]. 上海上海科学普及出版社2005.

[本文引用: 1]

Dyurgerov M BMeier M F. Glaciers and the changing earth system: a 2004 snapshot: INSTAAR occasional paper 58[M]. Boulder, Colorado, USAInstitute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado2005.

[本文引用: 1]

Lehmkuhl FOwen L A.

Late Quaternary glaciation of Tibet and the bordering mountains: a review

[J]. Boreas, 20053487-100.

Wang JieKassab CHarbor J Met al.

Cosmogenic nuclide constraints on late Quaternary glacial chronology on the Dalijia Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Quaternary Research, 201379439-451.

[本文引用: 3]

An ZhishengKutzbach J EPrell W Let al.

Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since late Miocene times

[J]. Nature, 200141162-66.

[本文引用: 1]

Kirchner NGreve RStroeven A Pet al.

Paleoglaciological reconstructions for the Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial cycle: evaluating numerical ice sheet simulations driven by GCM-ensembles

[J]. Quaternary Science Review, 201130248-267.

Wang JianRaisbeck GXu Xiaobinget al.

In situ cosmogenic 10Be dating of the Quaternary glaciations in the southern Shaluli Mountain on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences, 20064912): 1291-1298.

[本文引用: 1]

Heyman JStroeven A PCaffee W Met al.

Palaeoglaciology of Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau: exposure ages reveal a missing LGM expansion

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011301988-2001.

[本文引用: 1]

Fu PingHeyman JHattestrand Cet al.

Glacial geomorphology of the Shaluli Shan, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Journal of Maps, 201281): 48-55.

[本文引用: 1]

Benn D IOwen L AOsmaston H A.

Reconstruction of equilibrium-line altitudes for tropical and sub-tropical glaciers

[J]. Quaternary International, 20058138-139.

[本文引用: 1]

Ramage J MSmith J ARodbell D Tet al.

Comparing reconstructed Pleistocene equilibrium-line altitudes in the tropical Andes of central Peru

[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2005207/8): 777-788.

Xie ZichuLiu Chaohai. Introduction of glaciology[M]. ShanghaiShanghai Popular Science Press2010.

谢自楚刘潮海. 冰川学导论[M]. 上海上海科学普及出版社2010.

Ju YuanjiangLiu GengnianZhang Xiaoyonget al.

High mountain glaciers’ ELA0 and climate

[J]. Progress in Geography, 2004233): 43-49.

[本文引用: 1]

鞠远江刘耕年张晓咏.

山地冰川物质平衡线与气候

[J]. 地理科学进展, 2004233): 43-49.

[本文引用: 1]

Ivy-Ochs SKerschner HKubik P Wet al.

Glacier response in the European Alps to Heinrich Event 1 cooling: the Gschnitz stadial

[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 200521115-130.

[本文引用: 2]

Wang JieCui HangHarbor J Met al.

Mid-MIS3 climate inferred from reconstructing the Dalijia Shan ice cap, north-eastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2015306): 558-568.

[本文引用: 13]

Xu XiangkeWang LiqiangYang Jianqiang.

Last Glacial Maximum climate inferences from integrated reconstruction of glacier equilibrium-line altitude for the head of the Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains

[J]. Quaternary International, 20102183-12.

[本文引用: 1]

Zhou ShangzheWang JieXu Liubinget al.

Glacial advances in southeastern Tibet during late Quaternary and their implications for climatic changes

[J]. Quaternary International, 201021858-66.

[本文引用: 7]

Heyman B MHeyman JFickert Tet al.

Paleo-climate of the central European uplands during the Last Glacial Maximum based on glacier mass-balance modeling

[J]. Quaternary Research, 20137949-54.

[本文引用: 3]

Xu XiangkeHu GangQiao Baojin.

Last Glacial Maximum climate based on cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages and glacier modeling for the head of Tashkurgan Valley, northwest Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20138091-101.

[本文引用: 12]

Xu Xiangke.

Climates during late Quaternary glacier advances: glacier-climate modeling in the Yingpu Valley, eastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 201410118-27.

[本文引用: 6]

Xu XiangkeDong GuochengPan Baolin.

Modelling glacier advances and related climate conditions during the last glaciation cycle in the Kuzigun Valley, Tashkurgan catchment, on the north-west Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2014293): 279-288.

[本文引用: 2]

Xu XiangkeGlasser N F.

Glacier sensitivity to equilibrium line altitude and reconstruction for the Last Glacial cycle: glacier modeling in the Payuwang Valley, western Nyaiqentanggulha Shan, Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2015440614-620.

[本文引用: 4]

Xu XiangkeMuhammad A QPan Baolin.

Late-Holocene glacier advances and related climate conditions in the Hailuogou catchment, Gongga Shan, eastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. The Holocene, 20162612): 1897-1903.

[本文引用: 5]

Xu XiangkeDong GuochengPan Baolinet al.

Late Glacial glacier-climate modeling in two valleys on the eastern slope of Samdainkangsang Peak, Nyaiqentanggulha Mountains

[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2017601): 135-142.

[本文引用: 1]

Xu XiangkePan BaolinDong Guochenget al.

Last Glacial climate reconstruction by exploring glacier sensitivity to climate on the southeastern slope of the western Nyaiqentanglha Shan, Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 201763238): 361-371.

[本文引用: 11]

Benn D IGemmell A M D.

Calculating equilibrium-line altitudes of former glaciers by the balance ratio method: a new computer spreadsheet

[J/OL]. Glacial Geology and Geomorphology, 19972018-07-02]. .

[本文引用: 1]

Benn D ILehmkuhl F.

Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high-mountain environments

[J]. Quaternary International, 200065/6615-29.

Schäfer J MTschudi SZhao Zet al.

The limited influence of glaciations in Tibet on global climate over the past 170 000 yr

[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002194287-297.

Wu KunpengLiu ShiyinBao Weijiaet al.

Remote sensing monitoring of the glacier change in the Gangrigabu Range, southeast Tibetan Plateau from 1980 through 2015

[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2017391): 24-34.

[本文引用: 1]

吴坤鹏刘时银鲍伟佳.

1980-2015年青藏高原东南部岗日嘎布山冰川变化的遥感监测

[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017391): 24-34.

[本文引用: 1]

Chen HongjuYang JianpingTan Chunping.

Responsivity of glacier to climate change in China

[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2017391): 16-23.

[本文引用: 1]

陈虹举杨建平谭春萍.

中国冰川变化对气候变化的响应程度研究

[J]. 冰川冻土, 2017391): 16-23.

[本文引用: 1]

Zhou ShangzheXu LiubingColgan Pet al.

Cosmogenic 10Be dating of Guxiang and Baiyu glaciations

[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 20075210): 1387-1393.

Owen L AYi ChaoluFinkel R Cet al.

Quaternary glaciation of Gurla Mandhata (Naimon’anyi)

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2010291817-1830.

Owen L AChen JHedrick K Aet al.

Quaternary glaciation of the Tashkurgan Valley, Southeast Pamir

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20124756-72.

Yang JianqiangChen YixinXu Xiangkeet al.

Quaternary glacial history of the Kanas Valley, Chinese Altai, NW China, constrained by electron spin resonance and optically stimulated luminescence datings

[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2017147164-177.

[本文引用: 1]

Zhao JingdongShi YafengWang Jie.

Comparison between Quaternary glaciations in China and the marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS): an improved schema

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011667): 867-884.

[本文引用: 1]

赵井东施雅风王杰.

中国第四纪冰川演化序列与MIS对比研究的新进展

[J]. 地理学报, 2011667): 867-884.

[本文引用: 1]

Cui ZhijiuChen YixinZhang Weiet al.

Research history, glacial chronology and origins of Quaternary glaciations in China

[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2011315): 749-764.

[本文引用: 2]

崔之久陈艺鑫张威.

中国第四纪冰期历史、特征及成因探讨

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2011315): 749-764.

[本文引用: 2]

Zhang ChengjunMischke S.

A Lateglacial and Holocene lake record from the Nianbaoyeze Mountains and inferences of lake, glacier and climate evolution on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2009281970-1983.

[本文引用: 1]

Yao TandongLiu XiaodongWang Ninglianet al.

Amplitude of climatic changes in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000451236-1243.

[本文引用: 1]

Stansell N DPolissar P JAbbott M B.

Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium-line altitude and paleo-temperature reconstructions for the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuelan Andes

[J]. Quaternary Research, 200767115-127.

Li ZongxingHe YuanqingWang Chunfenet al.

Spatial and temporal trends of temperature and precipitation during 1960-2008 at the Hengduan Mountains, China

[J]. Quaternary International, 2011236127-142.

[本文引用: 1]

Shi YafengHuang MaohuanRen Binghui. An introduction to the glaciers in China[M]. BeijingScience Press1988.

[本文引用: 1]

施雅风黄茂桓任炳辉. 中国冰川概论[M]. 北京科学出版社1988.

[本文引用: 1]

Shi YafengCui ZhijiuSu Zhen. The Quaternary glaciations and environmental variations in China[M]. ShijiazhuangHebei Science and Technology Publishing House2006.

施雅风崔之久苏珍. 中国第四纪冰川与环境变化[M]. 石家庄河北科学技术出版社2006.

Ohmura AKaser PFunk M.

Climate at the equilibrium line of glaciers

[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 199238397-411.

[本文引用: 1]

Seltzer G O.

Climatic interpretation of Alpine snowline variations on millennial time scales

[J]. Quaternary Research, 199441154-159.

[本文引用: 2]

Kuhn M.

Fluctuation of climate and mass balance: different responses of two adjacent glaciers

[J]. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 198521409-416.

Zhang YinshengKoji FAgeta Yet al.

The response of glacier ELA to climate fluctuations on High-Asia

[J]. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 1998161-11.

[本文引用: 1]

Kaser GOsmaston H A. Tropical glaciers[M]. Cambridge, UKCambridge University Press2002.

[本文引用: 2]

Rupper SRoe G.

Glacier changes and regional climate: a mass and energy balance approach

[J]. Journal of Climate, 2008215384-5401.

[本文引用: 1]

Braithwaite R J.

Positive degree-day factors for ablation on the Greenland ice sheet studied by energy-balance modelling

[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 199541153-160.

[本文引用: 1]

Laumann TReeh N.

Sensitivity to climate change of the mass balance of glaciers in southern Norway

[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 199339656-665.

[本文引用: 1]

Plummer M APhillips F M.

A 2-D numerical model of snow/ice energy balance and ice flow for paleoclimatic interpretation of glacial geomorphic features

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2003221389-1406.

[本文引用: 3]

Laabs B J CPlummer M AMickelson D M.

Climate during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Wasatch and southern Uinta Mountains inferred from glacier modeling

[J]. Geomorphology, 2006753/4): 300-317.

[本文引用: 6]

Braithwaite R J.

Glacier mass balance: the first 50 years of international monitoring

[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 20022676-95.

[本文引用: 1]

Kayastha R BOhata TAgeta Y.

Application of a mass-balance model to a Himalayan glacier

[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 199945559-567.

[本文引用: 1]

Molg THardy D R.

Ablation and associate energy balance of a horizontal glacier surface on Kilimanjaro

[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 20041091-13.

[本文引用: 1]

Cui HangWang Jie.

Models for climatic reconstruction upon glacier equilibrium-line altitude variation

[J]. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology, 2013334): 17-24.

[本文引用: 2]

崔航王杰.

基于冰川物质平衡线高度变化的气候重建模型研究

[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2013334): 17-24.

[本文引用: 2]

Kang ErsiOhmura A.

A parameterized energy balance model of glacier melting on the Tianshan Mountain

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1994495): 467-476.

[本文引用: 1]

康尔泗Ohmura A.

天山冰川消融参数化能量平衡模型

[J]. 地理学报, 1994495): 467-476.

[本文引用: 1]

Chen LiangDuan KeqinWang Ninglianet al.

Characteristics of the surface energy balance of the Qiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountains in melting season

[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007296): 882-888.

[本文引用: 1]

陈亮段克勤王宁练.

祁连山七一冰川消融期间的能量平衡特征

[J]. 冰川冻土, 2007296): 882-888.

[本文引用: 1]

Gillespie A RBurke R MKomatsu Get al.

Late Pleistocene glaciers in Darhad Basin, northern Mongolia

[J]. Quaternary Research, 200869169-187.

[本文引用: 1]

Leonard E MPlummer M ACarrara P E.

Numerical modeling of the Snowmass Creek paleoglacier, Colorado, and climate in the Rocky Mountains during the Bull Lake glaciation (MIS 6)

[J]. Quaternary Research, 201482533-541.

[本文引用: 3]

Owen L ADortch J M.

Nature and timing of Quaternary glaciation in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20148814-54.

[本文引用: 2]

Wang Jie.

Glacial advance in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and peripheral mountains during the mid-MIS 3

[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2010305): 1055-1065.

[本文引用: 2]

王杰.

青藏高原及周边地区MIS 3中期冰进探讨

[J]. 第四纪研究, 2010305): 1055-1065.

[本文引用: 2]

Wang JiePan BaotianZhang Guolianget al.

Late Quaternary glacial chronology on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China

[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 201356354-365.

[本文引用: 2]

Strasky SGraf A AZhao Zhizhonget al.

Late Glacial ice advances in southeast Tibet

[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2009343): 458-465.

[本文引用: 1]

Yi ChaoluChen HualiangYang Jianqianget al.

Review of Holocene glacial chronologies based on radiocarbon dating in Tibet and its surrounding mountains

[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 200823533-543.

[本文引用: 1]

Owen L A.

Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Himalaya and Tibet

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2009282150-2164.

[本文引用: 2]

Owen L AFinke R CCaffee M W.

A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 200221147-157.

Murari M KOwen L ADortch J Met al.

Timing and climatic drivers for glaciation across monsoon-influenced regions of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 201488159-182.

[本文引用: 1]

Oerlemans J.

Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier records

[J]. Science, 2005308675-677.

[本文引用: 1]

Anderson BMackintosh B.

Temperature change is the major driver of late-glacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations in New Zealand

[J]. Geology, 200634121-124.

[本文引用: 1]

Braithwaite R JZhang Yu.

Sensitivity of mass balance of five Swiss glaciers to temperature changes assessed by tuning a degree-day model

[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 2000467-14.

[本文引用: 1]

Oerlemans J. Glaciers and climate change[M]. Rotterdam, the NetherlandsA. A. Balkema Publishers2001.

[本文引用: 1]

Shi YafengYao Tandong.

MIS

3b (54~44 ka BP) cold period and glacial advance in middle and low latitudes[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2002241): 1-9.

[本文引用: 2]

施雅风姚檀栋.

中低纬度MIS 3b(54~44 ka BP)冷期与冰川前进

[J]. 冰川冻土, 2002241): 1-9.

[本文引用: 2]

Lisiecki LRaymo M.

A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ 18O records

[J/OL]. Paleoceanography, 2005202018-07-31]. .

[本文引用: 2]

Xu XiangkeYi Chaolu.

Timing and configuration of the Gongga II glaciation in the Hailuogou valley, eastern Tibetan Plateau: a glacier-climate modeling method

[J]. Quaternary International, 201744Part A): 151-156.

[本文引用: 3]

Chen RenrongZhou ShangzheLai Zhongpinget al.

Luminescence chronology of late Quaternary moraines and Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium-line altitude reconstruction from Parlung Zangbo Valley, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2014296): 597-604.

[本文引用: 3]

Thompson L GYao TandongDavis M Eet al.

Tropical climate instability: the last glacial cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core

[J]. Science, 19972761821-1825.

[本文引用: 1]

Wang YongjinCheng HaiEdwards R Let al.

Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years

[J]. Nature, 20084511090-1093.

[本文引用: 1]

Cheng HaiEdwards R LBroecker W Set al.

Ice age terminations

[J]. Science, 2009326248-252.

[本文引用: 1]

Wang YongjinCheng HaiEdwards R Let al.

A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China

[J]. Science, 20012942345-2348.

[本文引用: 1]

Yao TandongThompson L GShi Yafenget al.

Climate variation since the last interglaciation recorded in the Guliya ice core

[J]. Science in China: Series D, 1997406): 662-668.

[本文引用: 2]

Rost K T.

Pleistocene paleoenvironmental changes in the high mountain ranges of central China and adjacent regions

[J]. Quaternary International, 200065147-160.

[本文引用: 2]

Shi YafengYu GeLiu Xiaodonget al.

Reconstruction of the 30-40 ka BP enhanced Indian monsoon climate based on geological records from the Tibetan Plateau

[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 200116969-83.

Shi Yafeng.

Characteristics of late Quaternary monsoonal glaciation on the Tibetan Plateau and in East Asia

[J]. Quaternary International, 20029779-91.

[本文引用: 3]

Rao ZhiguoChen FahuCheng Haiet al.

High-resolution summer precipitation variations in the western Chinese Loess Plateau during the Last Glacial

[J/OL]. Scientific Reports, 201332018-07-31]. .

[本文引用: 1]

Shi YafengHuang MaohuanYao Tandonget al. Glaciers and their environments in China: the present, past and future[M]. BeijingScience Press2000.

[本文引用: 1]

施雅风黄茂桓姚檀栋. 中国现代冰川与环境: 现在、过去和未来[M]. 北京科学出版社2000.

[本文引用: 1]

Bond G CHeinrich HBroecker W Set al.

Evidence for massive discharges of ice-bergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period

[J]. Nature, 1992360245-249.

[本文引用: 2]

Bond G CBroecker W SJohnsen Set al.

Correlation between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice

[J]. Nature, 1993365143-147.

[本文引用: 1]

Shi YafengZhao JingdongWang Jie. New understanding of Quaternary glaciations in China[M]. ShanghaiShanghai Popular Science Press2011.

[本文引用: 2]

施雅风赵井东王杰. 第四纪冰川新论[M]. 上海上海科学普及出版社2011.

[本文引用: 2]

Yao TandongXie ZichuWu Xiaolinget al.

Climatic records since the Little Ice Age from the Dunde ice cap

[J]. Science in China: Series B, 19902011): 1198-1201.

[本文引用: 1]

姚檀栋谢自楚武筱舲.

敦德冰帽中的小冰期气候记录

[J]. 中国科学: B辑, 19902011): 1198-1201.

[本文引用: 1]

/