Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology

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Studies of thermokarst and its effects on ecosystem carbon cycle in the Third Polar regions and the Arctic

Lin JIA, Chengyan FAN, Mei MU, Xu CHEN, Wen ZHONG, Jianguo SHANG, Feng ZHANG, Lili LI, Xiaoqing PENG, Cuicui MU, Tingjun ZHANG

Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2020, 42(1): 157-169. DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2020.0006

地貌类型	英文名称	定义	文献来源
热融湖塘	thermokarst lake/pond	自然或人为因素引起的活动层增厚，导致地下冰或富冰多年冻土层发生局部融化，地表土层随之沉陷而形成热融洼地并积水形成的湖塘	《冰冻圈科学辞典》^［12］
溯源热融滑塌	retrogressive thaw slump	该地貌常发育在水分条件较好的坡面或沟谷中，成因是地下冰融化导致上覆土层失去支撑，从而沿融化面发生失稳坍塌、运移	《多年冻土调查手册》^［27］
活动层边坡坍塌	active-layer detachment slide	由于冻土季节性融化，覆盖在冰层之上的植被土壤块体整体顺坡滑下形成的一种地貌	Leibman等^［28］
热融沟	thermo-erosion gully	热融沟是由于冰楔融化以及地表径流冲刷形成逐渐连起来呈线性或者树枝状分布的一种地貌	Kokelj等^［29］
热融沉陷	thermokarst settlement	指由于多年冻土上限下移、多年冻土表层地下冰融化而导致的地表向下的沉降过程	《冰冻圈科学词典》^［12］

Table 1 Typical thermokarst landscape classifications and definitions

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Fig.1 Typical thermokarst landforms
Fig.2 Mechanisms of soil carbon loss affected by thermokarst in the permafrost regions^［30］
The active layer thickness in Zone 1 increases uniformly in space，while Zone 2 belongs to the spatial heterogeneous permafrost degradation caused by the differences of ground ice content
Table 2 The dynamic change of types of thermokarst collapse on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau^{［25，34，38］}
Fig.3 The development of thaw slump on the Eboling mountains of the Qilian Mountains on the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1997 to 2015 （based on 2009 satellite imagery）. The widest part of the slump widened by 24 m from 1997 to 2009， and widened by 30 m from 2009 to 2015； the source of the slump retreated 23 m from 1997 to 2009， and from 2009 to 2015 going back 29 m
Fig.4 A schematic of thaw slumps influencing the ecosystem carbon cycle^［47］
The black arrows represent the input of dissolved organic matter，and the white arrows represent the vertical carbon distribution process and the greenhouse gas emissions
Fig.5 Impacts of permafrost degradation on soil moisture， dissolved organic carbon and the release of greenhouse gases （CO₂， CH₄ and N₂O）， and the arrows indicate the direction and potential of ecosystem greenhouse gas exchange during the growing seasons^［45］
Fig.6 Conceptual model of the effects of the three types of most common hillslope thermokarst landscapes on carbon and nitrogen cycling and flux^［16］
Fig.7 Comparisons of methane release fluxes from thermokarst lakes in the Arctic regions^［85-90］

模态框（Modal）标题

Figure/Table detail